Pessimism: A History and a Criticism

action active impulse æsthetic affirmation aims appears arise attainment balance of happiness bodily character civilised clearly conceive conception consciousness desire distinctly doctrine doubt effect elements emotional enjoyment evanescence evil example existence experience external fact factor favourable feeling force function G. H. Lewes gratification Hartmann hedonism hedonist Hegel human idea of happiness ideal imagination individual influence instinctive intellectual intelligence intensity involves J. S. Mill life's limited mankind means ment mental metaphysical mind misery mode modern pessimism moral natural selection noumenon object Omar Khayyám optimism and pessimism optimistic organic permanent person pessimist philosophy physical pleasure and pain positive possible present progress pursuit question realised reality reason recognised reflection relation representation result satisfaction Schopenhauer Schopenhauer's scientific seek seems sensation sense social sources speak supposed temperament theory thing thought tion truth Uncon unconscious unconscious mind volition whole wholly wise worth writers