ent Incubation, and that the Young, when produced, may have the Benefit of proper and fufficient Food for their Nurture and Education, till they are able to fhift for themselves. It is admirable to fee with what Diligence and Care the feve ral Species of Infects lay up their Eggs or Sperm in their feveral proper Places; not all in the Wa ters, in Wood, or on Vegetables; but those whose Subfiftence is in the Waters (b), in the Water; those to whom Flesh is a proper Food; in Flefh (c); thofe

1

(6) It would be endless to specify the various Species of Infects, that have their Generation in the Waters. And therefore I fhall only obferve of them, 1. That their Eggs are always laid up with great Care, and in good Order. And alfo, 2. Where proper and fufficient Food is. 3. That in their Nympha-State in the Waters, they have Parts proper for Food and Motion; and in many, or most of them, very different from what they have in their Mature-State, a.. manifeft Argument of the Creator's Wifdom and Providence. For an Inftance, fee Note (r).

(c) As Seigneur Redi was one of the firft that made it his Bufinefs to difcard Anomalous Generation, fo he tried more Experiments relating to the Vermination of Serpents, Flesh, Fish, putrified Vegetables; and in fhort, whatever was commonly known to be the Nursery of Maggots, more I fay probably, than any one hath done fince. And in all his Obfervations, he conftantly found the Maggots to turn to Aurelia, and these into Flies. But then, faith he, Dubitare cœpi, utrùm omne hoc vermium in carne genus, ex folo Mufcarum femine, an ex ipfis putrefactis carnibus oriretur, tantoque magis confirmabar in hoc meo dubio, quanto in omnibus. generationibus fæpiùs videram, in carnibus, antequam verminare inciperent, refediffe ejufdem fpeciei Mufcas, cujus propago poftea nafcebatur. Upon this he tells us, he put Fish, Fleth, c. into Pots, which he covered clofe from the Flies with Paper, and afterwards (for the free Air fake) with Lawn, whilft other Pots were left open, with fuch like Flesh, &c. in them; that the Flies were very eager to get into the covered Pots; and that they produced not one Maggot, when the open ones had many. Fr. Redi de Gener. Infect.

Among

those to whom the Fruits (d) or Leaves of Vegetables

Among the Infects that come from the Maggots he mentions, he names Culices. Now from the most critical Obfervations I have made, I never obferved any fort of Gnar to come from putrified Flesh, Vegetables, or any other Thing he taxeth with them. So that either he means by Culex, fome Fly that we call not by the Name of Gnat; or elfe their Gnats in Italy, vary in their Generation from ours in England. For among above 30, near 40 diftinct Species of Gnats that I have obferved about the Place where I live, I never found any to lay their Eggs in Flesh, Fish, oc, but the largest Sort, called by Aldrovand, Culices maximi, by Swammerdam, Tipula terreftres, lay their Eggs in Meadows,

c. under the Grafs; one of the larger middle Sort, in dead Beer, Yeaft, c. lying on the Tops, or in the Leaks of Beer-Barrels, c. and all the reft (as far as ever I have obferved) lay and hatch in the Waters, as in Note (r).

The Generation of the Second of thefe being akin to fome of the foregoing Inftances, and a little out of the way, may deferve a Place here. This Gnat lays its Eggs commonly in dead Beer, c. as I faid, and probably in Vinegar, and other fuch Liquors. Some Time after which, the Maggots are so numerous, that the whole Liquor ftirreth as if it was alive; being full of Maggots, fome larger, fome smaller; the larger are the off-fpring of our Gnat, the smaller, of a fmall dark coloured Fly, tending to reddifh; frequent in Cellars, and fuch obfcure Places. All thefe Maggots turn to Aurelia, the larger of which, of a Tan-Colour, turn to our Gnat. This Gnat is of the unarmed Kind, having no Spear in its Mouth. Its Head is larger than of the common Gnats, a longer Neck, fhort jointed Antenna, fpotted Wings, reaching beyond its flender Alvus; it is throughout of a brown Colour, tending to red, especially in the Female: The chief Difference between the Male and Female, is (as in other Gnats, yea, moft Infects) the Male is lefs than the Female, and hath a flenderer Belly, and its Podex not fo fharp as the Female's is.

(d) The Infects that infeft Fruits, are either of the Ichneu◄ mon-Fly Kind, or Phalana. Plums, Pease, Nuts, &c. produce fome or other Ichneumon-Fly. That generated in the Plum is black, of a middle Size, its Body near Inch long, its Tail not much less, confifting of three Briftles, wherewith it conveys its Eggs into Fruits: Its Antenna, or Horns, long, fender, recurved; its Belly longifh, tapering, fmall

Bb 4

towards

tables are Food, are accordingly repofited, fome in this Fruit, fome on this Tree (e), fome on that Plant (f), fome on another, and another; but coninftantly

a

towards the Thorax; Legs reddifh; Wings membranaceous, thin and transparent, in Number 4, which is one Characteriftick of the Ichneumon Fly.

The Peafe Ichneumon-Fly, is very fmall, Wings large, reaching beyond the Podex; Antenna long; Alvus short fhaped like an Heart, with the Point towards the Anus ; it walketh and flieth flowly. No Tail appears as in the for mer; but they have one lieth hidden under the Belly, which they can at Pleasure bend back to pierce Peafe when they are young and tender, and other Things alfo, as I have Rea fon to fufpect, having met with this (as indeed the former two) in divers Vegetables.

Pears and Apples I could never difcover any Thing to breed in, but only the leffer Phalana, about 4 Inch long, whitish underneath; greyish brown above (dappled with brown Spots, inclining to a dirty Red) all but about a third Part at the End of the Wings, which is not grey, but brown, elegantly ftriped with wavey Lines, of a Gold Colour, as if gilt; its Head is fmall, with a Tuft of whitish brown in the Forehead; Antenna fmooth, moderately long. The Aurelia of this Moth is fmall, of a yellowish brown. I know not what Time they require for their Generation out of Boxes; but those I laid up in August, did not become Moths before June following.

יזי

(e) There are many of the Phalane and Ichneumon-Fly Tribes, that have their Generation on the Leaves or other Parts of Trees and Shrubs, too many to be here reckoned up. The Oak hath many very beautiful Phalane, bred in its convolved Leaves, white, green, yellow, brown spotted prettily, and neatly dappled, and many more befides; and its Buds afford a Place for Cafes, and Balls of various Sorts, as fhall be fhewn hereafter; its Leaves expanded,^ minifter to the Germination of globular, and other pharoidal Balls, and flat Theca, fome like Hats, fome like Buttons excavated in the Middle, and divers others fuch like Repofitories, all belonging to the Ichneumeon Fly Kind. And not only the Oak, but the Maple alfo, the White-Thorn, the Briar, Privet, and indeed almoft every Tree and Shrub. (f) And as Trees and Shrubs, fo Plants have their pecu- ́ liar Infects. The White-Butterfly lays its voracious Off

ftantly the fame Family on the fame Tree or Plant, the most agreeable to that Family. And as for others that require a conftant and greater Degree of Warmth, they are accordingly provided by the Parent-Animal with fome Place in or about the Body of other Animals; fome in the Feathers of Birds (g); fome in the Hair of Beafts (b); fome

fpring on Cabbage-Leaves; a very beautiful reddish ocellated one, its no lefs voracious black Off-fpring of an horrid Afpect, on the Leaves of Nettles; as alfo doth a very beautiful, fmall, greenifh Ichneumon-Fly, in Cafes on the Leaves of the fame Plant: And to name no more (because it would be endless) the beautiful Ragwort-Moth, whofe upper Wings are brown, elegantly spotted with red and underwings edged with brown; thefe, I fay, provide for their golden ring'd Eruce upon the Ragwort Plant.

(g) Many, if not moft Sort of Birds, are infefted with a diftinct Kind of Lice, very different from one another in Shape, Size, &c. For Figures and Defcriptions of them, I fhall refer to Signieur Redi of Infects. See alfo Moufet, L. z. c. 23. Thefe Lice lay their Nits among the Feathers of the refpective Birds, where they are hatched and nourished; and as Ariftotle faith, would deftroy the Birds, particularly Pheafants, if they did not duft their Feathers. Loco infr. citat.

(b) And as Birds, fo the feveral Sorts of Beafts have their peculiar Sorts of Lice; all diftinct from the two Sorts infefting Man: Only the Afs, they say, is free, because our Saviour rode upon one, as fome think; but I prefume it is rather from the Paffage in Pliny, L. 11. c. 33. or rather Arift. Hift. Animal. L. 3. c. 31. who faith, Quibus pilus eft, non carent eodem [Pediculo] excepto Afino, qui non Pediculo tantùm, verùm etiam Redivio immunis eft. And a little before. fpeaking of thofe in Men, he fhews what Conftitutions are moft fubject to them, and inftanceth in Alcman the Poet, and Pherecydes Syrius that died of the Pthiriafis, or Lowfy Disease. For which foul Diftemper, if Medicines are defired, Moufet de Infect. p. 262. may be confulted. Who in the fame Page hath this Obfervation, Animadverterunt noftrases ubi Afores infulas à tergo reliquerint, Pediculos confeftim omnes tabefcere: atque ubi eas reviserint, iterum innumeros alios fubitò oriri. Which Obfervation is confirmed by Dr. Stubs. Vid. Lowth. Abridg. V. 3. p. 558. And many Seamen have told me the fame.

in the very Scales of Fishes (i); fome in the Nofe (k); fome in the Flesh (); yea, fome in the

(i) Fishes, one would think, fhould be free from Lice, by Reason they live in the Waters, and are perpetually moving in, and brushing through them; but yet they have their Sorts too.

Befides which, I have frequently found great Numbers of long flender Worms in the Stomachs, and other Parts of Fish, particularly Codfish, especially fuch as are poor; wh Worms have work'd themselves deeply into the Coats and Flesh, fo that they could not easily be gotten out: So Ariftotle, faith of fome Fishes, Ballero & Tilloni Lumbricus innafcitur, qui debilitat, &c. Chalcis vitio infeftatur diro, ut Pediculi fub Branchiis innati quàm multi interimant. Hift. An. L. 8. c. 20.

(k) Of Infects bred in the Nofe of Animals, those in the Noftrils of Sheep are remarkable. I have my self taken out not fewer at a Time than twenty or thirty rough Maggots, lying among the Lamine of the Noftriis. But I could never hatch any of them, and fo know not what Animal they proceed from: But I have no great doubt, they are of the Ichneumon-Fly, Kind; and not improbably of that with a longTail, call'd Trifeta, whofe three Briftles feem very commodious for conveying its Eggs into deep places.

I have alfo feen a rough whitish Maggot, above two Inches within the Inteftinum rectum of Horfes, firmly adhering thereto, that the hard Dung did not rub off. I never could bring them to Perfection, but fufpect the Side-Fly proceeds from it.

(1) In the Backs of Cows, in the Summer-Months, there are Maggots generated, which in Effex we call Wornils; which are first only a small Knot in the Skin; and I suppose no o-> ther than an Egg laid there by fome Infect. By Degrees thefe Knots grow bigger, and contain in them a Maggot lying in a purulent Matter: They grow to be as large as the End of one's Finger, and may be fqueez'd out at a Hole they have always open: They are round and rough, and of i a dirty White. With my utmoft Endeavour and Vigilance, I could never difcover the Animal they turn into but as they are somewhat like, fo may be the fame as thofe in the Note before.

In Perfia there are very long flender Worms, bred in the Legs, and other Parts of Men's Bodies, 6 or 7 Yards long.