INDEX OF PRINCIPAL TOPICS.
Abelard.-Principal data of his history, 210. His doctrines, 211.
Opponent of nominalism and of Roscellinus, 212. Tendency
to rationalistic views, 212.
Academy, The New.-In its main features Platonic, with decided
tendency to Scepticism, 190. Founder of the school, Arcesilaus,
191. His successor, Carneades, 191. Subsequent fortunes, 191.
Anaximander.-Friend and successor of Thales, 12. First of the
mechanists, 12. His elementary principle, abstract, 13. His
theory of the universe, 14. Darwinian origin of man, 14. The
Nous as first mover or creator, wanting, 15. First to use the
term 'Apxh for the Principle of things, 15. A fatalist, 16. As-
tronomer and mathematician, 16.
Anaximenes.-Epoch and general system, 17. His first principle, the
air or ether, 17. Theory of the universe as developed from
this, 18. Relation of his philosophy to that of Thales, 17.
Anaxagoras.-History and character, 31. An astronomer and natu-
ral philosopher, 32. Mechanist in theory, 33. Chaos the primi-
tive state, 33. Atomic theory, 34. Mind the moving and pro-
ducing cause of all, 34. Movement circular, 34. Anticipations
of modern science, 35. Reason and the senses, 36.
Ancient Philosophy-As distinguished from modern, 1. Chief divis-
ions, 1. Begins with Greek philosophy, 2. For what reasons, 3.
Anselm.—Period and history, 211. Bases knowledge on faith, 211.
Realism, 211. Argument for divine existence, 211.
Antisthenes.-The Cynic, 97. Character and doctrines, 97. Relation
to the Socratic philosophy, 99. Pleasure to be resolutely avoided
as an absolute evil, 99. Virtue consists largely in this, 99
System purely selfish and morose, 100.
Arcesilaus.-Founder of New Academy, 190. Philosophy of ne-
science, 191. Differs from the sceptics in what respects, 191.
Aristippus.-The Cyrenaic, 93. Personal character, 94. His system
Socratic in its starting-point, 94. Happiness the great aim of
life-but happiness consists in pleasure, 95. Virtue and vice
indifferent except as contributing to this end, 96. Reason the
regulating principle, 96.
Aristotle.-As compared with Plato, 132. Life, 133. Character as
a philosopher, as sketched by Ritter, 135. General system, 137.
What he undertakes to do, 139. Division of philosophy into
theoretical and practical, 139. The First Philosophy, 139. Aris-
totle's Logic, 140. His Metaphysics, 143. The self-moving cause
or Deity of Aristotle, 144. His Physics, 148. Psychology, 153.
Rejects the Platonic theory of ideas and of pre-existence, 154.
His Ethics and Politics, 157.
Bacon, Francis.-Personal history, 217. Method and principle, 220.
Chief works, 222. Plan of the Instauratio Magna, 224. The De
Augmentis, 228. The Novum Organum, 223. His chief devo-
tion to natural science, 225. His defects, 226. His influence, 228.
Bain.-System of mental science, 401. Physiological stand-point,
401. Questions the reality of external objects apart from per-
ception, 401.
Berkeley-Relation to preceding systems, 308. Life and character,
308. System, 309. Denial of material existence, 310. How led
to this, 311. Admits a material world in what sense, 312. An
absolute idealist, 313.
Brown, Dr. Thomas.-Life, 338. Character, 340. System, 342. His
doctrine of perception, 343. A representationist, 344. Classifica-
tion of mental faculties, 344. The mind a series of states, 345.
His theory of cause and effect, 344. Theory of virtue, 345.
Carneades. Of the New Academy, 191.
Noted for eloquence, 192.
Advocates both sides of every question, 192. Attacks the Stoic
doctrine of God, and of necessity, 192. Justice conventional,
not natural, 192. Theory of probability, 193.
Cyrenaic Philosophy.-Its character and principles, 93. Pleasure the
great aim of life, 94. Virtue of use as conducing to that, 94.
Reason the regulating principle, 96. Its founder, Aristippus, 93.
Cynic Philosophy.-Its character and doctrines, 97. Antisthenes
its founder, 97. Opposition to pleasure in every form, 98.
Descartes. His period, 229. State of philosophy at the time, 230.
His life and character, 231. His system, 235. Analysis of "the
Method" and the Meditations, 235. Argument for divine exist-
ence, 236. Characteristic features of the system, 238. Effect of
the man and his works, 242. Tendency of the views, 242. Des-
cartes proficient in natural philosophy and mathematics, 244.
Compared with Newton, Bacon, Leibnitz, 245.
Diodorus Cronos.-The Megarian, 102. Fallacies of, 102. Motion
impossible, 103.
Diogenes of Apollonia.-Last of Ionian dynamists, 27. Date, 27.
First principle, ether or air, 28. How led to this, 28. The
arrangement and order of the universe ascribed to a presiding
intelligence, or soul of the world; not a personal being, 29.
Diogenes of Sinope.-The Cynic, 98. Pupil of Antisthenes, 98. Re-
sembles his master in character and principles, 100.
Eckhart of Strasburg.—Attempt to revive the Platonic philosophy
in the 14th century, 216.
Empedocles.-The Eleatic. Birth-place and history, 58. Principal
work, a poem on Nature, 59. Principle of love and hate, 60.
The sphere, 61. Four elements, 63. Senses not reliable, 63.
Epicurus.-Date and history, 170. Founds a school, 171. Its char-
acter, 171. The character and teachings of Epicurus him-
self, 171. Strict temperance and frugality, 171. Tendency of his
doctrines, 172.
Epicurean System.—Makes philosophy the art of living well, the
science of the useful, or of happiness; discards logic and
science proper, and makes ethics the chief study; makes
pleasure the chief element of happiness; but not the pleasures
of sense; superiority of mental and spiritual pleasures, 170.
Virtue the way to highest happiness, 173. Philosophy of sen
sation and perception, 174. The soul corporeal and not immor-
tal, 175. Theology of Epicurus, 176.
Eubulides.-Megarian, 102. Fallacies; all change and motion shown
to be impossible, 102.
Euclid of Megara.-Disciple of Socrates; personal incident in his
history, 100. Eleatic tendencies; system negative in character,
101. Fallacies, 102.
Fichte.-Relation to Kant and Reinhold, 364.
to its extreme the idealism of Kant, 368. The ME only exists,
369. The external phenomena which Kant admits as having
real existence, are only our own creations and imaginations,
or exist, if at all, beyond the sphere of consciousness, 370.
Method in which he establishes these principles, 371. Com-
plete idealism, 373. Defects of the system, 374. Apparent
Atheism, 374. Subsequent modifications, 375.
German Philosophy-as represented by Kant and his successors.
Chapters XIV., XV., XVI., 347, 363, 377.
Gorgias the Sophist.-History and tenets, 67.
Greek Philosophy.-The beginning of ancient philosophy, not in
reality, but only as known to us, 195.
and schools, 196.
Hamilton, Sir William.-Sketch of life, 389. Personal appearance,
390. State of philosophy at the time he appeared, 391. Phil-
osophical articles in Edinburgh Review, 390. Disciple of Reid,
Kant and Aristotle, 391. Lectures on metaphysics, 393. Doc-
trine of consciousness, 393. Latent mental states, 393. Relation
of knowledge to sensation in act of perception, 393. The law
first definitely stated, 392. Doctrine of perception, 394. Natural
realism, 394. Different theories, 394. Doctrine of the conditioned,
395. The doctrine applied to theology; to the law of causality,
also; and to freedom of will, 395. Doctrine of primitive, a
priori, ideas, 395.
Heraclitus.-Era and personal history, 19. Work obscure, 20. A
dynamist, 22. First principle fire, from which by transfor-
mation all things proceed, 23. Harmony from combination
of opposites, 25. Natural philosophy of Heraclitus, 26. Senses
not reliable, 25. Reason the sole criterion, 26.
Hegel.-How related to Fichte and Schelling, 382. Personal
sketch, 383. Philosophy, 383. Begins with pure nothing, dis-
cards experience, and makes pure thought the sole existence,
ideas the only realities, 385. Threefold movement in the pro-
cess of knowledge, 386. Corresponding division of Logic;
doctrine of Being, of Essence, and of Notion, 386. Philosophy
of Nature, 387. Philosophy of Mind, 387. Theology, 388.
Hobbes.-Relation to the Baconian philosophy, 280. Personal his-
tory, 281. Style, 281. Character, 282. Main features of his
philosophy, 282. Sensationalism, 282. Nothing in itself good or
evil, 285. Civil polity, 286.
Hume.-Sketch of personal history, 314. A sceptic rather than a
dogmatist, 316. Assumes the premises of Locke and Berkeley,
and carries out these principles to their logical conclusions,
317. Result, nihilism, 317. Admits the subjective reality of
our impressions, 318.
Huxley.-In what sense and to what extent a materialist, 402.
Idea-Platonic theory of, 110.
Italian School.-The Pythagorean system, 38. Its founder and
tenets, 42.
Ionian Philosophy-General character of, 5. Different schools, 6.
Jewish-Alexandrian Philosophy.-Philo, 202. Blending of Judaism
Kant, Immanuel.-Life and works, 348.
Character and habits, 350.
Relation to previous systems, 352. A priori or universal
truths, 354. Analysis of the Critique of Pure Reason, 356. A
priori elements of the sensibility, of the understanding, and
of the reason, 357. Immortality of the soul, and existence of
God, not capable of proof from reason; to be known only from
consciousness of our own moral nature, 358. Merits and defects
of this system, 360.
Leibnitz.-Life and habits, 270. Adopts in the main the Cartesian
philosophy; but with modifications, 273. First truths, 274:
Ideas not innate; yet not all from sensation, 275. Ultimate
criteria of truth 276. Monadology, 277. Pre-established har-
mony, 277. Philosophical necessity, 278. Optimism, 278. Cal-
vinistic aspect of the doctrine, 278.
Locke.-Personal history and character, 288.
Understanding-how composed, 291.
293. Ground-plan of the system, 294.
all our knowledge, 295. Observation
true method, 296. Ideas simple and compound, 296. Of the
former, some represent primary, others secondary qualities of
objects; knowledge of the latter wholly subjective, 297.
Locke's use of the term reflection 297. Does not refer all our
Essay on Human
Style, wide circulation
Experience the basis of
and consciousness the
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