The Rise of "the Rest": Challenges to the West from Late-industrializing EconomiesAfter World War II a select number of countries outside Japan and the West--those that Alice Amsden calls "the rest"--gained market share in modern industries and altered global competition. By 2000, a great divide had developed within "the rest", the lines drawn according to prewar manufacturing experience and equality in income distribution. China, India, Korea and Taiwan had built their own national manufacturing enterprises that were investing heavily in RandD. Their developmental states had transformed themselves into champions of science and technology. By contrast, Argentina, Brazil and Mexico had experienced a wave of acquisitions and mergers that left even more of their leading enterprises controlled by multinational firms. The developmental states of Mexico and Turkey had become hand-tied by membership in NAFTA and the European Union. Which model of late industrialization will prevail, the "independent" or the "integrationist," is a question that challenges the twenty-first century. |
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adapted American Amsden Argentina Asia Atlantic and Japan automobile average became BNDES Brazil Brazilian business groups century chaebol chapter chemicals Chile China Chinese companies competition costs cotton textile countries Development Bank developmental diversified domestic market early economic electronics engineering enterprises estimated export factories finance foreign firms foreign investment government’s growth import substitution income India Indonesia innovation Japan Japanese joint ventures knowledge-based assets Korea and Taiwan labor latecomers Latin America loans machinery Malaysia manufacturing experience manufacturing output ment Mexico mills modern multinational national firms national leaders Nonmineral North Atlantic operations Ottoman Empire percent performance standards petrochemical petroleum population postwar prewar prod production profits promotion relatively rest rest’s sector share silk skills Sources spinning state-owned Taiwan targeted tariffs technology transfer tended textile industry Thailand trade Turkey U.S. dollars UNCTAD United USIMINAS wages World Bank World War II yarn