admirable: And no lefs fo is the Tongue (d), which minifters to that, and many other Ules too.

Next, the Fabrick of the (e) Trachea deferves efpecial Remark. Its Valve, the Epiglottis on the Top,

For (as the ingenious Dr. Keil faith) fuppofing the greatest Diftance of the two Sides of the Glottis, to be one tenth Part of an Inch in founding 12 Notes, (to which the Voice cafily reaches;) this Line must be divided into 12 Parts, each of which gives the Aperture requifite for fuch a Note, with a certain Strength. But if we confider the Sub-divifion of Notes, into which the Voice can run, the Motion of the Sides of the Glottis is ftill vaftly nicer. For if two Chords founding exactly Unifons, one be shortened, Part of its Length, a just Ear will perceive the Difagreement, and a good Voice will found the Difference, which is Part of a Note. But fuppofe the Voice can divide a Note into 100 Parts, it follows that the different Apertures of the Glottis actually divide the tenth Part of an Inch into 1200 Parts, the Effect of each of which produces a fenfible Alteration upon a good Ear. But because each Side of the Glottis moves just equally, therefore the Divifions are just double, or the Sides of the Glottis, by their Motion do actually divide one tenth Part of an Inch into 2400 Parts. Keil's Anat. c. 3. Sec. 7.

(d) Among the Inftruments of Speech, the Tongue is a neceflary one; and fo neceffary, that it is generally thought no Speech can be without it. But in the third Tome of the Ephem. Germ. is published, Jac. Rolandi Agloffoftomographia, five Defcriptio Oris fine Linguâ, quod perfectè loquitur, & reliquas fuas functiones naturalitèr exercet. The Perfon described is one Pet. Durand, a French Boy of eight or nine Years old, who at five or fix loft his Tongue by a Gangrene, occafioned the Small-Pox. Notwithstanding which, he could (as the Title faith) fpeak perfectly, as alfo tafte, fpit, fwallow, and chew his Food; but this latter he could do only on that Side he put it into, not being able to turn it to the other Side his Mouth.

In the fame Tract, Chap. 6. is this Obfervation of ventriloquous Perfons, Memini me à quodam fat celebri Anatomico audiviffe, dum de duplicaturâ Mediaftini ageret, fi Membrana ista duplex naturaliter unita in duas partes dividatur, loquelam quafi ex pectore procedere, ut circumftantes credant Damoniacum hunc, aut Sternomythum.

In an

(e) The Variation of the Wine-pipe is obfervable in every Creature, according as it is neceffary for that of the Voice. Urchin, which hath a very small Voice, 'tis hardly more than membranous. And in a Pigeon, which hath a low and foft

Top, to fence against all Annoyances; its cartilaginous Rings (f) nearly environing it, with its membranous Part next the Gullet, to give the freer Paffage to the Defcent of the Food. And Laftly, Its inner Tegument of exquifite Senfe to be readily affected with, and to make Efforts against every Thing that is hurtful or offenfive; thefe, I fay, do all juftly deserve our Admiration.

And no lefs prodigious are the Parts farther within; the Bronchi, the Veficula (g), with their mufcular

Note, 'tis partly cartilaginous, and partly membranous. In an Owl, which hath a good audible Note, 'tis more cartilaginous; but that of a Jay, hath hard Bones inftead of Cartilages; and fo of a Linnet: Whereby they have both of them a louder and Stronger Note, &c.

The Rings of the Wind-pipe are fitted for the Modulation of the Voice: For in Dogs and Cats, which in the Expression of divers Paffions use a great many Notes, (as Men do,) they are open and flexible, as in Man. Whereby all, or any of them are dilated, or contracted, more or less, as is convenient for a higher or deeper Note, &c. whereas in fome other Animals, as in the Japan-Peacock, which ufeth hardly more than one fingle Note, they are entire, &c. Grew's Cofmolog. Sacr. Book I. Chap. 5. §. 9, 10.

(f) It is a farther manifeft Indication of fingular Defign in the cartilaginous Rings of the afpera Arteria, that all the Way where they are contiguous to the Oefophagus, they are membranous, to afford an eafie Paffage to the Food; but after that, in the Bronchi; they are, fome compleatly annular, some triangular, c. And another obfervable is, the lower Parts of the fuperior Cartilages, receive the upper Parts of the inferior, in the Bronchi; whereas in the afpera Arteria, the Cartilages run and remain parallel to one another; which is a noble Difference or Mechanism in this (in a Manner) one and the fame Part, enabling the Lungs and Bronchi to contract themselves in Expiration, and to extend and dilate themselves in Infpiration.

(g) I fhall not here intrench fo much upon the Anatomift's Province, to give a Defcription of the Lungs, although it be a curious Piece of God's Workmanship; but refer to Seignior Malpighi, the first Discoverer of their Veficula in 1660, in his two Letters to Borelli de Pulmon. Allo to Dr. Willis's Pharm.

lar Fibres (b), as fome affert they have, together with the Arteries and Veins, which every where accompany the airy Paffages, for the Blood to receive there its Impregnations from the Air.

rat. p. 2. S. 1. c. 1. de Refpir. Orig. & Uf. who as he wrote after Malpighi, fo hath more accurately defcribed thofe Parts; and to Mr. Cowper's Anat. Tab. 24, 25. And if the Reader hath a Mind to fee what Oppofition Seignior Malpighi's Difcoveries met with at Home and Abroad, and what Controverfies he had on that Account, as alfo his Cenfures of Dr. Willis's Defcriptions and Figures, he may confult Malpighi's Life written by himself, pag. 4. to 21.

That the Lungs confift of veficula, or Lobuli of Veficula admitting of Air from the Bronchi, is vifible, because they may be blown up, cleanfed of Blood, and fo dried. But Mr. Cowper faith, he could never part the Lobuli, (fo as to make Dr. Willis's Fig. 1. Tab. 3. & 4.) so that probably the Veficula are contiguous to one another throughout each Lobe of the Lungs. And not only Air; but Diemerbroeck proves, that the Veficula admit of Duft alfo, from two afthmatick Perfons he opened; one a Stone cutter's Man, the Veficula of whofe Lungs were fo ftuffed with Duft, that in cutting, his Knife went as if through an Heap of Sand; the other was a Fea. ther-driver, who had thefe Bladders filled with the fine Duft or Down of Feathers.

(b) There is a confiderable Difference between Dr. Willis, and Etmuller, viz. Whether the Veficula of the Lungs have any mufcular Fibres or not? Etmuller exprefly faith, Nullas Fibras mufculofas, multo minùs rubicundam Mufculorum compagem (funt enim Veficula allida & fere diaphane) in ipfis reperiri. ubi fupr. c. 6. §. 2. And afterwards, §. 3. Pulmones effe mol les flexilefque mufculofis fibris ceu propria explicationis organis deftitutos. But Dr. Willis as exprefly afferts they have mufculous Fibres, and affigns an excellent Ufe of them; Cellula ifta veficulares, ut nixus pro expiratione contractivos edant, etiam fibras, uti per Microscopium planè confpicere eft, musculares obtinent, ubi fupr. §. 16. And in the next §, Ut pro datâ occafione majorem aëris copiam exfufflent, aut materiam extuffiendam ejiciant, fibris mufcularibus donata, fefe arctiùs contrahunt, contentaque fua penitùs exterminant. Et enim ordinaria pectoris Syftola, quas mufculorum relaxationes ex parte efficiunt, aërem forfan totum à Trachea Bronchiis, haud tamen à Veficulis, quâque vice ejiciunt: propter has (quoties opus erit) inaniendas, totius Pectoris cavitas plurimùm anguftatur, & cellula ipfa vesiculures à propriis fibris conftrictis coarctantur,

L A

From

Book IV. From hence I might proceed to the commodious Form of the Ribs (i), the curious Mechanifm of the Intercoftal-Mufcles (k), the Diaphragm, and all the other Muscles (1) miniftring both to the ordinary, and extraordinary Offices of Refpiration.

But

(i) Circa hos motus [Scil. Pectoris dilatationem, &c] divini Conditoris mechanicen, ad regulas Mathematicas planè adaptatam, fatis admirari non poffumus; fiquidem nullâ aliâ in re manifeftius o Oids Yewμelger videtur. Quippe cùm pectoris, tum ampliatio, tum coarctatio à quibufdam Mufculis (quorum munus unicum eft contrahere) perfici debeat; res ita inftituitur, ut Cofta que thoracis, velut parallelogrammi oblongi verfus cylindrum incurvati, latera efformant, in figuram modò quadratam, cum angulis rectis, pro pectoris ampliatione; modò in rhomboeidem, cum angulis acutis pro ejufdem contractione, ducantur, &c. Willis, ubi fupr. §. 28.

Galen having fpoken of the Parts miniftring to Refpiration, concludeth, Nihil ufquam à Naturâ ullo pacto per incuriam, fuiffe prateritum, que cùm omnia prafentiret & provideret, que funt neceffaria illa, que caufa alicujus extiterunt, confecutura, omnibus inftaurationes parare occupavit, cujus apparatus copiofa facultas admirabilem Sapientiam teftantur. De uf. part. 1. 5. C. 15. See alfo l. 6. c. i.

(k) For the Structure of the Intercostals, Midriff, &c. I fhall refer to Dr. Willis, and other Anatomifts. But Dr. Drake taxeth Dr. Willis with an Error in fancying there is an Oppofition in the Office of the Intercostals, by reafon that the Fibres of the external and internal Intercostals decuffate; that therefore the external ferve to raise the Ribs, the internal to draw them down. But Dr. Drake is of Steno's, and Dr. Mayow's Opinion, that notwithstanding the Decuffation of their Fibres, the Power they exert upon, and the Motion they effect in the Ribs, is one and the fame. Drake's Anat. 1. 2. c. 7. and 1. 4. c. 5. Mayow de Refpir. c. 7.

(1) Although Dr. Drake and fome others deny the Intercoftals being Antagonift-Muscles, as in the preceding Note, yet they, and moft other Anatomifts that I have met with, attribute a confiderable Power to them in the act of Refpiration, as they do alfo to the Subclavian and Triangular Mufcles; but the learned Etmuller denies it for these three Reafons, I. Quia refpirando nullam in illis contractionem fentio. 2. Quia fibi invicem non adducuntur, &c. 3. Quia Cofta omnes ab aliis modò enarratis mufculis moventur, idque

But paffing them by, I fhall ftop at one prodigious Work of Nature, and manifeft Contrivance of the Almighty Creator, which although taken notice of by others (m), yet cannot be eafily paffed by in the Subject I am upon; and that is the Circulation of the Blood in the Fatus in the Womb, fo different from the Method thereof after it is Born. In the Womb, whilft it is as one Body with the Mother, and there is no Occafion, nor Place for Refpiration, there are two Paffages (n) on purpose for the Tranfmiffion of the Blood without pafling it through the Lungs.

fimul, &c. Intercoftales itaque, necnon Subclavios Mufculos Coftis, parietum inftar, ad complenda interftitia intercoftalia, pectufque integrandum, ac Coftas connectendas, intertectos effe, probabiliter concludo; quo munere triangulares etiam -fungi, rationi confentaneum eft. Etmul. Differt. 2. cap. 4. §.6.

But as to the Ufe of the Triangular Mufcle in Respiration, we may judge of it, from its remarkable Size, and Ufe in a Dog; of which Dr. Willis gives this Account from Fallopius: In Homine parvus adeò fubtilis ifte [Mufculus] eft, ut vix pro Mufculo accipi queat: in Cane per totum os pectoris protenditur, & cartilagines omnes, etiam verarum Coftarum fterno inofculatas, occupat: Cujus difcriminis ratio divinam circa Animalium fabricas Providentiam planè indigitat. Quippe cùm hoc animal, ad curfus velociffimos & diu continuandos natum, quo fanguis, dum intenfiùs agitatur, rite accendatur eventileturque, aërem celerrimè & fortiter uti infpirare, ita etiam exfpirare debet idcirco propter hunc actum firmius obeunlum (cujus in Homine haud magnus eft ufus) mufculus caninus molem ingentem & tanto operi parem fortitur. Willis ubi fupr. §. 32.

(m) Ray's Wifdom of God in the Creation, p. 343.

(n) Mr. Chefelden, an ingenious and moft accurate Anatomift, having fomewhat particular in his Obfervations about the Circulation of the Blood through the Heart of the Fotus, I fhall prefent the Reader with fome of his Obfervations, which he favoured me with the Sight of. The Blood (faith he) which is brought to the Heart by the afcending Cava, paffes out of the right Auricle into the left, through a Passage called Foramen Ovale, in the Septum [common to them both] without paffing through the right Ventricle (as after the Birth) while the Blood from the defcending Cava paffeth through

the