Taxonomy and relationships. -Indo-Aus-
tralian Archip. Bleeker, P. 1852.1, 1866.13,
.14. Affinities. Dareste, C. 1872.2,.3.
Eocene of Monte Bolca. Zigno, A.
1887.1.

Balistes (Leather-Jacket). Natural
history, descriptions, occurrence, etc. Carte,
A. 1854.1; ★Möbius, K. A. 1889.1;
Nardo, G. D. 1827.3; Sonnerat, P.
1774.1; Garman, S. Add. 1891.2. On
English coast. Gray, J. E. 1873.1; Toms,
H. S. 1901.1. - In Scandinavia. Malm,
A. W. 1875.1. At Cork Co., Ireland.
Scharff, R. F. 1910.2. Dutch East
Indies. Schlosser, J. A. 1869.1. - In
Massachusetts waters. Storer, D. H.
1848.14.

-

-

Taxonomy; Dutch East Indies.
P. 1862.1.

-

Bleeker,

Тахопоту. Duméril, A. H. 1854.1;
Gill, T. N. 1892.1. Review, American
species. Jordan, D. S. & Edwards, C. L.
1887.1.
Revision, African species.
Boulenger, G. A. Add. 1909.1. - Italian
fossil forms. Portis, A. Add. 1889.1.

Evolution; progenitors. Thilo, O. 1914.1.
Tetrodon (Tetraodon). Natural
history. Bugnion, E. 1911.1; Domsma,
M. Add. 1770.1; Walbaum, J. J. Add.
1779.1.

For nature of its poisonous flesh, see under
Poisonous fishes.

Family Diodontida

Тахопоту. Brisout de Barneville, C.
1846.2; Cuvier, G. L. 1818.1; Duméril,
A. H. 1854.1. Review, American species.
Eigenmann, C. H. 1885.1.

Diodon (Porcupinefish). Fossil forms
in Miocene. Cope, E. D. (North Caro-
lina) 1872.8; Pantanelli, D. (Italy)
1897.1; Pasquale, M. (Sardinia) 1905.1.

General treatise; natural history, distri-
bution, structure and taxonomy (with a full
bibliography). ★Steenstrup, J. J. &
Lütken, C. F. 1898.1.

Тахопоту. Nardo, G. D. 1839.1;
Ranzani, C. 1839.1; Gill, T. N. Add.
1897.1.

Orthagoriscus (Mola). Natural history
notes, popular accounts, and descriptions.
Agassiz, J. L. 1856.5; Acloque, A. 1897.3;
Albert I, H. C. 1889.1; Bonaparte, C. L.
1840.3; Embleton, D. 1854.1; Gachet,
H. 1832.1; Grieg, J. A. 1903.1; Holder,
C. F. 1904.2; Jacob, A. 1826.1; Lidth de
Jeude, T. 1892.1; Lindes, L. 1880.13;
Lönnberg, A. J. 1909.1; McIntosh, W. C.
1908.2; Maitland, R. T. 1859.1; Mar-
sillon, C. 1897.1; Porter, C. E. 1904.3;
Retzius, A. J. 1785.1; Stossich, M.
1880.1; Gadeau de Kerville, H. Add.
1894.1.

Distribution. -English coast. Bell,
A. S. 1870.1,.2; Clarke, W. J. 1896.1.
1898.1; Cornish, T. 1866.5, 1879.3;
Couch, J. 1841.1; Crooks, St. J. 1860.1;
Gatcombe, J. 1878.2; Gurney, J. H.
1875.2; Parlby, 1849.1.
waters. Andrews, W. 1871.1; Bellingham,
O. 1840.1.-Off Scottish coast. Campbell,
J. M. 1881.1; Clark-Kennedy, A. 1875.2;
Saxby, H. L. (Shetland) 1866.1; Anon. 330.

In Irish

At

Occurrence in various localities. - In
East Indies. Bleeker, P. 1873.10. - In
Italy. Carruccio, A. 1912.1. In Halifax
harbor. Gilpin, J. B. 1874.1. -Off
Portugal. Girard, A. A. 1894.1.
New Zealand. Hamilton, A. 1886.1.
-Off Mauritius. Liénard, E. 1840.1.
In Scandinavia. Lütken, C. F. 1864.1;
Steenstrup, J. J. & Lütken, C. F. 1862.1.

In Atlantic. Morthimer, J. H. 1866.1. -
Adriatic Sea. Nardo, G. D. 1827.2.

On Dutch coast. Reuvens, C. L. 1897.2.
At Boston, Mass. Storer, D. H. 1844.10.
New Zealand. Williams, W. L. 1893.1.
At Brest, France. Anon. 155. -In Rio
Pontevedra, Spain. Colomina, A. Add.
1910.1. On California coast. Hilton,
W. A. Add. 1914.1. - In Nova Scotia.
Piers, H. Add. 1898.1.

Malacanthus (Larval form of Ortha-
goriscus). Guichenot, A. 1848.3.

Ranzania. Natural history, occurrence,
descriptions, etc. Katuric, M. 1891.1;
Stossich, M. 1880.1. - Hawaiian islands.
Jenkins, O. P. 1895.1. - Catania, Sicily.
Mauro, S. D. 1905.1. - Ceylon. Pearson,
J. 1911.2. -California coast. Snyder,
J. O. 1913.1. Martinique. Pellegrin,
J. 1912.14. Irish coast. Scharff, R. F.
1906.2.

-

SEDIS INCERTA

Fossil "fishes" whose affinities with re-
cent fishes are either unknown or are so
uncertain that they are set apart here.

General treatise. Woodward, A. S. 1889.2.

Silurian and Devonian Fishes
Structure and affinities. ★Agassiz, J. L.
1842.2, 1843.1, 1844.3, 1846.3; Asmuss,
H. 1839.1, 1856.1; Claypole, E. W.
1884.3,.4,.5, 1891.1; Cope, E. D. 1877.4,
1881.2; Kemna, A. 1903.2; Miller, H.
1841.1, 1848.1,.2, 1849.1, 1857.1; Pander,
C. H. 1856.1, 1857.1; Patten, W. 1902.1,
1903.3; Schlüter, C. A. J. 1888.1; Tra-
quair, R. H. 1899.3; Woodward, A. S.
1889.2.
Depressiform adaptations.
Dollo, L. 1909.4. Popular account.
Dawson, J. W. Add. 1893.1.

ORDER HETEROSTRACI
Morphology and affinities. Kemna, A.

Morphology, taxonomy and relationships.
Alth, A. 1884.1, 1886.1,.2; Claypole,
E. W. 1885.1; Jaekel, 0. 1894.2;
Kemna, A. 1904.2; Lankester, E. R.
1897.1; Patten, W. 1903.2; Rohon, J.
V. 1893.1, 1896.1; Schmidt, Fried. 1873.3;
Traquair, R. H. 1899.3.

Cyathaspis (Diplaspis). Alth, A.
1886.2; Geinitz, H. B. 1884.1; Lankester,
E. R. 1873.2; Lindström, G. 1894.1,
1896.1; Matthew, G. F. 1886.1-1891.1;
Roemer, C. F. 1856.1.

Holaspis. Taxonomy. Lankester, E. R.
1873.2.

Palæaspis. Structure and occurrence
(in Silurian of Pennsylvania). Claypole,
E. W. 1885.1, 1892.4; Jaekel, O. 1894.2.

Scaphaspis. Structure (shield and
scales) and taxonomy. Alth, A. 1884.1,
1886.1,.2; Lankester, E. R. 1870.3,

1873.1,.2, 1874.1, 1884.1.

Pteraspis.

-

Morphology (cephalic
shield and scales) and classification. Alth,
A. 1884.1, 1886.1,.2; Dollo, L. 1903.2;
Dorlodot, H. 1912.1,.2; Drevermann, F.
1904.1; Fraipont, C. 1908.1, 1912.1;
Gosselet, J. A. 1903.1; ★Huxley, T. H.
1858.1,.2, 1861.2, 1862.1, Add. 1858.1;
Katzer, F. (Brazil) 1897.1; Kunth, A.
1872.1;
Lankester, E. R. 1856.1,
1861.1,.2, 1864.2-1866.2, 1873.1,.2,
1874.1; Leriche, M. 1903.1,.2, 1912.3,
Add. 1912.1; Powrie, J. 1863.1, 1864.2;
Schmidt, Fried. 1873.1,.2,.3; Salter,
J. W. 1859.1, 1867.2; Woodward, A. S.
1899.6; Huxley, T. H. & Salter, J. W.
Add. 1856.1. Restoration. Lankester,
E. R. 1862.1; Mitchell, H. 1862.1.
Distribution in England. Roberts, G. E.
1861.1.

ORDER OSTEOSTRACI
Structure and affinities. Kemna, A.
1903.2; Kiær, J. 1911.1.

Family Ateleaspidæ

Ateleaspis. Structure and taxonomy.
Traquair, R. H. 1899.3, 1905.2.

Family Cephalaspida

General treatise. Powrie, J. & Lan-
kester, E. R. 1868.1.

1847.1;

Morphology and taxonomy. Kner, R.
Lankester, E. R. 1870.2,.4,
1897.1; Pander, C. H. 1856.1; Patten,
W. 1903.2; Powrie, J. 1861.3, 1870.1;
Rohon, J. V. 1893.1, 1896.1.

Cephalaspis. Structure (scales, etc.)
and classification. Eastman, C. R. 1904.7;
Huxley, T. H. 1858.2; Niedzwiedzki, J.
1903.1; Salter, J. W. 1869.1; Schmidt,
Fried. 1866.1, 1894.1; Traquair, R. H.
1893.6, 1894.5, 1899.1; Woodward, A. S.
1901.2.

Distribution in England. Lightbody, R.
1861.1; Roberts, G. E. 1861.1.

Didymaspis. Taxonomy. Lankester,
E. R. 1867.2,.3.

Thyestis (Auchenaspis). Silurian
of Victoria. Chapman, F. R. 1906.1.
Morphology and taxonomy. Rohon, J. V.
1892.2, 1896.1,.2. - Skull; metamerism.
Rohon, J. V. 1894.1, 1895.2. - In Si-
lurian of Ösel I. Schmidt, Fried. 1866.1;
Eichwald, C. E. Add. 1854.1.

Family Tremataspidæ
Morphology and affinities. Eastman,
C. R. 1902.5, 1904.4;
Patten, W.
1901.1; Rohon, J. V. 1892.2, 1893.2,
1894.2, 1896.1.

Tremataspis. Appendages, views
concerning. Eastman, C. R. 1903.2;
Jaekel, O. 1903.2; ★Patten, W. 1903.1.
Skull; metamerism. Rohon, J. V.
1894.1.

Structure. Claypole,
Pectoral limb.
Ventral

-

-

E. W. 1883.1, 1890.2.
Cope, E. D. 1891.3, 1892.5.
plates of carapace. Williams, H. S. 1891.1,
1893.1.

Bothriolepis. Structure and affinities.
Eastman, C. R. 1904.9; Lahusen, I. I.
1880.1; Patten, W. 1904.1, 1905.1;
Roberts, G. E. 1864.1; Trautschold, H.
1881.1; Whiteaves, J. F. 1887.1.

Pterichthys. Structure and taxon-
omy. Beyrich, H. E. 1877.1; Claypole,
E. W. 1890.2; Cope, E. D. 1885.3; Eger-
ton, P. G. 1848.1,.2, 1862.1; Fritsch, A. J.
1881.1; Miller, H. 1848.1, 1857.1; Peach,
C. W. 1867.1; Rohon, J. V. (Morph-
ology) 1891.1; Whiteaves, J. F. 1880.1;
Woodward, A. S. 1890.4, 1892.10.
Restoration. Longmuir, 1860.1.

-

General treatise, with extensive bibli-
ography. Hussakof, L. 1906.1.

Cope, E. D.
★Dean, B.

Morphology, taxonomy, and relation-
ships. Claypole, E. W. 1890.1, 1893.6,
1894.2, 1895.3, 1896.1;
1877.4, 1891.3, 1892.1;
1901.4, 1907.1, 1909.5; Dollo, L. 1906.1.
1907.2; Eastman, C. R. 1896.1,.2; Hus-
sakof, L. 1911.1; Kemna, A. 1904.2;
Newberry, J. S. 1885.1. -Catalogue of
Dr. Clark's casts. Clark, W. 1896.1.
Pelvic fins. Dean, B. 1909.5.

Mouth formation and body structure.
Jaekel, O. 1907.1.

Affinities. Eastman, C. R. (to Dip-
noans) 1906.1; Hussakof, L. 1909.2.

Popular accounts. Meyer, M. W.
1907.1; Woodward, H. 1878.1.

Brontichthys. Structure and taxonomy.
Claypole, E. W. 1894.2; Hussakof, L.
1911.1.

Chelydophorus. General account.
Woodward, A. S. 1889.2.

Coccosteus. Morphology and taxonomy.
Clarke, J. M. 1893.1; Claypole, E. W.
1893.3; Hussakof, L. 1912.4; ★Jaekel,
O. (Anatomy in general) 1902.1, Add.
1890.1; Koenen, A. 1876.1, 1880.1,
Meyer,
1890.1,.2, 1895.1, Add. 1886.1;
C. E. H. 1854.1; Pander, C. H. 1857.1;
Traquair, R. H. 1890.8, 1903.2; Traut-
schold, H. 1880.1, 1889.1; Woodward,
A. S. 1892.6.

C. R. 1897.5, 1898.3, 1899.3, 1902.8;
Hitchcock, C. H. 1868.1,.2; Huene, F.
1900.1; Hussakof, L. 1905.1,.2; Kayser,
F. H. 1880.1; Newberry, J. S. 1868.2.
1874.1, 1878.2, 1883.1, 1884.2, 1885.3,
1888.3, 1892.1; Ringueberg, E. N.
1884.1; Sharp, K. D. 1903.1; Smith, B.
1909.2; Wright, Albert A. 1897.1.

Restoration. Branson, E. B. 1908.3;
Dean, B. 1909.5.

Structure of various organs. - Head.
Claypole, E. W. 1892.2,.3. - Head
plates. Dean, B. 1909.5. Bones. Clay-
pole, E. W. 1893.5. Fins. Clark, W.
1898.1;
Vertebral
Dean, B. 1896.7.
column, fins, and ventral armoring. Dean,
B. 1896.7, 1897.2; Eastman, C. R. 1896.4;
Wright, A. 1893.1. Dorsal shields.
Eastman, C. R. 1896.1,.2. Dentition.
Eastman, C. R. 1900.1;

Gill, T. N.

-

1879.4; St. John, O. H. 1902.1. -Skull;
pineal fontanelle. Dean, B. 1891.2.
Muscles of jaws. Gregory, W. K. 1915.2.
Diplognathus. Structure and affinities.
Newberry, J. S. 1878.2, 1884.2, 1889.1.
Gigantichthys and Onchosaurus.
Classification. Dames, W. B. 1889.1.

Homosteus compared with Coccosteus.
- Taxonomy.
Traquair, R. H. 1889.1.
Woodward, A. S. 1891.4, 1916.3.

-

Microscopic fossil teeth of an unknown
family of animals ranging from the Silurian
to the Lower Carboniferous. By New-
berry and others these are thought to be
the teeth of extinct Cyclostomatous fishes;
in general they are held to belong to
Annelids.

Researches on the structure and relation-
ships of Conodonts. From Cambrian to
Carboniferous formations. Hinde, G. J.
1879.1-1900.1. - First discovery. ★Pan-
der, C. H. 1856.1. Scotland. Smith,
John. 1900.1, 1907.1..2. -England and
Sweden. Volborth, A. 1861.1. Nature.
Young, J. 1879.1, 1880.1. Тахопоту.
Zittel, K. A. & Rohon, J. V. 1887.1.

-

For an extensive paper, describing new
forms, reviewing the literature, and dis-
cussing affinities, see W. L. Bryant in
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 1921, vol. 13,
no. 2, 27 p., 16 pls., and text figs.

Dunciad, I, 279.