The Critically Ill Neurosurgical Patient

ability abscess activity acute addition altered arterial associated blood flow blood pressure brain brainstem cardiac cause central cerebral cerebral blood changes clinical closed common complications consciousness continuous cranial cranial nerves critical damage decreased depression diagnosis disease dose drugs dysfunction early edema effects elevated evaluation fluid fractures frequently function glucose head injury hemorrhage hyperventilation impaired increased increased ICP indicate infection initial intracranial hypertension intracranial pressure involvement ischemia lead lesions loss maintain measurement mechanism meningitis monitoring motor movements muscle nerve nervous system neurological neuron Neurosurg normal nursing occur oxygen pain patients perfusion position present produce pulmonary reflex reported require respiratory response result seen seizures severe side significant signs spinal cord spinal cord injury status steroids stimulation studies subdural surgical sympathetic symptoms tested therapy tissue torr trauma treated treatment usually venous ventilation volume