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ts In Infects, and many other Creatures, it is of great Ufe in the Propagation of their Kind; as particularly in helping them to fafe and convenient Places for the Incubation of their Eggs, and breeding up their Young. Others are by the Accuracy of this Senfe, of Use to Mankind, which would be otherwife of little or no Ufe (g). And most of the irrational Animals, Birds, Beafts, and creeping Things, do, by their Smell, find out their Food; fome at great Distances, and fome at Hand. With what Sagacity do fome discover their Food in the Midst of Mud and Dirt (b)? With what Curiofity do the herbaceous Kind pick and chufe fuch Plants as afford them wholfome Food, or fometimes fuch as are Medicinal (i), and refuse fuch as would hurt. and destroy them? And all by the Help principally, if not only, of the Smell, affifted by its near Ally. the Tafte. Of which I fhall in the next Place fpeak very briefly.

tio, & intellectus adfunt) non ita accuratum requiritur: Proptereà enim inferiores potentia in homine, à naturâ minùs perfecta exiftunt, ut fuperiorum cultui & exercitio relinqueretur locus. Willis de Anim. Brut. cap. 13.

(g) Thus the chief Use of Hounds is to hunt; and other Dogs, to be a Watch and Guard to our Houfes by Night. For which Services (particularly in Hounds) their Olfalitory Nerves are not only remarkably large, (like as they are in other Brutes,) but their Branches and Filaments are, in the Lamina of the Noftrils, both more and larger than I have feen in any other Creature whatfoever. Alfo there are more Convulfions of the Lamina than I ever remember to have found in any other Animal.

The Sagacity of Hounds is prodigious, of which fee an Inftance in Book IV. Chap. 11. Note (hhh).

(b) See Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (e).

() Vid. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 8. cap. 27. Qua animalia quas herbas oftenderunt,

CHAP.

I'

СНАР. V.

Of the Tafte (a).

N this, as in the laft Senfe, we have an Apparatus abundantly fufficient to the Sense; Nerves curiously divaricated about the Tongue (b), and Mouth, to receive the Impreffions of every Gufto; and thefe Nerves guarded with a firm and proper Tegument to defend them from Harms; but withal, fo perforated in the papillary Eminences, as to give a free Admiffion to Taftes.

But

(a) và ồ lên Ỹ Xuân, xc. Saporum genera, dulcis, pinguis, aufterus, acerbus, acris, falfus, amarus, acidus. Theophr. de Cauf. Plant. 1. 6. c. 1. What may the Caufe of the difference of Taftes, he faith is hard to affign, wóTENDY IS TOTS abeo, &c. Utrum affectionibus Senfuum an figuris, quibus finguli conftant, ut Democritus cenfet. id. ib. Anμóxer & 5, &c. Democritus → dulcem effe faporem qui rotundus: acerbum qui figurâ magnâ; afperum qui multis angulis, &c. id. ib. &c. But of the Diverfities and Caufes of Taftes, fee Dr. Grew, Lect. 6. and Dr. Willis de Anim. Brut. c. 12.

(b) Intellectus Saporum eft cateris in primâ linguâ : Homini, in palato. Plin. I. II. c. 37.

The Opinions of Anatomifts concerning the Organ' of Tafte, are various. Bauhin, T. Bartholin, Bartholerte, Vellinge, Deufinge, &c. place it in the laxer, fleshy Parts of the Tongue. Our famous Wharton, in the Gland at the Root of the Tongue: Laurentius in the thin Tunick covering the Tongue; but the Learned Malpighi with great Probability concludes, because the outward Cover of the Tongue is perforated, under which lie papillary Parts, (of which Mr. Cowper hath very good Cuts in his Anat. Tab. 13.) that in thefe the Tafte lieth. Malpighi's Words are, Quare cùm dictis meatibus infignibus occurrant papillaria corpora, probabilius eft in his ultimo, ex fubintranti fapido humore titillationem, & mordicationem quandam fieri, que Guftum efficiat. Malpig. Op. Tom. 2. De Lingua, pag. 18.

Pracipuum

But I fhall fay no more of this Senfe; only a Word or two of its Consent with the Smell, and the Situation of them both: Their Situation is in the moft convenient Place imaginable, for the Difcharge of their Offices; at the first Entrance (c), in the Way to the grand Receptacle of our Food and Nourishment; to furvey what is to be admitted therein; to judge between what is wholfome, and fit for Nourishment, and what is unfavoury and pernicious. And for this End, the all-wife Creator feems to have establish'd a great Confent between the Eye, the Nofe, and Tongue, by ordering the Branches of the fame Nerves (d), to each of those three Parts; as also indeed to divers other Parts of the Body, which I may have occafion to mention in a more proper Place (e). By which

Pracipuum ac ferè folum Guftatus organon eft Lingua; cui aliquatenus fubobfcurè tamen Palatum, & fuperior Gule pars confentiunt: in omnibus verò fibra nervofa immediata fenfionis inftrumenta funt. Quare obfervare eft, Linguam pra aliá quávis parte infigniter fibrofam effe, etiam textura valde porosa conftare, in eum nempe finem, ut particula rei fapida copiofiùs ac penitius intra Senforii meatus admittantur Nervi autem qui fibris Lingua denfiffimè intertextis famulantur, ac faporum impreffiones r wewrw nicentneic communicant, funt Nervi è paribus tum quinto, tum nono; & ubique cum densâ propaginum ferie per totam ejus compagem diftributi. Willis ibid.

(c) Guftatus, qui fentire eorum quibus vefcimur genera debet, habitat in ea parte Oris, quâ efculentis & poculentis iter natura patefecit. Cicer. de Nat. Deor. 1. 2. c. 56. Vid. quoque fupr. Note (b). Chap. 4.

(d) Multa hujus [quinti paris] Nervi propagines Masticationis operi deftinantur; ideoque quoniam alimenta ingerenda non modo Guftus, aft etiam Olfactüs & Visus examen fubire debent, ab eodem Nervo, cujus rami ad Palatum & Fauces miffi, Manducationis negotium peragunt, propagines alia, velut exploratrices, ad Nares Oculos feruntur, nempe ut ifthac aliorum fenfuum organa, etiam ad objecta Guftus melius dignofcenda probationum auxiliis quibufdam inftruantur. Willis Nerv. Defcrip. & Ufus. cap. 22.

(e) See Book V. Chap. 8.

Means,

Means, there is all the Guard that can be, against pernicious Food; forafmuch as before it is taken into the Stomach, it is to undergo the Trial of three of the Senfes; the Scrutiny of the Eye, the ftrict Surveyor of its outward Appearance; and the Probation of the Smell and Tafte, the two fevereft Judges of its natural Constitution and Compofition.

CHAP. VI.

Of the Senfe of Feeling (a).

Aving fpent fo much Time upon the other H Senfes, and therein given fuch ample Proofs

of the infinite Creator's Wisdom; I fhall but briefly take Notice of two Things relating to this last Senfe.

One

(a) Malpighi is of this Opinion, that as Tafte is performed by the Papilla in the Tongue, fo is Feeling by fuch like Papilla under the Skin. From feveral Diffections, and other Obfervations, he thus concludes, Ex his & fimilibus videbatur animus abundè certior redditus, earundem Papillarum pyramidalium copiam, quas aliàs in Linguâ defcripfi, in locis pracipuè acquifitiori Tactui dicatis reperiri, eodem progigni nervoso cuticulari corpore, fimulque circumvolvi reticulari involu cro, & extimam cuticulam, veluti ultimum terminum attingere. Microfcopio quilibet in manus dorfo pro fudore orificia quadam miro ordine difperfa intueri poteft, circa qua frequentia quadam capitula affurgunt; hac verò funt Papillarum fines, dum à cure affurgentes interpofitum fuperant rete, fimulque extimam cuticulam. Hac repetitis fectionibus deprebendi; ex quibus non improbabiliter deducam, ficuti ex elatioribus papillis in Linguâ, Guftûs Organon elicitur, ita ex copiosâ harum Papillarum congerie in organis, ubi maximè animalia Tactûs motione afficiuntur,

adaquasum

One is its Organ, the Nerves. For as all Senfation is performed by the Nerves (b), and indeed the other Senfes (performed by Nerves) are a kind of Feeling; fo is this Senfe of Feeling performed by Nerves likewife, spread in the most incomparable, curious Manner throughout the whole Body. But to defcribe their Origine in the Brain, and SpinalMarrow, their Ramifications to all the Parts; their Inofculations with one another; and other Matters; whereby not only the Senfe of Feeling is perform'd, but alfo animal Motion, and an admirable Confent and Harmony of all the Parts of the Body is effected: (To defcribe, I fay, thefe Things) would take up too much Time, and I have already, and fhall, as I go along, give fome Hints thereof.

The other Thing 1 fhall take Notice of, is, the Difperfion of this Senfe throughout the Body, both without, and within. The other Senfes, I have obferv'd, are feated in the very beft Place for the Relief and Comfort, the Guard and Benefit of the Animal. And forafmuch as it is neceffary to the Being, and well-being of the Body, that every Part fhould be fenfible of Things fafe, or Things prejudicial to it felf; therefore it is an admirable Contrivance of the great Creator, to difperfe this

adaquatum Tactûs organum fufficienter haberi. Malpig. de extern. Tact. Org. p. 26. Conful. quoque ejufd. Vit. p. 28.

Thefe Obfervations of Malpighi, our late curious and diligent Mr. Cowper hath confirmed, and given us very elegant Cuts both of the Skin, and the Papilla, and the Nerves, Glands, &c. under it, from Microscopical Obfervations. Vid. Cowper's Anat. Introd. and Tab. 4.

(6) Although the Eye be the ufual Judge of Colours, yet fome have been able to diftinguish them by their Feeling. Quidam fuit qui venit ad M. Duc. Hetruriæ aulam qui colores per Taftum cognofcebat. Pro experimento velum fericum, uniformiter textum, & pluribus coloribus tinctum, offerebatur, & veraciter de colore in fingulis partibus judicabat. Grimald. de Lum. & Col. prop. 43. §. 59.

Senfe

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