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Thus much fhall fuffice to have fpoken concerning the Organ. Let us,

II. Take Notice of the Object of this admirable Senfe, namely, Sound; and to conclude this Chapter. I fhall not here enquire into the Nature and Poperties of Sound, which is in a great Measure intricate, and hath puzzelled the beft Naturalists: Neither fhall I fhew how this admirable Effect of the divine Contrivance, may be improv'd to divers Ufes (aa) and Purposes in humane Life; but my Bufinefs will be to fhew that this Thing, of so admirable Use in the animal World, is the Work of

God.

(aa) Among the Ufes to which the Wit of Man hath employ'd Sounds, we may reckon the Inftruments ufeful in convocating Affemblies, managing Armies, and many other Occafions, wherein Bells, Trumpets, Drums, Horns, and other founding Inftruments are ufed; the Particularities of which it would be tedious to recount: As that the biggest Bell in Europe is reckoned to be at Erfurt in Germany, which they fay may be heard twenty four Miles; with much more to the fame Purpose. I hall therefore only for a Sample take notice of the Speaking-Trumpet; the Invention of which is com monly afcribed to our eminent Sir Samuel Morland; but was more probably Ath. Kircher's; at leaft he had contrived fuch an Inftrument, before Sir Samuel hit upon his. Kircher in his Phonurg. faith, the Tromba publifhed laft Year in England, he had invented twenty four Years before, and published in his Mifurgia; that Jac. Albanus Ghibbefius, and Fr. Efchinardus afcribe it to him; and that G. Schottus teftifieth he had fuch an Inftrument in his Chamber in the Roman College, with which he could call to, and receive Anfwers from the Porter. And confidering how famed Alexander the Great's Tube was, which is faid might be heard 100 Stadia, it is fomewhat ftrange that no Body fooner hit upon the Invention. Of this Stentorophonick Horn of Alexander, there is a Figure preferved in the Vatican, which for Curiofity fake, I have from Kircher reprefented in Fig. 3. He faith its Diameter was fivè Cubits, and that it was fufpended on a Supporter.

For the Make of the Speaking-Trumpet, and the Reafon why it magnifies Sounds, I fhall refer to Kircher; efpecially to Sir Samuel Morland's Tuba Stentorophonica, Published in 1672.

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Kircher

God. And this will appear, let the subject Matter of Sounds be what it will; either the Atmofphere (bb) in Grofs, or the ætherial Part thereof, or foniferous Particles of Bodies, as fome fancy, or whatever

Kircher faith, he took one of these Trumpets of fifteen Palms length, along with him to the Mons Euftachianus, where he convocated 2200 Perfons to Prayers, by means of the unufual Sound, at two, three, four, and five Italian Miles Diftance.

With thefe Bellowing Trumpets, I fhall join fome BellowingCaves for the Reader's Diverfion. Ol. Magnus defcribes a Cave in Finland, near Viburg, called Smellen, into which, if a Dog, or other Living Creature be caft, it fends forth fo dreadful a Sound, that knocks down every one near it. For which Reason they have guarded the Cave with high Walls, to prevent the Mifchiefs of its Noife. Vid. Ol. Magn. Hiftor. 1. 11. c. 4. Such another Peter Martyr faith is in Hifpaniola, which, with a fmall Weight caft into it, endangers Deafness at five Miles Diftance. And in Switzerland, Kircher faith, in the Cucumer-Mountain is a Pit that fends out both a dreadful Noise and a great Wind therewith; and that there is a Well in his Country 3000 Palms deep, whofe Sound is equal to that of a great Gun. Vid. Kirch. Phonurg.

Ol. Magnus fpeaking of the vast high Mountains of a Northern Province, call'd Angermannia faith, Ubi bases eorum in profundiffimo gurgite ftantes, cafu aliquo, vel propofito Nauta accefferint, tantum horrorem ex altâ fluctuum collifione percipiunt, ut nifi precipiti remigio, aut valido vento evaferint, folo pavore ferè exanimes fiant, multoque dierum curriculo, ob capitis turbationem, priftina mentis, & fanitatis compotes vix evadant. Habent bafes illorum montium in fluctuum ingressu regreffu tortuofas rimas, five fciffuras, fatis ftupendo natura opificio fabricatas, in quibus longa varagine formidabilis ille Sonitus quafi fubterraneum tonitru generatur. Ol. Magn. 1. 2. c. 4, See alfo Chap. 12.

(bb) That the Air is the Subject, or Medium of Sound, is manifeft from the Experiments in rarefied and condensed Air. In an unexhaufted Receiver, a fmall Bell may be heard at the Distance of fome Paces; but when exhausted, it can fcarce be heard at the nearest Distance: And if the Air be compreffed, the Sound will be louder, proportionably to the Compreffion or Quantity of Air crouded in, as I have often tried my felf, and may be feen in Mr. Hawkbee's curious Experiments, p. 97. Alfo his Experiments in Phil. Trans. No. 321.

Neither

whatever else the Philofopher may think it. For who but an intelligent Being, what less than an omnipotent

Neither doth this fucceed only in forced Rarefactions and Condensations of the Air, but in fuch alfo as are natural; as is evident from David Frædlichius in Varenius, upon the higheft Eminencies of Carpathus, near Kefmarckt in Hungary. The Story of Frædlichius is this, Ego Menfe Junii 1615. tum adolefcens, fublimitatem horum montium, cum duobus comitibus Scholaribus, experiri volens, ubi, cùm in prima rupis vertice, magno labore, me fummum terminum affecutum effe putarem, demum fefe obtulit alia multo altior cautes, ubi pervasia eaque vacillantia faxa (quorum unum, fi loco à viatore dimoaliquot centena rapit, & quidem tanto cum fragore, ut illi metuendum fit totus Mons corruat, eumque obruat) enixus effem, iterum alia fublimior prodiit, &c. dones fummo vita periculo ad fupremum cacumen penetraverim. Ex declivioribus montibus cùm in fubjectas valles, nil nifi obscuram noćtem, aut cæruleum quid, inftar profundi aeris, quod vulgò fudum cœlum appellatur, obfervare potui, mihique videbar, fi de monte caderem, non in terram, fed rectè in folum me prolapfurum. Nimiá enim declivitate, fpecies vifibiles extenuate & hebetata fuerunt. Cum verò altiorem montem peterem, quafi intra nebulas denfiffimas harebam

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Et cùm

non procul à fummo vertice effem de fublimi quiefcens profpexi & animadverti iis in locis, ubi mihi antea videbar intra nebulas hafiffe, compattas atque albas fefe movere nubes, fupra quas, per aliquot milliaria, & ultra terminos Sepufi commodus mihi profpectus patuit. Alias tamen etiam nubes altiores, alias item humiliores, necnon quafdam aqualiter à terrâ diftantes vidi. Atque hinc tria intellexi, 1. Me tum tranfivile principium media Aeris regionis. 2. Diftantiam nubium à terrâ, non effe aqualem. 3. Diftantiam nubium. non 72 Mill Ger. ut quidam fed tantum dimidiatum Mill. Ger. In fummum montis verticem cùm perveniffem, adeò tranquillum & fubtilem aërem ibi offendi, ut nè pili quidem motum fentirem, cùm tamen in depreffioribus ventum vehementem expertus fim: unde collegi fummum cacumen iftius montis Carpathici ad Mill. Germ. à radicibus fuis imis exfurgere, & ad fupremam ufque aëris regionem, ad quam Venti non afcendunt, pertingere. Explofi in ea fummitate Sclopetum: quod non majorem fonitum primò pra fe tulit, quàm fi ligillum vel bacillum confregiffem; poft intervallum autem temporis murmur prolixum invaluit, inferiorefque montis partes, convalles & fylvas opplevit. Defcendendo per nives annofas intra convalles, cùm iterum Sclopetum exonerarem, major horribilior fragor, quàm ex tormento capaciffimo

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omnipotent and infinitely wife God could contrive, and make fuch a fine Body, fuch a Medium, fo fufceptible of every Impreffion, that the Sense of Hearing hath occafion for, to empower all Animals to express their Senfe and Meaning to others; to make known their Fears, their Wants, their Pains

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inde exoriebatur: hinc verebar nè totus mons concuffus mecum corrueret: duravitque hic fonus per femiquadrantem hora ufque dum abftrufiffimas cavernas penetraffet, ad quas aër undiq; multiplicatus refiliit. In his celfis montibus, plerumq; ningit grandinatve media aftate, quoties nempe in fubjectâ & vicina planitie pluit, uti hoc ipfum expertus fum. Nives diverforum annorum ex colore cortice duriore dignofci poffunt. Varen. Georg. Gen. 1. 1. c. 19. Prop. ult.

The Story being diverting, and containing divers Things remarkable, I have chofen to note the whole of it (altho' fomewhat long) rather than fingle out the Paffages only which relate to the diminishing the Sound of his Piftol, by the Rarity of the Air at that great Afcent into the Atmosphere; and the magnifying the Sound by the Polyphonisms or Repercuffions of the Rocks, Caverns, and other Phonocamptick Objects below in the Mount.

But 'tis not the Air alone that is capable of the Impreffions of Sound, but the Water alfo, as is manifeft by striking a Bell under Water, the Sound of which may plainly enough be heard, but it is much duller, and not fo loud; and it is also a fourth deeper, by the Ear of fome great Judges in Mufical Notes, who gave me their Judgments in the matter. But Merfenne faith, a Sound made under Water, is of the fame Tone or Note, if heard under Water; as are alfo Sounds made in the Air, when heard under Water. Vid. Merfen. Hydraul.

Having mentioned the hearing of Sounds under Water, there is another Curiofity worth mentioning, that also farther proves Water to be fufceptible of the Impreffions of Sound, viz. Divers at the bottom of the Sea, can hear the Noifes made above, only confusedly. But, on the contrary, thofe above cannot hear the Divers below. Of which an Experiment was made, that had like to have been fatal: One of the Divers blew an Horn in his Diving-Bell, at the bottom of the Sea; the Sound whereof (in that compressed Air) was fo very loud and irkfome, that ftunned the Diver, and made him fo giddy, that he had like to have dropt out of his Bell, and to have been drowned. Vid. Sturmii Colleg. Cur. Vol. 2. Tentam. Ï,

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and Sorrows in melancholick Tones; their Joys and Pleasures in more harmonious Notes; to fend their Minds at great Distances (cc), in a fhort Time (dd), in loud Boations; or to exprefs their Thoughts near at hand with a gentle Voice, or in fecret Whispers! And to fay no more, who lefs than the fame moft wife and indulgent Creator,

could

(cc) As to the Distance to which Sound may be fent, having fome doubt, whether there was any Difference be tween the Northern and Southern Parts, by the Favour of my learned and illuftrious Friend Sir Henry Newton, her Majefty's late Envoy at Florence: I procured fome Experiments to be made for me in Italy. His moft Serene Highness the Great Duke, was pleafed to order great Guns to be fir'd for this purpose at Florence, and Perfons were appointed on purpose to obferve them at Leghorne, which they compute is no less than 55 Miles in a ftrait Line. But notwithstanding the Country between being fomewhat hilly and woody, and the Wind alfo was not favouring, only very calm and ftill, yet the Sound was plainly enough heard. And they tell me, that the Leghorne Guns are often heard 66 Miles off, at Porto Ferraio; that when the French bombarded Genoa, they heard it near Leghorne, 90 Miles diftant: and in the Mefina Infurrecti on, the Guns were heard from thence as far as Augufta and Syracufe, about 100 Italian Miles. Thefe Diftances being fo confiderable, give me Reafon to fufpect, that Sounds fly as far, or nearly as far in the Southern, as in the Northern Parts of the World, notwithstanding we have a few Inftances of Sounds reaching farther Distances. As Dr. Hearn tells us of Guns fired at Stockholm in 1685, that were heard 180 English Miles. And in the Dutch War, 1672, the Guns were heard above 200 Miles. Vid. Phil. Tranf. No. 113. Alfo there is this farther Reafon of Sufpicion, that the Mercury in the Barometer rifeth higher without than within the Tropicks, and the more Northerly, ftill the higher, which may encrease the Strength of Sounds, by Note (bb).

(dd) As to the Velocity of Sounds, by Reafon the most celebrated Authors differ about it, I made divers nice Experiments my self, with good Instruments; by which I found, 1. That there is fome, although a fmall Difference in the Velocity of Sounds, with or against the Wind: which also is, 2. Augmented or diminished by the Strength or Weakness of the Wind. But that nothing elfe doth accelerate or retard it,

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