came in fury to demand what had become of their Bishop, Thus his dead body really came to lie with open shame upon the very battlements of his own castle, where he had sat in triumph to see Wishart's

execution.

Duke of Somerset commanded Lord Gray to renew the charge, but Gray replied, he might as well bid him charge a castle-wall. By the advice of the Earl of Warwick, a body of archers and musketeers was employed instead of horsemen. The thick order of Many persons who disapproved of this most un- the Scots exposed them to insufferable loss from justifiable action, were yet glad that this proud Car- these missiles, so that the Earl of Angus, who comdinal, who had sold the country in some measure to manded the vanguard, made an oblique movement France, was at length removed. Some individuals, to avoid the shot; but the main body of the Scots who assuredly would not have assisted in the slaugh- unhappily mistook this movement for a flight, and ter, joined those who had slain the Cardinal in the were thrown into confusion. The van then fled also, defence of the castle. The Regent hastened to be- and the English horse returning to the attack, and siege the place, which, supplied by England with their infantry pressing forward, the victory was money, engineers, and provisions, was able to resist gained with very little trouble. The Scots attempted the Scottish army for five months. France, how-no farther resistance, and the slaughter was very ever, sent to Scotland a fleet and an army, with great, because the river Esk lay between the fugiengineers better acquainted with the art of attacking tives and a place of safety. The loss was excessive, strong places than those of the Scottish nation. The For more than five miles the fields were covered castle was, therefore, surrendered. The principal with the dead, and with the spears, shields, and defenders of it were sent to France, and there for swords, which the flying soldiers had cast away, some time employed as galley-slaves. The common that they might run the faster. The day was equally people made a song upon the event, of which the disgraceful and disastrous; so that the field of Pinburden waskie, as it was the last great defeat which the Scots received from the English, was also one of the most calamitous. It was fought upon 10th September,

"Priests, content you now, And, priests, content you now, Since Norman and his company Have filled the galleys fou.' Shortly after this tragical incident, King Henry VIII. of England died. But his impatient and angry spirit continued to influence the councils of the nation under the Lord Protector Somerset, who resolved to take the same violent measures to compel the Scots to give their young Queen in marriage to Edward VI., of which Henry had set an example. A chosen and well-disciplined army of eighteen thousand men, well supplied with all necesssaries, and supported by an armed fleet, invaded Scotland on the eastern frontier. The Scots assembled a force of almost double the number of the invaders, but, as usual, unaccustomed to act in union together, or to follow the commands of a single general. Nevertheless, they displayed at the commencement of the campaign some military skill. They posted their army behind the river Esk, near Musselburgh, a village about six miles from Edinburgh, and there seemed determined to await the advance of the English.

The Duke of Somerset, Regent of England, and general of the invading army, was now in a state of difficulty. The Scots were too strongly posted to be attacked with hope of success, and it is probable the English must have retreated with dishonour, had not their enemies, in one of those fits of impatience which caused so many national calamities, abandoned their position.

Confiding in the numbers of his army, the Scottish Regent (Earl of Arran) crossed the Esk, and thus gave the English the advantage of the ground, they being drawn up on the top of a sloping eminence. The Scots formed in their usual order. They were armed with broadswords of an admirable form and temper, and a coarse handkerchief was worn in double and triple folds round the neck,-"not for cold," says an old historian, "but for cutting." Especially, each man carried a spear of eighteen feet long. When drawn up they stood close together, the first rank kneeling on one knee, and pointing their spears towards the enemy. The rank immediately behind stooped a little, and the others stood upright, presenting their lances over the heads of their comrades, and holding them with the but-end placed against their foot, the point opposed to the breast of the enemy, So that the Scottish ranks were so completely defended by the close order in which they stood, and by the length of their lances, that to charge them seemed to be as rash as to oppose your bare hand to a hedgehog's bristles.

The battle began by the English cavalry, under the Lord Gray, rushing upon the close array of the Scots. They stood fast, menacing the horseman with their pikes, and calling, charge was dreadful; but as the spears of the English "Come on, ye heretics!" The horse were much shorter than those of the Scottish infantry, they had greatly the worst of the encounter, and were beaten off with the loss of many men. The

1517.

It seemed to be decreed, in those unhappy national wars, that the English should often be able to win great victories over the Scots, but that they should never derive any permanent advantage from their successes. The battle of Pinkie, far from paving the way to a marriage between Queen Mary and Edward the Sixth, which was the object of Somerset's expedition, irritated and alarmed the Scots to such a degree, that they resolved to prevent the possibility of such a union, by marrying their young mistress with the Dauphin, that is, the eldest son of the King of France, and sending her to be bred up at the French court. The great object of the English government was thus rendered unattainable. But the Scots had little occasion for triumph. The union with France, which they so hastily and rashly adopted, brought a new and long series of ruinous consequences upon the country.

Scotland, however, enjoyed the immediate advantage of a considerable auxiliary force of French soldiers, under an officer named D'Esse, who rendered material assistance in recovering several forts and castles which had fallen into the hands of the English after the battle of Pinkie, and in which they had left garrisons. The presence of these armed strangers gave great facilities for carrying into accomplishment the treaty with France. The Regent was gratified by the Dukedom of Chatelherault, conferred on him by the French King, with a considerable pension, in order to induce him to consent to the match. The young Queen was embarked on board the French galleys in July, 1548, accompanied by four young ladies of quality of her own age, destined to be her playfellows in childhood, and her companions when she grew up. They all bore the same name with their mistress, and were called the Queen's Maries.

The infant Queen being thus transferred to France, her mother, Mary of Guise, the widow of James V. had the address to get herself placed at the head of affairs in Scotland. The Duke of Chatelherault, as we must now term the Earl of Arran, always flexible in his disposition, was prevailed upon to resign the office of Regent, which was occupied by the Queen Dowager, who displayed a considerable degree of wisdom and caution in the administration of the kingdom. Most men wondered at the facility with which the Duke of Chatelherault, himself so near in relation to the throne, had given place to Mary of Guise; but none was so much offended as the Duke's bishop of St. Andrews. He exclaimed with open natural brother, who had succeeded Beaton as Archindecency, against the mean spirit of his brother, who had thus given away the power of Regent, when crown. there was but a "squalling girl" betwixt him and the

endeavoured to secure herself by diminishing the The Queen Regent, thus established in authority, power of the Scottish nobles, and increasing that of

bearings of England, as well as Scotland; and thus laid the first foundation for that deadly hatred between Elizabeth and Mary, which, as you will hear by and by, led to such fatal consequences.

the crown. For this purpose, she proposed that a tax should be levied on the country at large, to pay hired soldiers to fight, instead of trusting the defence of the country to the noblemen and their retainers. This proposal was exceedingly ill received by the Queen Elizabeth, finding France was disposed to Scottish Parliament. "We will fight for our families challenge her title to the crown of England, prepared and our country," they said, "better than any hire- to support it with all the bravery and wisdom of her lings can do Our fathers did so, and we will follow character. Her first labour was to re-establish the their example." The Earl of Angus being checked Reformed religion upon the same footing that Edward for coming to Parliament with a thousand horse, VI. had assigned to it, and to destroy the Roman contrary to a proclamation of the Queen Regent, Catholic establishments, which her predecessor Mary that none should travel with more than their usual had endeavoured to replace. As the Catholics of household train, answered jestingly, "That the France and Scotland were her natural enemies, and knaves would not leave him; and that he would be attempted to set up the right of Queen Mary as preobliged to the Queen, if she could put him on any terable to her own, so she was sure to find friends in way of being rid of them, for they consumed his beef the Protestants of Scotland, who could not fail to and his ale." She had equally bad success, when entertain respect, and even affection, for a Princess, she endeavoured to persuade the Earl to give her up who was justly regarded as the protectress of the his strong castle of Tantallon, under pretence of put- Protestant cause throughout all Europe. ting a garrison there to defend it against the English. When, therefore, these changes took place in EngAt first he answered indirectly, as if he spoke to a land, the Queen Regent, at the instigation of her hawk which he held on his fist, and was feeding at brothers of the House of Guise, began once more to the time, "The devil," said he, "is in the greedy gled persecute the Protestants in Scotland; while their (kite!) Will she never be full?" The Queen, not leaders turned their eyes to Elizabeth for protection, choosing, to take this hint, continued to urge her counsel, and assistance; all of which she was easily request about the garrison. The castle, madam," disposed to render to a party, whose cause rested on he replied, 'is yours at command; but, by St. Bride the same grounds with her own. Thus, while France of Douglas, I must be the captain, and I will keep it made a vain pretence of claiming the kingdom of for you as well as any one you will put into it." The England in the name of Mary, and appealed for asother nobles held similar opinions to those of Angus, sistance to the English Catholics, Elizabeth far more and would by no means yield to the proposal of levy-effectually increased the internal dissensions of Scoting any hired troops, who, as they feared, might be land, by espousing the cause of the Protestants of employed at the pleasure of the Queen Regent to that country. diminish the liberties of the kingdom.

These Scottish Protestants no longer consisted The prevalence of the Protestant doctrines in Scot- solely of a few studious or reflecting men, whose inland strengthened the Scottish nobles in their dis-dulgence in speculation had led them to adopt pecuposition to make a stand against the Queen Regent's liar opinions in religion, and who could be dragged desire to augment her power. Many great nobles, before the spiritual courts, fined, imprisoned, plunand a still greater proportion of the smaller barons, dered, banished, or burnt at pleasure. The Reformed had embraced the reformed opinions; and the preach- cause had been now adopted by many of the princiing of John Knox, a man of great courage, zeal, and pal nobility, and being the cause, at once, of rational talents, made converts daily from the Catholic faith. religion and legitimate freedom, it was generally emThe Queen Regent, though herself a zealous Catho- braced by those who were most distinguished for lic, had for some time tolerated, and even encouraged, wisdom and public spirit. the Protestant party, because they supported her interest against that of the Hamiltons; but a course of politics had been adopted in France, by her brothers of the House of Guise, which occasioned her to change her conduct in this respect.

gan.

Among the converts to the Protestant faith, was a natural son of the late King James V., who being designed for the church, was at this time called Lord James Stewart, the Prior of St. Andrews, but was afterward better known by the title of the Earl of Murray. He was a young nobleman of great parts, brave and skilful in war, and in peace a lover of justice, and a friend to the liberties of his country, His wisdom, good moral conduct, and the zeal he expressed for the Reformed religion, occasioned his being the most active leader aniong the Lords of the Congregation, as the leaders of the Protestant party were now called.

You may remember, that Edward VI. succeeded to his father Henry. He adopted the Protestant faith, and completed the Reformation which his father beBut he died early, and was succeeded by his sister Mary of England, daughter of Henry VIII. by his first wife, Catherine of Arragon, whom he divorced under pretext of scruples of conscience. This Mary endeavoured to bring back the Catholic religion, and enforced the laws against heresy with the utmost rigour. Many persons were burnt in her reign, and hence she has been called the Bloody Queen Mary. She died, however, after a short and unhappy reign, and her sister Elizabeth ascended the throne with the general assent of all the people of England. The Catholics of foreign countries, however, and particularly those of France, objected to Elizabeth's title to the crown. Elizabeth was Henry's daughter by his second wife, Anne Bullen. Now, as the Pope had never consented either to the divorce of Queen Catherine or to the marriage of Anne Bullen, the Catholies urged, that Elizabeth must be considered as illegitimate, and as having, therefore, no lawful right to succeed to the throne, which, as Henry VIII. had no other child, must, they contended, descend upon The Protestants had made their principal headQueen Mary of Scotland, as the grand-daughter of quarters at Perth, where they had already comMargaret, Henry's sister, wife of James IV. of Scot-menced the public exercise of their religion. John land, and the next lawful heir, according to their argument, to her deceased grand-uncle.

The court of France, not considering that the English themselves were to be held the best judges of the title of their own Queen, resolved, in an evil hour, to put forward this claim of the Scottish Queen to the English crown. Money was coined, and plate wrought, in which Mary, with her husband Francis the Dauphin, assumed the style, title, and armorial

The Queen Regent, more in compliance with the wishes of her brothers than her own inclination, which was gentle and moderate, began the quarrel by commanding the Protestant preachers to be summoned to a court of justice at Stirling, upon 10th May, 1559; but such a concourse of friends and favourites attended them, that the Queen Regent was glad to put a stop to the trial, on condition they should not enter the town. Yet she broke this promise, and had them proclaimed outlaws for not appearing, although they had been stopped by her own command. Both parties then prepared for hostilities; and an incident happened which exalted their animosity, while it gave to the course of the Reformation a peculiar colour of zealous passion.

Knox, whose eloquence we have already mentioned, had pronounced a vehement sermon against the sin of idolatry, in which he did not spare those reproaches which the Queen Regent deserved for her late breach of faith.

When his discourse was finished, and while the minds of the hearers were still agitated by its effects, a friar produced a little glass case, or tabernacle containing the images of saints, which he required

the by-standers to worship. A boy who was present exclaimed, "that was gross and sinful idolatry." The priest, as incautious in his passion as ill-timed in his devotion, struck the boy a blow; and the lad, in revenge, threw a stone, which broke one of the images. Immediately all the people began to cast stones, not only at the images, but at the fine painted windows, and finally, pulled down the altars, defaced the ornaments of the church, and nearly destroyed the whole building. This example was followed in other places; and we have to regret that many beautiful buildings fell a sacrifice to the fury of the lower orders, and were either totally destroyed, or reduced to piles of shapeless ruins.

but to assist the nation in its resistance to the arms of France, and the religion of Rome.

The English army was soon joined by the Scottish Lords of the Congregation, and advanced to Leith, laid siege to the town, which was most valorously defended by the French soldiers, who seem to have displayed a degree of ingenuity in their defence which for a long time resisted every effort of the besiegers. They were, however, blockaded by the English fleet, so that no provisions could be received from sea; and as on land they were surrounded by a considerable army, provisions became so scarce, that they were obliged to feed upon horse-flesh.

In the mean time, their mistress, the Queen Regent, had retired into the Castle of Edinburgh, where grief, fatigue, and disappointed expectations, threw her into an illness, of which she died, on 10th of June 1560. The French troops in Leith were now reduced to extremity, and Francis and Mary determined upon making peace in Scotland at the expense of most important concessions to the Reformed party. They agreed that, instead of naming a new regent, the government should be devolved upon a Council of Government chosen by Parliament: they passed an act of Indemnity, as it is called, that is, an act pardoning all offences committed during these wars; and they left the subject of religion to be disposed of as the Parliament should determine, which was, in fact, giving the full power to the Reformed party. All foreign troops, on both sides, were to be withdrawn accordingly.

The Reformers of the better class did not countenance these extremities, although the common people had some reason for the line of violence they pursued, besides their own natural inclination to tumultuary proceedings. One great point in which the Catholics and Protestants differed was, that the former reckoned the churches as places hallowed and sacred in their own character, which it was a highly meritorious duty to ornament and adorn with every species of studied beauty of architecture, The Scottish Protestants, on the contrary, regarded them as mere buildings of stone and lime, having no es pecial claim to respect when the divine service was finished. The defacing, therefore, and even destroying, the splendid Catholic churches, seemed to the early reformers the readiest mode of testifying their zeal against the superstitions of Popery. There was a degree of policy in pulling down the abbeys and monasteries, with the cells and lodgings made for the accommodation of the monks. Pull down the nests," said John Knox, "and the rooks will fly off." But this maxim did not apply to the buildings used for public worship. Respecting these, at least, it would have been better to have followed the example of the citizens of Glasgow, who drew out in arms, The Parliament of Scotland being assembled, it when the multitude were about to destroy the High was soon seen that the Reformers possessed the Church of that city, and, while they agreed with the power and inclination to direct all its resolutions more zealous in removing all the emblems of popish upon the subject of religion. They condemned unaworship, insisted that the building itself should re- nimously the whole fabric of Popery, and adopted, main uninjured, and be applied to the use of a Pro-instead of the doctrines of the Church of Rome, the testant church. tenets contained in a Confession, or avowal of Faith, On the whole, however, though many fine build-drawn up by the most popular of the Protestant diings were destroyed in Scotland, in the first fury of the Reformation, it is better that the country should want these ornaments, than that they should have been preserved entire, with the retention of the corrupt and superstitious doctrines which had been taught in them.

England, and especially Queen Elizabeth, gained a great point by this treaty, for it recognised, in express terms, the title of that Princess to the throne; and Francis and Mary bound themselves to lay aside all claim to the kingdom of England, together with the arms and emblems of English sovereignty, which they had assumed and borne.

vines. Thus the whole religious constitution of the Church was at once altered."

There was one particular in which the Scottish reformers greatly differed from those of England. The English monarch, who abolished the power of the Pope, had established that of the Crown as the The demolition of the churches and sacred build, visible Head of the Church of England. The meanings augmented the Queen Regent's displeasure ing of this phrase is, not that the King has the power against the Lords of the Congregation, and at length of altering the religious doctrines of the Church, but both parties took the field. The Protestant nobles only that he should be the chief of the government were at the head of their numerous followers; the in Church affairs, as he was always in those of the Queen chiefly relied upon a small but select body of State. On the contrary, the Reformed ministers of French troops. The war was not very violently car- Scotland renounced the authority of any interference ried on, for the side of the Reformers became every of the civil magistrate, whether subject or sovereign, day stronger. The Duke of Chatelherault, the first in the affairs of the Church, which was governed by nobleman in Scotland, a second time espoused the a court of delegates chosen from its own members, cause of the Congregation, and Maitland of Lething-assisted by a certain number of the laity, forming ton, one of the wisest statesmen in the kingdom, what is called a General Assembly. The Scottish took the same course. At the same time, although Reformers disclaimed also the division of the clergy the Lords found it easy to bring together large bodies into the various ranks of bishops, deans, prebendaries, of men, yet they had not the money or means neces- and other classes of the clerical order. They dissary to keep them together for a long time, while the carded this subordination of ranks, though retained French veteran soldiers were always ready to take in the English Protestant Church, maintaining, that advantage when the Reformed leaders were obliged each clergyman intrusted with a charge of souls was to diminish their forces. Their difficulties became upon a level in every respect with the rest of his greater when the Queen Regent showed her design brethren. They reprobated, in particular, the order to fortify strongly the town of Leith and the adja- of Bishop as holding a place in the National Council, cent island of Inch-Keith, and placed her French or Parliament, and asserted, that meddling in secular soldiers in garrison there; so that, being in posses-affairs was in itself improper for their office, and nasion of that sea-port, she might at all times, when she turally led to the usurpation over men's consciences, saw occasion, introduce an additional number of which had been the chief abomination of the Church foreigners. of Rome. The laity of Scotland, and particularly the great nobility, saw with pleasure the readiness of the ministers to resign all their pretensions to worldly rank and consequence, which had been insisted upon by the Roman Catholic clergy; and made their self-denying abjuration of titles and worldly business a reason for limiting the subsistence

Unskilled in the art of conducting sieges, and totally without money, the Lords of the Congregation had recourse to the assistance of England; and for the first time an English fleet and army approached the territories of Scotland by sea and land, not with the purpose of invasion, as used to be the case of old.

CHAP. XXVII.]

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

which they were to derive from the funds of the, Church, to the smallest possible sum of annual stipend, whilst they appropriated the rest to themselves without scruple.

"It remained to dispose of the wealth lately enjoyed by the Catholic clergy, who were supposed to be possessed of half of the revenue of Scotland, so far as it arose from land. Knox and the other Reformed clergy had formed a plan for the decent maintenance of a National Church out of these extensive funds, and proposed, that what might be deemed more than sufficient for this purpose should be expended upon hospitals, schools, universities, and places of education. But the Lords who had seized the revenues of the church were determined not to part with the spoil they had obtained, and those whom the preachers had found most active in destroying Popery, were wonderfully cold when it was proposed to them to surrender the lands they had seized upon for their own use. The scheme of John Knox was, they said, a "devout imagination," a visionary scheme, which showed the goodness of the preacher's intentions, but which it was impossible to carry into practice.

When Francis and Mary, who had now become King and Queen of France, heard that the Scottish Parliament had totally altered the religion, and changed the forms of the National Church from Catholic to Protestant, they were extremely angry; and had the King lived, it is most likely they would have refused to consent to this great innovation, and preferred rekindling the war by sending a new army of French into Scotland. But if they meditated such a measure, it was entirely prevented by the death of Francis II., 4th December, 1560.

During her husband's life, Mary had exercised a great authority in France, for she possessed unbounded influence over his mind. After his death, and the accession of Charles his brother, that interest and authority were totally ended. It must have been painful to a lofty mind like Mary's thus to endure coldness and neglect in the place where she had met with honour and obedience. She retired, therefore, from the court of France, and determined to return to her native kingdom of Scotland; a resolution most natural in itself, but which became the introduction to a long and melancholy tale of misfortunes.

CHAPTER XXVII. Queen Mary's Return to Scotland-Happy Commencement of her Reign-Expedition against Huntly-Negotiations with Elizabeth of England concerning a second Marriage-Marriage of Mary and Darnley.

MARY STEWART, the Queen Dowager of France and the hereditary Queen of Scotland, was, without any exception, the most beautiful and accomplished woman of her time. Her countenance was lovely; she was tall, well-formed, elegant in all her motions, skilled in the exercises of riding and dancing, and possessed of all the female accomplishments which were in fashion at the period. Her education in France had been carefully attended to, and she had profited by the opportunities of instruction she enjoyed. She was mistress of several languages, and understood state-affairs, in which her husband had often used her advice. The beauty of Mary was enhanced by her great condescension, and by the good-humour and gayety which she sometimes carried to the verge of excess. Her youth, for she was only eighteen when she returned to Scotland, increased the liveliness of her disposition. The Catholic religion, in which she had been strictly educated, was a great blemish in the eyes of her people; but on the whole the nation expected her return with more hope and joy, than Mary herself entertained at the thought of exchanging the fine climate of France and the gayeties of its court, for the rough tempests and turbulent politics of her native country.

Mary set sail from France 15th August, 1561. The
English fleet were at sea, and there is great reason
to believe that they had a purpose of intercepting the
Queen of Scots, as a neighbour whose return was
VOL. VI.-K

dreaded by Elizabeth. Occupied with anxious fore-
bodings, the Queen remained on the deck of her
found her in the same occupation; and when they
galley, gazing on the coasts of France. Morning
vanished from her eyes, she exclaimed in sorrow,
"Farewell, farewell, happy France; I shall never
see thee more!"

She passed the English fleet under cover of a mist,
and arrived at Leith upon the 20th August, where
little or no preparation had been made to receive her.
Such of the nobles as were in the capital, hastened
to receive her, and convey her to Holyrood, the palace
of her ancestors. Horses were sent to bring her and
her train to Edinburgh; but they were wretched
ponies, and had such tattered furniture and accou-
trements, that poor Mary, when she thought of the
splendid palfreys and rich apartments at the court of
France, could not forbear shedding tears. The peo-
ple were, however, in their way, rejoiced to see her;
and about two hundred citizens of Edinburgh, each
doing his best upon a three-stringed fiddle, played
below her window all night, by way of welcome-a
noisy serenade, which deprived her of sleep after her
fatigue. She took it as it was meant nevertheless,
and expressed her thanks to the perpetrators of this
mistuned and mistimed concert. Mary had immedi-
ately after her arrival a specimen of the religious
zeal of her Reformed subjects. She had ordered
mass to be performed by a Popish ecclesiastic in her
own chapel, but the popular indignation was so
much excited, that but for the interference of her
natural brother, the Prior of St. Andrews, on whom
she conferred that title, the priest would have been
murdered on his own altar.

Mary behaved with admirable prudence at this period of her reign. She enchanted the common people by her grace and condescension, and while she sate in council, usually employed in some female work, she gained credit for her wisdom among the statesmen whom she consulted. She was cautious of attempting any thing contrary to the religion of her subjects, though different from her own; and using the assistance of the Prior of St. Andrews, and of the sagacious Maitland, she made a rapid progress in the affections of her people. She conferred on the Prior the Earldom of Mar.

With similar prudence, the Queen maintained all the usual intercourse of civility with Elizabeth; and while she refused to abandon her title to the crown of England, in the case of Elizabeth dying without heirs of her body, she expressed her anxious wish to live on the best terms with her sister sovereign, and her readiQueen, any right of inheritance which she might posness to relinquish, during the life of the English sess to her prejudice. Elizabeth was silenced, if not satisfied, and there continued to be a constant communication of apparent friendship between the two sovereigns, and an exchange of letters, compliments, and occasionally of presents, becoming their rank, But there was one important class of persons to with much profession of mutual kindness. whom Mary's form of religion was so obnoxious, that they could not be gained to any favourable thoughts of her. These were the preachers of the Reformed faith, who, recollecting Mary's descent from the family of Guise, always hostile to the Protestant cause, exclaimed against the Queen even in the pulpit, with an indecent violence unfitting that place, and never spoke of her but as one hardened in resistance to the voice of true Christian instruction. John Knox himself introduced such severe expressions into his sermons, that Queen Mary condescended to expostulate with him personally, and to exhort him to use more mild language in the discharge of his duty. Nevertheless, though the language of these rough Reformers was too vehement and though their harshness was impolitic, as tending unnecessarily to increase the Queen's dislike of them and their cions of Mary's sincerity were natural, and in all form of religion, it must be owned that their suspiprobability well-founded. The Queen uniformly declined to ratify the religious system adopted by the Parliament in 1560, or the confiscation of the church lands. She always seemed to consider the present

state of things as a temporary arrangement, to which | son to which the Queen had sentenced him, and put she was indeed willing to submit for the present, but himself at the head of his father's vassals, who were with the reservation, that it should be subjected to now rising in every direction; and his father, the alterations when there was opportunity for them. Earl of Huntly, considering the Queen as guided Her brother, the newly created Earl of Mar, how- entirely by his enemy, the Earl of Mar, at length ever, who was at this time her principal councillor assumed arms. and her best friend, used his influence with the Protestant clergy in her behalf, and some coldness arose between him and John Knox on the subject, which continued for more than a year.

Thus far the reign of Mary had been eminently prosperous; but a fatal crisis approached, which was eventually to plunge her into the utmost misery. She had no children by her deceased husband, the King of France, and her subjects were desirous that she should marry a second husband, a purpose which she The young Queen advanced northward at the head herself entertained and encouraged. It was necesof a small army, encamping in the fields, or accepting sary, or politic at least, to consult Queen Elizabeth such miserable lodgings as the houses of the smaller on the subject. That Princess had declared her resogentry afforded. It was, however, a scene which lution never herself to marry, and that in case she wakened her natural courage, and, marching at the should keep this determination, Mary of Scotland head of her soldiery, such was her spirit, that she was the next heir to the English crown. In expectapublicly wished she had been a man, to sleep all night tion of this rich and splendid inheritance, it was both in the fields, and to walk armed with a jack and scull-prudent and natural, that in forming a new marriage, cap of steel, a good buckler at her back, and a broadsword by her side.

Mary should desire to have the advice and approbation of the Princess to whose realm she or her children might hope to succeed, especially if she could retain her favour.

Huntly seems to have been surprised by the arrival of his Sovereign, and undecided what to do. While he made all offers of submission, and endeavoured to Elizabeth of England was one of the wisest and prevail on the Queen to visit his house as that of a most sagacious Queens that ever wore a crown, and dutiful subject, a party of his followers refused her the English to this day cherish her memory with admission into the royal Castle of Inverness, and at-well-deserved respect and attachment. But her contempted to defend that fortress against her. They were, however, compelled to surrender, and the governor was executed for treason.