Book IV. Lungs. But as foon as the Fatus is Born, and become thereby a perfectly diftinct Being, and breathes for it felf, then these two Paffages are fhut up: one nearly obliterated, the other becomes only a Ligament, except in fome Creatures that are Amphibious, or are forced to lie long under Water, in whom thefe Paffages probably remain open (0).

And now what Action of any rational Creature, what is there in a Man's Life, that doth more plainly

the right Auricle and Ventricle into the pulmonary Artery, and thence into the Aorta through the Duct, betwixt that and the pulmonary Artery, called Ductus Arteriofus, whilst a small Portion of the Blood, thrown into the pulmonary Artery paleth through the Lungs, no more than is fufficient to keep open the pulmonary Veffels. Thus both Ventricles are employed in driving the Blood through the Aorta to all Parts of the Foetus, and to the Mother too. But after the Birth, the Blood being to be driven from the Aorta through the Foetus alone, and not the Mother too, one Ventricle becomes fufficient, whilst the other is employed in driving the Blood through the Lungs, the Ductus Arteriofus being shut up by means of the Alteration of its Pofition, which happens to it from the raising the Aorta by the Lungs when they become inflated. After that the Blood is thus driven into the Lungs, in its return it shuts the Valve of the Foramen Ovale against the Foramen it felf, to whofe Sides it foon adheres, and fo fops up the Paffage. The Ductus Arteriofus, or Ductus Arteriofus in Ligamentum verfus, is_feldom to be difcerned in adult Bodies, but the Figure of the Foramen Ovale is never obliterated.

(0) It hath been generally thought to be not improbable, but that on fome Occafions the Foramen Ovale may remain open in Man. In a Girl of four or five Years of Age, Dr. Connor found it but half closed, and in the Form of a Crefcent. And he thinks fomewhat of this kind might be in the Perfon whofe Skeleton was found to have no Joynts in the Back-Bone, Ribs, c. Of which a Defcription, with Cuts, may be found in Phil. Tranf. No. 215. and more largely in his Differt. Med. Phyf. de ftupendo Offium coalitu, where he adds to the Girl, in whom the For. Ov. was not shut, a like Obfervation of another Girl he opened at Oxford of three Years Old, In quâ Foramen Ovale ferè erat occlufum, in medio tamen, exili foramine, per quod Turundam facilè transmiss, eras

pervium,

1

plainly fhew Defign, Reason, and Contrivance than this very Act of Nature doth the Contrivance

and

pervium, pag. 30. So Mr. Cowper (than whom none more accurate and a better Judge) faith, I have often found the Foramen Ovale open in the Adult. Anat. Append. Fig. 3. But Mr. Chefelden is of a different Opinion. Of which in the following Note.

From fomewhat of this Caufe I am apt to think it was that the Tronningholm Gardiner escaped drowning, and fome others mentioned by Pechlin. His Stories are, Hortulanus Tronningholmenfis etiamnum vivens, annos natus 65, pro illâ atate fatis adhuc valens & vegetus, cùm ante 18 annos, alii in aquas delapfo opem ferre vellet, forte fortuna & ipfe per glaciem incautius procedens, aquas incidit 18 ulnas profundas: ubi ille, corpore erecto quafi ad perpendiculum, pedibus fundo adhafit. Conftitit fic per 16 horas, antequàm produceretur in auras. Dixit autem, fimul ac infra aquarum fuperficiem fuit demerfus, ftatim obriguiffe totum, &, fi quem tum habuit motum & fenfum, amififfe, nifi quod fonantes Stockolmii campanas etiam fub aquis obfcuriùs percipere fibi fit vifus. Senfit etiam, ftatim fefe velut veficulam ori applicaffe, adeò ut aqua nulla os penetraverit, in aures verò tranfitum, etiam fentiente illo, habuerit; atque inde auditum fuum debilitatum aliquandiu effe. Hoc ftatu dum 16 horas permanfit fruftrà quafitus, tandem repertum. conto in caput infixo, cujus etiam fenfum fe habuiffe dixit, fundo extraxerunt, sperantes ex more aut perfuafione gentis reviEturum effe. Itaque pannis linteifque productum obvolvunt, ne aër admitti poffit perniciofus futurus fubito illapfu: cuftoditum fic fatis ab aere fenfim fenfimque tepidiori loco admovent mox calidis adoriuntur fafciis, fricant, radunt, & fufflaminatum tot horis fanguinis corporifque motum negotiosa illa operâ reducunt: denique antapoplecticis & genialibus liquoribus vita reddunt & priftina mobilitati. Retulit is atque oftendit fe etiamnum in capite circumferre veftigia violentia à conto illata, & cephalalgiis vexari graviffimis. Et propter hunc ipfum cafum, religiosè à popularibus, & hujufce rei teftibus probatum, Sereniffima Regina matris munificentiâ & annuo fiipendio eft donaSerenif. Principi oblatus, vivus fui teftis Confignatam manu habes Hiftoriam D. Tilafii, Biblioth. Reg. Prafecti, qui teftatus eft fe pranoviffe mulierem, qua tres ipfos dies fub aquis hafit, & fimilem in modum, quo Hortulanus ille, refufcitata, adhuc dum lucis plená fruitur ufura. Accedit Nob. Burmanni fides. qui confeffus eft, fe in pago Bonefs

tus

parochia

Book IV. and Design of the great GOD of Nature? What is Thought and Contrivance, if this be not? Namely, That there fhould be a temporary Part in the Body, made just for the prefent Exigence; to continue whilft there is occafion for it, and to ceafe when there is none; in fome Creatures to remain always, by Reason of their amphibious Way of Living, and in Land-animals (purely fuch) to cease?

Another excellent Contrivance, a-kin to the laft, is, for the Preservation of fuch Creatures whofe oc

næ

parochia Pithoviæ concionem frequentaffe funebrem, in quâ, dum acta recenferet Praco Senis cujufdam feptuagenarii Laur. Joaudiverit ex ore Concionatoris, vivum eum, adolef centem 17 annorum, aquis fubmerfum, 7 demum hebdomadâ (rem prodigiofam!) extractum ad fe rediiffe vivum & incolumem. Pechlin. de Aer. & Alim. def. c. ra.

Shall we to this Cause, or to the Offification, or more than ordinary Strength of the Wind-Pipe, attribute the Recovery to Life of Perfons hanged? Of which Pechlin gives an Inftance that fell under his own Knowledge, of a Woman hanged, and in all Appearance dead, but recovered by a Phyfician accidentally coming in, with a plentiful Administration. of Spir. Sal. Armon. Pechl. ib. c. 7. And the Story of Anne Green, executed at Oxford, Dec. 14. 1650. is ftill well remembered among the Seniors there. She was hanged by the Neck near half an Hour, fome of her Friends in the mean Time thumping her on the Breaft, others hanging with all their Weight upon her Legs, fometimes lifting her up, and then pulling her down again with a fudden Firk, thereby the fooner to dispatch her out of her Pain: as her printed Account wordeth it. After he was in her Coffin, being obferved to breath, a lufty Fellow ftamped with all his Force on her Breaft and Stomach, to put her out of her Pain. But by the affiftance of Dr Peity, Dr. Willis, Dr. Bathurst, and Dr. Clark, she was again brought to Life. I my felf faw her many Years after, after that she had (I heard) born divers Children. The Particulars of her Crime, Execution and Reftauration, fee in a little Pamphlet, called News from the Dead, written, as I have been informed, by Dr. Bathurst, (afterwards the moft vigilant and learned Prefident of Trinity College, Oxon,) and published in 1651. with Verfes upon the Occafion.

cafions

cafions frequently neceffitate them to live without, or with but little Refpiration: Fishes might be named here, whofe Habitation is always in the Waters; but these belong to an Element which L cannot at prefent engage in. But there are many Animals of our own Element, or partly fo, whofe Organs of Refpiration, whofe Blood, whofe Heart, and other Inftruments of Life, are admirably accommodated to their Method of Living: Thus many amphibious Creatures (p), who live in Water as well as Air; many Quadrupeds, Birds, Infects, and other Animals, who can live fome Hours, Days, yea, whole Winters, with little or no Respiration, in a Torpitude, or fort of Sleep, or middle State between Life and Death: The Provifion made for thefe peculiar Occafions of Life, in the Fabrick of the Lungs, the Heart, and other Parts of fuch

(p) The Sea-Calf hath the Foramen Ovale, by which means it is enabled to ftay long under the Water, as the Parif. Anatomifts. Of which fee in Book VI. Chap. 5. Note (c).

But the fore-commended Mr. Chefelden thinks the Foramen Ovale is neither open in amphibious Creatures, nor any adult Land-Animals. When I firft (faith he) applied my felf to the Diffection of Human Bodies, I had no distrust of the frequent Accounts of the Foramen Ovale being open in Adults: but I find fince, that I miflook the Oftium Venarum Coronariarum for the Foramen. The like I fuppofe Authors have done, who affert that it is always open in amphibious Animals: for we have made diligent Enquiry into thofe Animals, and never found it open. Neither would that (as they imagine) ferve these Creatures to live under Water, as the Foetus doth in Utero, unless the Ductus Arteriofus was open also.

This Opinion of Mr. Chefelden hath this to render it probable, that the Oftium Venarum Coronariarum is fo near the Foramen Ovale, that without due regard, it may be eafily miftaken for it. Such therefore as have Opportunity of examining this Part in amphibious Animals, or any other Subject, ought to feek for the Oftium, whenever they fufpect they have met with the Foramen.

Creatures

Book IV. Creatures (9), is manifeftly the Work of him, who as St. Paul faith (r), giveth to all Breath, and Life, and all Things.

(q) Of the fingular Conformation of the Heart and Lungs of the Tortoife, which is an amphibious Animal. See Book VI. Chap. 5. Note (b).

(r) Acts xvii. 25.

NE

CHAP. VIII.

Of the Motion of Animals.

EXT to the two grand Acts of animal Life, their Sense or Respiration, I fhall confider their Motion, or locomotive Faculty; whereby they convey themselves from Place to Place, according to their Occafions, and Way of Life: And the admirable Apparatus to this Purpose, is a plain De monftration of God's particular Forefight, Care, and efpecial Providence towards all the animal World.

And here I might view in the first Place the Muscles, their curious Structure (a), the nice tacking them to every Joynt, to pull it this Way, and that Way, and the other Way, according to the fpecial Purpose, Defign, and Office of every fuch Joint: Alfo their various Size and Strength; some large

(a) That the Mufcles are compounded of Fibres, is vifible enough. Which Fibres, the curious and ingenious Borelli faith, are cylindraceous; not hollow, but filled with a fpungy, pithy Subftance, after the manner of Elder, as he difcovered by his Microfcopes. Borel. de Mot. Animal. Part 1.