you

66

GAMMER

first time, and passed from the populace into literature in 1834. It made its first appearance in a work called Claude Gueux: the scandal was great but the word has remained. The gamin of Paris at the present day, like the Græculus of Rome in former time, is the youthful people with the wrinkle of the old world on its forehead."-Trans. of Victor Hugo. In Japan the gamins run after and say, 'Look at the Chinaman.'" -Laurence Oliphant. [Fr.] GAMMER, gam'er, n. an old woman-the correlative of GAFFER. [Contr. of grammer, the West of England form of GRANDMOTHER. See GAFFER.] GAMMON, gam'un, n. the leg or thigh of a hog pickled and smoked or dried.v.t. to cure, as bacon-pr.p. gamm'oning; pa.p. gamm'oned. [O. Fr. gambon, old form of jambon, a ham.] GAMMON, gam'un, n. a hoax: nonsense.v.t. to hoax, impose upon. [A.S. gamen, a game. See GAME.] GAMUT, gam'ut, n. the musical scale: the scale or compass of wind instruments. [So called from the Gr. gamma, which stood first in the scale invented by Guy of Arezzo, and thus gave its name to the whole scale; and L. ut, the syllable used in singing the first note of the scale.]

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GAN, gan, v. an old English auxiliary equivalent to did. Melting in teres, then gan shee thus lament."-Spenser. [A contr. of BEGAN, or from a simple A.S. ginnan. A form can was used in the same way.]

GANCH, gansh, GAUNCH, gawnsh, v.t. to drop from a high place on hooks, as the Turks do malefactors, by way of punishment. "Take him away, ganch him, impale him, rid the world of such a monster."-Dryden. [Fr. ganche, It. gancio, a hook.]

GÄNDER, gan'der, n. the male of the

goose. [A.S. gandra, from older form ganra, with inserted d. See GOOSE.] GANG, gang, n. a number of persons going together or associated for a certain purpose, usually in a bad sense. [A.S.gangan, to go.]

GANGBOARD, gang'bōrd, n. a board or

plank on which passengers may go or walk into or out of a ship. GANGLIAC, gang'gli-ak, GANGLIONIC, gang-gli-on'ik, adj. pertaining to a ganglion.

GANGLION, gang'gli-on, n. a tumor in the sheath of a tendon: a natural enlargement in the course of a nerve:- pl. GANG'LIA or GANG'LIONS. [Gr.] GANGLIONICA, gang-gli-on'ik-a, n.pl. in med. a class of medicinal agents which affect the sensibility or muscular motion of parts supplied by the ganglionic or sympathetic system of nerves. [Gr. ganglion, a tumor.] GANGLIONITIS, gang-gli-on-i'tis, n. in pathol. inflammation of a nervous ganglion. Sometimes used for inflammation of a lymphatic ganglion. [Gr. ganglion, a tumor.]

GANGRENE, gang'gren, n. loss of vitality in some part of the body: the first stage in mortification.-v.t. to mortify.-v.i. to become putrid. [Fr.-L. gangræna-Gr. ganggraina, from graino, to gnaw.] GANGRENOUS, gang'gren-us, adj. mortified.

GANGWAY, gang'wā, n. a passage or way by which to go into or out of any place, esp. a ship: (naut.) a narrow platform of planks along the upper part of a ship's side. [A.S. gang, and WAY.] GANGWEEK, gang'wēk, GANGTIDE, NGTIDE gang tid, n. Rogation week, when pro

191

cessions are made to survey the bounds of parishes. "It (birch) serveth well. for beautifying of streets in the crosse or gangweek, and such like."-Gerard. GANNET, gan'et, n. a web-footed fowl found in the northern seas. [A.S. ganot, a sea-fowl, from root of GANDER.] GANOID, gan'oid, n. one of an order of fishes having shining scales, enamelled and angular, as the sturgeon. [Gr. ganos, splendor, eidos, form.] GANTEINE, gan'tē-in, n. a saponaceous composition, used to clean kid and other leather gloves, composed of small shavings of curd soap 1 part, water 3 parts, and essence of citron 1 part. [Fr. gant, a glove.]

GANT'LET, n. a glove. Same as GAUNTLET. GANTLET, gant let, n. a military punish

ment inflicted on criminals for some heinous offence, said to have been introduced by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. It was executed in this manner: soldiers were arranged in two rows, face to face, each armed with a switch or instrument of punishment; between these rows, the offender, stripped to his waist, was compelled to pass a certain number of times, and each man gave him a stroke. A similar punishment was used on board of ships.-TO RUN THE GANTLET, to undergo the punishment of the gantlet: hence, to go through much and severe criticism, controversy, or ill-treatment. "Winthrop ran the gantlet of daily slights from his neighbors."-Palfrey. [Nasalized from Sw. gatlopp, from gata, a street, a line of soldiers, and lopp, a course; Dut. loopen; Scand. loup, to run.]

GAOL, JAIL, jāl, n. a prison.-n. GAOL'ER, JAIL'ER, one who has charge of a gaol or of prisoners, called also a turnkey. [O. Fr. gaiole, Fr. geôle-Low L. gabiola, a cage, dim. of Low L. gabia, a cage. which is a corr. of cavea, a cage, coop, lit. a hollow place-L. cavus, hollow. See CAGE.]

GAP, gap, v.t. to notch or jag: to cut into teeth like those of a saw. "A cut with a gap'd knife.”—Sterne: to make a break or opening, as in a fence, wall, or the like.

Ready! take aim at their leader-their masses are gapp'd with our grape.-Tennyson.

GAP, gap, n. an opening made by rupture or parting: a cleft: a passage. [From GAPE.]

GAPE, gap, v.i. to open the mouth wide:

to yawn: to stare with open mouth: to be open, like a gap.—n. act of gaping width of the mouth when opened: a fit of yawning. "Another hour of music was to give delight or the gapes, as real or affected taste for it prevailed.”—Miss Austen. [A.S. geapan, to gape; Ice.

gapa, to open.] GAPER, gap'er, n. one who gapes. GAPING-STOCK, gap'ing-stok, n. a person or thing that is an object of openmouthed wonder, curiosity, or the like. "I was to be a gaping-stock and a scorn to the young volunteers."-Godwin. GAP-TOOTHED, gap'-tōōtht, adj. having gaps or interstices between the teeth. GAR, gär, GARFISH, gär'fish, n. a long, slender fish with a pointed head. [A.S. gar, a dart.]

GARB, gärb, n. fashion of dress: external appearance. [O. Fr., from O. Ger. garawi, preparation, dress, O. Ger. garo, ready; cf. A.S. gearu, ready, E. YARE. GARB, gärb, v.t. to dress: to clothe. These black dog-Dons Garb themselves bravely.-Tennyson. GARBAGE, gär'bāj, n. refuse, as the bowels of an animal. [Prob. from GARBLE.]

GARBLE, gär'bl, v.t. to select out of a

GARNITURE

book or writing what may serve our own purpose, in a bad sense: to mutilate or corrupt.-n. GAR'BLER, one who garbles or selects. [O. Fr.-Sp. garbillar, to sift-garbillo, a sieve; of dub. origin.] GARDEN, gär'dn, n. a piece of ground on which flowers, etc., are cultivated.-v.i. to work in a garden: to practice garden ing. [O. Fr. gardin, Fr. jardin, from root of Ger. garten, A.S. geard, E. yard, Goth. gards.]

GARDENING, gär'dn-ing, n. the art of laying out and cultivating gardens.—n. GAR'DENER, one who cultivates or has GARDEN-PARTY, gär'dn-pär-ti,n. a select charge of a garden. company invited to an entertainment held on the lawn or in the garden attached to a private residence. GARGLE, gär'gl, v.t. to make a liquid gurgle or bubble in the throat, without swallowing it: to wash the throat, preventing the liquid from going down by expelling air against it.-n. a preparation for washing the throat. [Fr. gargouiller - gargouille, the weasand or throat. See GARGOYLE.]

GARGOYLE, går'goil, n. gar'goil, n. a projecting spout, conveying the water from the roof-gutters of buildings, often representing human or other figures. [Fr. gargouille, the throat, mouth of a spout, dim. from root garg or gorg in GORGE.] GARISH, gar'ish, adj. showy: gaudy.-adv. GAR'ISHLY.-n. GAR'ISHNESS. [O.E. gare, to stare; a form of M.E. gasen, whence GAZE, which see.]

GARLAND, gär'land, n. a wreath of flowers or leaves a name for a book of extracts in prose or poetry.-v.t. to deck with a garland. [O. Fr. garlande; origin doubtful.!

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GARLIC, gärʼlik, n. a bulbous-rooted plant having a pungent taste, used as seasoning. -adj. GARLICKY, like garlic. ["Spearleek or spear-plant," from the shape of its leaves, from A.S. garleac-gar, a spear, and leac, a leek, plant.] GARLIC-EATER, gär'lik-et-er, n. used by Shakespeare in Coriolanus in the sense of a low fellow, from the fact that garlic was a favorite viand in Greece and Rome GARMENT, gär'ment, n. any article of among the lower orders. clothing, as a coat or gown. [O. Fr. garniment-garnir, to furnish.] GARNER, gär'ner, n. a granary or place where grain is stored up.-v.t. to store as in a garner. [O. Fr. gernier (Fr. grenier) -L. granaria, a granary-granum, a grain. See GRANARY.]

GÄRNET, gär'net, n. a precious stone resembling the grains or seeds of the pomegranate: (naut.) a sort of tackle fixed to the mainstay in ships. [Fr. grenat―L. (pomum) granatum, grained (apple), the GARNISH, gär'nish, v.t. to furnish: to pomegranate-granum, a grain.] adorn to surround with ornaments, as a dish. [Fr. garnir, to furnish, old form guarnir, warnir, to warn, defend-from a Teut. root found in A.S. warnian, Ger. warnen, E. warn.] GARNISH, gär'nish,

GARNISHMENT gär'nish-ment, n. that which garnishes or embellishes: ornament. GARNISHER, gär'nish-er, n. one who gar nishes.

GARNITURE, gär'nit-ur, n. ornamental appendages: furniture: dress: embellishments. "The pomp of groves and garniture of fields."-Beattie. "Her education in youth was not much attended to; and she happily missed all that train of female garniture which passeth by the name of accomplishments."-Lamb.

GAROOKUH

GAROOKUH, ga-rōō'ka, n. a vessel met with in the Persian Gulf, and trading often as far as the Malabar coast. In length it varies from 50 to 100 feet, and is remarkable for the keel being only onethird the length of the boat. It sails well, but carries only a small cargo, and is more suitable for fishing than for trading purposes.

GARRET, gar'et, n. a room next the roof of a house. [O. Fr. garite, a place of safety-O. Fr. garir, Fr. guérir, from a Teut. root found in Ger. wehren, Goth. varjan, A.S. warian, to defend, E. wary, warn.]

GARRETEER, gar-et-ēr', n. one who lives in a garret: a poor author.

GARRISON, gar'i-sn, n. a supply of soldiers for guarding a fortress: a fortified place.-v.t. to furnish a fortress with troops to defend by fortresses manned with troops. [Fr. garnison-garnir, to furnish. See GARNISH.]

GARROTE, ga-rot', v.i. to cheat in card

playing by concealing certain cards at the back of the neck: a mode of cheating practiced among card-sharpers. GARROTER, ga-rot'er, n. one who commits the act of garroting. GARROTE-ROBBERY, ga-rot'-rob-er-i, n. a robbery committed by means of garroting or compressing the victim's windpipe till he becomes insensible. This crime is usually effected by three accomplices the fore-stall or man who walks before the intended victim, the back-stall who walks behind the operator and his victim, and the nasty-man, the actual perpetrator of the crime. The purpose of the stalls is to conceal the crime, give alarm of danger, carry off the booty, and facilitate the escape of the nasty

man.

GARROTTE, gar-rot', GARROTE, gar-rōt', n. a Spanish mode of strangling criminals with a cord placed over the neck and twisted tight by a stick: the brass collar afterwards used in strangling.v.t. to strangle by a brass collar tightened by a screw, whose point enters the spinal marrow to suddenly render insensible by semi-strangulation, and then to rob-pr.p. garrott'ing, garrōt'ing; pa.p. garrott'ed, garrot'ed. [Sp. garrote, a cudgel, a packing-stick; of uncertain origin.] GARROTTER,

gar-rot'er, GARROTER, gar-rōt'er, n. one who garrottes. GARRULITY, gar-ul'i-ti, GARRULOUS NESS, gar'u-lus-nes, n. talkativeness: loquacity.

GARRULOUS, gar'ū-lus, adj. talkative.

[L. garrulus-root of garrio, to chatter.] GARTER, gär'ter, n. a string or band used to tie the stocking to the leg: the badge of the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, called the Order of the Garter.-v.t. to bind with a garter. [Norm. Fr. gartier, Fr. jarretièresjarret, the ham of the leg, from Bret. gar (W. gar), the shank of the leg.] GAS, gas, n. in popular language, coal gas: in chem. an elastic aeriform fluid, a term originally synonymous with air, but afterwards restricted to such bodies as were supposed to be incapable of being reduced to a liquid or solid state. Under this supposition gas was defined to be "a term applied to all permanently elastic fluids or airs differing from common air." Since the liquefaction of gases by Faraday, effected by combining the condensing powers of mechanical compression with that of very considerable depression of temperature, the distinction between gas and vapor,

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viz., that the latter could be reduced to a liquid or solid condition by reduction of temperature and increase of pressure, while gas could not be so altered, is no longer tenable, so that the term has resumed nearly its original signification, and designates any substance in an elastic aeriform state. Gas may now be defined to be a substance possessing the condition of perfect fluid elasticity, and presenting, under a constant pressure, à uniform state of expansion for equal increments of temperature, being distinguished by this last property from vapor, which does not present such a rate of uniform expansion. Gases are distinguished from liquids by the name of elastic fluids; while liquids are termed non-elastic, because they have, comparatively, no elasticity. But the most prominent distinction is the following: -Liquids are compressible to a certain degree, and expand into their former state when the pressure is removed; and in so far they are elastic, but gases appear to be in a continued state of compression, for when left unconfined they expand in every direction to an extent which has not hitherto been determined. [A word invented by Van Helmont, a chemist of Flanders, 1577-1644; the form of the word was prob. suggested by Flem. geest, Ger. geist, spirit.] GASALIER, gas-a-ler', n. a hanging frame with branches for gas-jets. GASCONADE, gas-kon-ad', n. a boasting or bragging like a Gascon: bravado.— v.i. to brag or boast.-ns. GASCONAD'ING, GASCONAD ER. [Gascon, a native of Gascony in France-a province whose inhabitants are noted for boasting.] GAS-CONDENSER, gas'-kon-den-ser, n. a part of the apparatus used in the manufacture of illuminating gas, consisting of a series of convoluted pipes surrounded by water, in passing through which the gas is freed from the tar it brings with it from the retort. GASCROMH, gas'krōm, n. a long pick, with a cross-handle and projecting footpiece, used in the Highlands of Scotland, for digging in stony ground, when no other instrument can be introduced. Sir W. Scott. [Gael. cas, a foot, and crom, crooked-crooked foot.]

GASEOUS, gāz'e-us, adj. in the form of gas or air.

GAS-FITTER, gas'-fit'er, n. one who fits up the pipes and brackets for gas-lighting. GASH, gash, v.t. to make a deep hack or cut into anything, esp. into flesh.-n. a deep, open wound. [Ety. dub.] GASHLINESS, gash'li-nes, n. the condition or quality of being gashly or ghastly: horribleness: dreadfulness: dismalness.

66

The general dullness (gashliness was Mrs. Wickam's strong expression) of her present life."-Dickens.

GASHLY, gash'li, adj. calculated to inspire

terror: ghastly: horrible: dreadful: dismal. Sterne.

GASIFY, gas'i-fi, v.t. to convert into gas: pr.p. gas'ifying; pa.p. gas'ified.-n. GASIFICATION. [GAS, and L. facio, to make.] GAS-METER, gas'-met-er, n. an instrument through which the gas is made to pass, in order to ascertain the number of cubic feet which are consumed in a given time in a particular place. Of this instrument there are two classes, the wet and the dry. The wet meter is composed of an outer box about three-fifths filled with water. Within this is a revolving fourchambered drum, each chamber being capable of containing a definite quantity of gas, which is admitted through a pipe

GAUCHO

in the centre of the meter, and, owing to the arrangement of the partitions of the chambers, causes the drum to maintain a constant revolution. This sets in motion a train of wheels carrying the hands over the dials which mark the quantity of gas consumed. The dry meter consists of two or three chambers, each divided by a flexible partition or diaphragm, by the motion of which the capacity on one side is diminished while that on the other is increased. By means of slide-valves, like those of a steam-engine, worked by the movement of the diaphragms, the gas to be measured passes alternately in and out of each space. The contractions and expansions set in motion the clockwork, which marks the rate of consumption. The diaphragms in all the chambers are so connected that they move in concert. GASOLENE, gas'o-len, n. a volatile fluid distilled fromnaphtha. [E. gas, and L. oleum, oil.] GASOMETER, gaz-om'et-er, n. an instrument for measuring gas: a place for holding gas. [GAS, and Gr. metron, a meas

ure.

GASP, gasp, v.i. to gape in order to catch breath to breathe laboriously or convulsively.-n. the act of opening the mouth to catch the breath: a painful catching of the breath. [Ice. geispa, to yawn; thus gaspa stands for gapsa, an extension of Ice. gapa, to gape; hence GASP is etymologically a freq. of GAPE.] GASTRIC, gas'trik, adj. of or pertaining to the belly or stomach.-GASTRIC JUICE, a thin pellucid liquor, separated by a peculiar set of secretories in the mucous membrane of the stomach, which open upon its internal tunic. It is the principa! agent in digestion, and contains pepsin as its characteristic compound. In the empty stomach it is neutral, but during digestion it becomes acid, from the separation of free hydrochloric acid. [From Gr. gaster, the belly or stomach.] GASTROLITH, gas'tro-lith, n. a concretion found in the stomach: specifically, one of those concretions called crab's eyes formed in the stomach of the crayfish. [Gr. gaster, the belly, and lithos, a stone.] GASTRONOMY, gas-tron'om-i, n. the art

or science of good eating. [Gr. gaster, and nomos, a rule.]

GAT, gat (B.), pa.t. of GET. GATE, gat, n. a passage into a city, inclosure, or any large building: a frame in the entrance into any inclosure: an entrance. [A.S. geat, a way, a gate; cog. forms exist in all the Teut. languages.]

GATED, gat'ed, adj. furnished with gates. GATEWAY, gāt'wa, n. the way through a gate: a gate itself.

GATHER, gath'er, v.t. to collect: to acquire to plait: to learn by inference.v.i. to assemble or muster: to increase : to suppurate.-n. a plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing the thread through. [A.S. gaderian-A.S. gaed, company.] GATHERER, gath'er-er, n. one who collects a gleaner.

GATHERING, gath'er-ing, n. a crowd or assembly: a tumor or collection of

matter.

GATHERING-HOOP, gath'er-ing-hoop, n. a hoop used by coopers for drawing in the ends of the staves of a barrel or cask so as to admit of the permanent hoop being slipped on.

GATLING-GUN, gat'ling-gun, n an American form of the mitrailleuse, so named from the inventor. [See MITRAILLEUSE.] GAUCHO, gä-ö'chō, n. a native of the La Plata pampas, of Spanish descent, noted for marvellous horsemanship.

GAUDY

GAUDY, gawd'i, adj. showy: gay.-adv. GAUD'ILY. -n. GAUD'INESS, showiness. [M.E. gaude, an ornament; from L. gaudium, joy-gaudere.]

GAUGE, gaj, v.t. to measure or to ascertain the contents of; to ascertain the capacity of, as a pipe, puncheon, hogshead, barrel, tierce, keg, etc.: to measure in respect to proportion, capability, or power, or in respect to character or behavior; to take cognizance of the capacity, capability, or power of; to appraise; to estimate; as, I gauged his character very accurately. "The vanes nicely gauged on each side."-Derham.

You shall not gauge me By what we do to-night.-Shak. [O. Fr. gauger, perhaps of the same origin with gallon, and signifying to find the number of measures in a vessel; or, as Diez suggests, from L. æqualis, equal, æqualificare, to make equal, through such forms as égalger, égauger, gauger.] GAUGE, gāj, n. a standard of measure; an instrument to determine the dimensions or capacity of anything; a standard of any kind; a measure; means of estimating; "Timothy proposed to his mistress that she should entertain no servant that was above four foot seven inches high, and for that purpose had prepared a gauge, by which they were to be measured."-Arbuthnot: specifically, the distance between the rails of a railway; also, the distance between the opposite wheels of a carriage: naut. (a) the depth to which a vessel sinks in the water; (b) the position of a ship with reference to another vessel and to the wind; when to the windward, she is said to have the weather-gauge, when to the leeward, the lee-gauge: in build. the length of a slate or tile below the lap: in plastering, (a) the quantity of plaster of Paris used with common plaster to accelerate its setting; (b) the composition of plaster of Paris and other materials, used in finishing plastered ceilings, for mouldings, etc.: in type-founding, a piece of hard wood variously notched, used to adjust the dimensions, slopes, etc., of the various sorts of letters: in joinery, a simple instrument made to strike a line parallel to the straight side of a board, etc.: in the airpump, an instrument of various forms, which points out the degree of exhaustion in the receiver; the siphon-gauge is most generally used for this purpose. GAUGER, gāj'er, n. an excise officer whose business is to gauge or measure the contents of casks. GAUGING, gāj'ing, n. the art of measuring casks containing excisable liquors. GAUL, gawl, n. a name of ancient France: an inhabitant of Gaul.-adj. GAUL'ISH. [L. Gallia.]

GAUNT, gänt, adj. thin: of a pinched appearance.-adv. GAUNT'LY.-n. GAUNT'NESS. [Ety. dub.] GAUNTLET, gänt'let, n. the iron glove of armor, formerly thrown down in challenge: a long glove covering the wrist. [Fr. gantelet-gant, from a Teut. root; cf. Ice. vöttr, a glove, Dan. vante.] GAUR, gour, n. a Persian priest. Guthrie. GAUR, GOUR, gour, n. one of the largest of all the members of the ox tribe (Bos gaurus), inhabiting the mountain jungles of India, remarkable for the extraordinary elevation of its spinal ridge, the absence of a dew-lap, and its white "stockings," which reach above the knee, and so fierce when roused that neither tiger, rhinoceros, nor elephant dare attack it. The hide on the shoulders and hind quarters is sometimes nearly 2 inches in thickness even after being M

193

dried, and is therefore much valued for the purpose of being manufactured into shields. The animal is supposed to be incapable of domestication. [A Hindostanee name.]

GAUSABEY, gou'sa-ba, n. a village committee or petty court in Ceylon, to which all disputes respecting rice cultivation, water rights, cattle trespass, etc., are referred for decision.

GAUZE, gawz, n. a thin, transparent fabric, orig. of silk, now of any fine hardspun fibre.-adj. GAUZ'Y, like gauze. [Fr. gaze-Gaza in Palestine, whence it was first brought.]

GAVE, gav, pa.t. of GIVE. GAVELKIND, gav'el-kind, n. tenure by which lands descend from the father to all the sons in equal portions. [Celt. ; Ir. gabhail, a tenure, cine, a race.] GAVIAL, ga'vi-al, n. a genus of the order Crocodilia, characterized by the narrow, elongated, almost cylindrical jaws, which form an extremely lengthened muzzle. The cervical and dorsal shields are continuous. The teeth are all of equal length, and the feet completely webbed. The only species now living occurs in Southern and Eastern Asia. It feeds on fish. [The name of the animal in Hindostan.]

GAVOTTE, ga-vot', n. a lively kind of dance, somewhat like a country-dance,

orig. a dance of the Gavotes, the people of Gap, in the Upper Alps. GAWK, gawk, n. a cuckoo: a simpleton: a tall, awkward fellow.-adj. GAWK'Y, like a cuckoo, awkward. [A.S. geac; Scot. gowk, Ger. gauch, cuckoo, a simpleton. See CUCKOO.]

GAY, gā, adj., lively: bright: sportive, merry: showy.-adv. GAILY or GAY'LY. [Fr. gai; prob. from root of Ger. jähe, quick, lively.1

GAYAL, GYAL, gi'al, n. a species of ox (Bos frontalis) found wild in the mountains of Northern Burmah and Assam, and long domesticated in these countries and in the eastern parts of Bengal. The head is very broad and flat in the upper part, and contracts suddenly towards the nose; the horns are short and slightly curved. The animal has no proper hump. but on the shoulders and fore part of the back there is a sharp ridge. The color is chiefly a dark brown. Its milk is exceedingly rich, though not abundant. GAY-DIANG, ga'-di-ang, n. a vessel of Anam, generally with two, but in fine weather with three masts, carrying lofty triangular sails. It has a curved deck, and in construction somewhat resembles

a Chinese junk. These vessels carry heavy cargoes from Cambodia to the Gulf of Tonquin.

GAYETY, ga'e-ti, n. same as GAIETY. GAZE, gāz, v.i. to look fixedly.-n. a fixed look: a look of prolonged attention: the object gazed at. [From a Scand. root preserved in Swed. gasa, to stare; akin to the Goth. base gais. See AGHAST and GHASTLY.]

GAZEE, gāzē, n. one who is gazed at. "Relieve both parties-gazer and gazee."-De Quincey.

GAZELLE, ĞAZEL, ga-zel', n. a small species of antelope with beautiful dark eyes, found in Arabia and N. Africa. [Fr.-Ar. ghazal, a wild-goat.]

GAZETTE, ga-zet', n. a newspaper: the British and Continental official newspaper.-v.t. to publish in a gazette :pr.p. gazett'ing; pa.p. gazett'ed. [Fr.It. gazzetta, a Venetian coin worth abov 14 cents, the sum charged for a reading of the first Venetian newspaper, a written sheet which appeared about the

GEMMARY

middle of the 16th century during the war with Soliman II.; or from It. gaz. zetta, in the sense of a magpie chatterer.]

a

GAZETTEER, gaz-et-er', n. (orig.) a writer for a gazette: a geographical dictionary. GAZING-STOCK, gāz'ing-stok, n. something stuck up to be gazed at: a person exposed to public view as an object of curiosity or contempt.

GEAR, gēr, n. dress: harness: tackle: (mech.) connection by means of toothed wheels.-v.t. to put in gear, as machinery. [A.S. gearwe, preparation-gearu, ready. YARE is a doublet: also GARB.] GEARING, ger'ing, n. harness: (mech.) a train of toothed wheels and pinions. GEESE, plural of Goose. GEHENNA, gē-hen'na, n. a term used in the New Testament as equivalent to hell, place of fire or torment and punishment, and rendered by our translators by hell and hell-fire. Matt. xviii. 9; xxiii. 15. The pleasant valley of Hinnom-Tophet thence And black Gehenna called-the type of hell. -Milton.

[L. gehenna, Gr. geenna, from the Heb. ge-hinom, the valley of Hinom, in which was Tophet, where the Israelites sometimes sacrificed their children to Moloch (2 Kings xxiii. 10). On this account the place was afterwards regarded as a place of abomination and became the receptacle for the refuse of the city, perpetual fires being kept up in order to prevent pestilential effluvia.]

GELASTIC, je-las'tik, adj. calculated or fit for raising laughter. "Dilating and expanding the gelastic muscles."-Tom Brown. [Gr. gelastikos, pertaining to laughter, gelastes, a laughter, from gelao, to laugh.]

GELASTIC, je-las'tik, n. something capa ble of exciting smiles or laughter

66

Happy man would be his dole who, when he had made up his mind in dismal resolution to a dreadful course of drastics, should find that gelastics had been substituted, not of the Sardonian kind."-Southey.

GELATIN, GELATINE, jel'a-tin, n. an animal substance which dissolves in hot water and forms a jelly when cold. [Fr. -L. gelo, gelatum, to freeze-gelu, frost.] GELATINATE, je-lat'in-at, GELATINIZE, je-lat'in-iz, v.t. to make into gelatine or jelly.-v.i. to be converted into gelatine or jelly.7.-n. GELATINA'TION. GELATINOUS, je-latʼin-us, adj. resembling or formed into jelly.

GELD, geld, v.t. to emasculate or castrate: to deprive of anything essential: to de prive of anything obscene or objectionable.-n. GELD'ER. [Scand., as in Ice. gelda, Dan. gilde. See CULLION.] GELDING, geld'ing, n. act of castrating: a castrated animal, especially a horse. GELID, jel'id, adj., icy cold: cold.-adv. GEL'IDLY.. -ns. GEL'IDNESS, GELID'ITY. [L. gelidus-gelu.]

GEM, jem, n. (lit.) leaf-bud: any precious stone, especially when cut anything extremely valuable or attractive.-v.t. to adorn with gems:-pr.p. gemm'ing; pa.p. gemmed'. [Fr. gemme-L. gemma, a bud; allied to Gr. gemō, to be full.] GEMINI, jem'i-ni, n.pl. the twins, a constellation containing the two bright stars Castor and Pollux. [L., pl. of geminus, twin-born, for genminus—gen, root of gigno, to beget.] GEMINOUŠ, jem'in-us, adj. (bot.) double, in pairs.

GEMMARY, jem'a-ri, GEMMERY, jem'er-i, n. a depositary for gems; a jewelhouse. Blount: that branch of knowledge which treats of gems or precious stones.

GEMMATE

"In painting and gemmary Fortunato, like his countrymen, was a quack."-Poe. GEMMATE, jem'āt, adj. (bot.) having buds. [L. gemmatus, pa.p. of gemmo, to budgemma.]

GEMMATION, jem-ma'shun, n. (bot.) act or time of budding: arrangement of buds on the stalk.

GEMMIFEROUS, jem-mif'er-us, adj., producing buds. [L. gemmifer-gemma, and fero, to bear.]

GEMMIPAROUS, jem - mip'ar - us, adj. (zool.) reproducing by buds growing on the body. [L. gemma, a bud, pario, to bring forth.]

GEMMULE, jem'ūl, n. a little gem or leafbud. [Fr.-L. gemmula, dim. of gemma.] GEMSBOK, gemz'bok, n. Oryx Gazella, the name given to a splendid variety of the antelope, inhabiting the open plains of South Africa, having somewhat the appearance of a horse, with remarkably fine, straight, sharp-pointed horns, with which it is said to foil even the lion. [Ger. gemsbock, the male or buck of the chamois, from gemse, chamois, and bock, buck.] GEM-SCULPTURE, jem'-skulp-tur, n. the art of lithoglyptics: the art of representing designs upon precious stones, either in raised work or by figures cut into or below the surface. Stones cut according to the former method are called cameos (which see), and those cut according to the latter intaglios.

a worsted yarn whose smoothness enables it to be con

GENAPPE, je-nap', n.

veniently combined with silk, and so well adapted for braids, fringes, etc. [From Genappe, in Belgium, where it was originally manufactured.]

GENDARME, zhäng-därm, n. the name of a private in the armed police of France in our day; but in former times the appellation of gens d'armes or gendarmes was confined to the flower of the French army, composed of nobles or noblesse, and armed at all points. The present gendarmerie of France are charged with the maintenance of its police and the execution of its laws. The gendarmes are all picked men; they are usually taken from the regular forces, and are of tried courage or approved conduct. There are horse gendarmes and foot gendarmes. They are formed into small parties called brigades; and the union of a number of these forms a departmental company. [Fr., from the pl. gens d'armes, men-at-arms.]

GENDER, jen'der, v.t. to beget.-v.i. (B.) to copulate. [An abbrev. of ENGENDER. GENDER, jen'der, n., kind, esp. with regard to sex: (gram.) the distinction of nouns acc. to sex. [Fr. genre-L. genus, generis, a kind, kin.]

GENEALOGICAL, jen-e-a-loj'ik-al, adj.

pertaining to or exhibiting the genealogy or pedigree of families or persons.-adv. GENEALOGICALLY.

GENEALOGIST, jen-e-al'o-jist, n. one who studies or traces genealogies or descents. GENEALOGY, jen-e-al'o-ji, n., history of the descent of families: the pedigree of a particular person or family: progeny; offspring; generation. "The family consisted of an old gray-headed man and his wife, with five or six sons and sons-inlaw, and their several wives, and a joyous genealogy out of them."-Sterne. [Fr.-L.-Gr. genealogia—genea, birth, descent, and -logia, an account-legein, to speak of. See GENUS and LOGIC.] GENERA. See GENUS. GENERAL, jen'er-al, adj. relating to a

genus or whole class: including many species: not special: not restricted:

:

194

common prevalent: public: loose : vague. [Fr.-L. generalis-genus.] GENERAL, jen'er-al, n. the whole or chief part an officer who is head over a whole department: a military officer who commands a body of men not less than a brigade: the chief commander of an army in service: in the R. C. Church, the head of a religious order, responsible only to the Pope. GENERALIZATION, jen-er-al-i-za'shun, n. act of generalizing or of comprehending under a common name several objects resembling each other in some part of their nature.

GENERALIZE, jen'er-al-īz, v.t. to make general: to reduce or to include under a genus or general term: to infer from one or a few the nature of a whole class. [Fr. généraliser-général.] GENERALISSIMO, jen-er-al-is'i-mo, n. the chief general or commander of an army of two or more divisions, or of separate armies. [It.]

GENERALITY, jen-er-al'i-ti, n. state of being general or of including particulars: the main part: the greatest part. [Fr.-L. generalitas.]

:

GENERALLY, jen'er-al-i, adv. in general: commonly extensively: most frequently in a general way without detail: (B.) collectively, together: (Pr. Bk.) without restriction or limitation. GENERALSHIP, jen'er-al-ship, n. the office or skill of a general or military officer: GENERANT, jen'er-ant, n. the power that military skill. generates or produces. [L., pr.p. of genero, to generate.]

GENERATE, jen'er-at, v.t. to produce one's kind: to bring into life: to originate. [L. genero, generatus-genus, a kind.] GENERATION, jen-er-a'shun, n. a producing or originating: that which is generated: a single stage in natural descent: the people of the same age or period: race :-pl. (B.) genealogy, history. [Fr. -L. generatio.]

GENERATIVE, jen'er-a-tiv, adj. having the power of generating or producing: prolific.

GENERATOR, jen'er-a-tor, n. begetter or producer: the principal sound in music: a vessel or chamber in which something is generated; as, the generator of a steam-engine, or in gas-making apparatus. [L.]

GENERIC, je-ner'ik, GENERICAL, je-ner'ik-al, adj. marking or comprehending a genus.-adv. GENER'ICALLY. [Fr. générique.] GENEROSITY, jen-er-os'i-ti, n. nobleness or liberality of nature. [Fr. générosité -L. generositas.]

GENEROUS, jen'er-us, adj. of a noble nature courageous: liberal: invigorating in its nature, as wine.-adv. GENEROUSLY.-N. GENEROUSNESS. [Lit. and orig. of a high or noble genus or family. O. Fr.-L. generosus-genus, birth.] GENESIS, jen'e-sis, n., generation, creation, or production: the first book of the Bible, so called from its containing an account of the Creation. [L. and Gr.Gr. gignomai-obs. genō, to beget.] GENET. Same as JENNET.

GENET, GENETTE, je-net', n. the Viverra genetta, a carnivorous animal belonging to the family Viverrida (civets and genets). The genet is a native of the western parts of Asia, and is about the size of a very small cat, but of a longer form, with a sharp-pointed snout, upright ears, and a very long tail. It has a very beautiful soft fur, and, like the civet, produces an agreeable perfume. It is of

GENIUS

a mild disposition, and easily tamed. [Low L. geneta, Sp. gineta, from Ar. djerneit.] GENEVA, je-ne'va, n. a spirit distilled from grain and flavored with juniper-berries, also called Hollands. [Fr. genièvre-L juniperus, the juniper; corrupted to Geneva by confusion with the town of that name. See GIN.] GENIAL, je'ni-al, adj. cheering: merry: kindly sympathetic: healthful.-adv. GE'NIALLY. [Fr.-L. genialis, from genius, GENIALITY, je-ni-al'i-ti, GENIALNESS, the spirit of social enjoyment.] jē'ni-al-nes, n. quality of being genial: gaiety: cheerfulness. GENICULATE, je-nik'u-lāt, GENICULATED, je-nik'u-lāt-ed, adj. (bot.) bent abruptly like the knee jointed: knotted.-n. GENICULA'TION. [L. geniculatus-geniculum, a little knee-genu, the knee.] GENIOPLASTY, jē-nī'ō-plas-ti, n. in surg. the operation of restoring the chin. [Gr. geneion, the chin, and plassō, to formi.] GENITAL, jen'i-tal, adj. belonging to generation, or the act of producing. [Fr.-L. genitalis-gigno, genitus, to beget. See GENUS.]

GENITALS, jen'i-talz, n.pl. the exterior organs of generation.

GENITIVE, jen'it-iv, adj.in gram.pertaining to or indicating origin, source, possession, and the like: a term applied to a case in the declension of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, etc., in English called the possessive case, or to the relation expressed by such a case; as, patris, " of a father, a father's," is the genitive case of the Latin noun pater, a father. [L. genitivus, from gigno, genitum, to beget. The L. casus genitivus, genitive case, was a mistranslation of the Gr. genike ptõsis, general case. See extract under next article.] GENITIVE, jen'it-iv, n. in gram. a case in the declension of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, participles, etc., expressing in the widest sense the genus or kind to which something belongs, or more specifically source, origin, possession, and the like; in English grammar, the possessive case. See extract. "The Latin genitivus is a mere blunder, for the Greek word genikē could never mean genitivus. . . . Genike in Greek had a much wider, a much more philosophical meaning. It meant casus generalis, the general case, or rather the case which expresses the genus or kind. This is the real power of the genitive. If I say a bird of the water,'' of the water' defines the genus to which a certain bird belongs; it refers to the genus of water birds. Man of the mountains' means a mountaineer. In phrases such as 'son of the father' or 'father of the son,' the genitives have the same effect. They predicate something of the son or of the father, and if we distinguished between the sons of the father and the sons of the mother, the genitives would mark the class or genus to which the sons respectively belonged."-Max Müller. GENIUS, je'ni-us or jen'vus, n. a good or evil spirit, supposed by the ancients to preside over every person, place, and thing, and esp. to preside over a man's destiny from his birth:-pl. GENII, jē’ni-i. [L. genius-gigno, genitus, to beget, produce. See GENUS.]

GENIUS, jên'yus or je'ni-us, n. the special inborn faculty of any individual: special taste or disposition qualifying for a particular employment: superior inborn power of mind: a man having such power of mind: peculiar constitution or character of anything:-pl. GENIUSES, jen'yus-ez.-GENIUS, WISDOM, ABILITIES, TALENTS, PARTS, INGENUITY, CAPACITY, CLEVERNESS. Genius is the power of

...

GENNET

new combination, and may be shown in a campaign, a plan of policy, a steamengine, a system of philosophy, or an epic poem. It seems to require seriousness and some dignity in the purpose. .. In weaving together the parts of an argument, or the incidents of a tale, it receives the inferior name of ingenuity. Wisdom is the habitual employment of a patient and comprehensive understanding in combining various and remote means to promote the happiness of mankind. ..Abilities may be exerted in conduct or in the arts and sciences, but rather in the former. Talents are the power of executing well a conception, either original or adopted. ... Parts have lost a considerable portion of their dignity. They were used in the last century perhaps almost in the sense in which we now rather employ talents. . Capacity is a power of acquiring. It is most remarkable in the different degrees of facility with which different men acquire a language."-Sir J. Mackintosh. To the above it may be added that properly capacity is passive power, or the power of receiving, while ability is active power, or the power of doing. Cleverness designates mental dexterity and quickness, and is evidenced by facility in acquiring a new subject, or by happy smartness in expressing one's conceptions.

GENNET. Same as JENNET.

GENRE-PAINTING, zhongr-pant'ing, n. (paint.) the general name applied to all compositions with figures that are not specifically landscapes or historical paintings. [Fr. genre, kind, sort-L. genus. Cf. GENDER.]

GENT, jent, n. familiar abbrev. of GENTLEMAN: one who apes the gentleman. GENTEEL, jen-tēl', adj. well-bred: graceful in manners or in form.-adv. GENTEEL'LY.-N. GENTEEL'NESS, same as GENTILITY. [Lit. belonging to a noble race or family, from Fr. gentil-L. gentilis-gens, a Roman clan or family—gen, root of Gr. gignomai, to beget. See GENUS.] GENTIAN, jen'shan, n. a plant the root of which is used in medicine, said to have been brought into use by Gentius, king of Illyria, conquered by the Romans in 167 B.C.

GENTILE, jen'til, n. (B.) any one not a Jew a heathen.-adj. belonging to any nation but the Jews: (gram.) denoting a race or country. [L. gentilis-gens, a nation; the Jews spoke of those who did not acknowledge their religion as the nations.]

GENTILITY, jen-til'i-ti, n. good birth or extraction: good breeding: politeness of

195

TLEMANLY, jen'tl-man-li, adj. wellbred, refined, generous.-n. GENTLEMAN

LINESS.

GENTLEMAN - PENSIONER, jen'tl-manpen-shun-er, n. in England, one of a band of forty gentlemen, entitled esquires, whose office it is to attend the sover

eign's person to and from the chapel royal, and on other occasions of solemnity. They are now called GENTLEMEN

AT-ARMS.

GENTRY, jen'tri, n. the class of people between the nobility and the vulgar. [M. E. gentrie is a corr. of an older form gentrise, from O. Fr. genterise, gentilise, which was formed from adj. gentil, gentle, like noblesse from noble.] GENUFLECT, jē'nū-flekt, v.i. to kneel, as in worship: to make a genuflection or genuflections.

GENUFLECTION, GENUFLEXION, jenu-flek'shun, n. act of bending the knee, esp. in worship. [Fr.-L. genu, the knee, flexio, a bending-fecto, flexum, to bend.] GENUINE, jen'u-in, adj. natural, not spurious or adulterated: real: pure.-adv. GEN'UINELY.-n. GEN'UINENESS. [Fr.; L. genuinus-gigno, genitus, to beget, to be born.] GENUS, je'nus, n. (pl. GENUSES or GENERA, jē'nus-ez, je'ne-ra), in logic, that which has several species under it; a class of a greater extent than species; a universal which is predicable of several things of different species; a predicable which is considered as the material part of the species of which it is affirmed: in natural science, an assemblage of species possessing certain characters in common, by which they are distinguished from all others; it is subordinate to tribe and family; a single species, possessing certain peculiar characters which belong to no other species, may also constitute a genus, as the camelopard and the flying lemur: in music, the general name for any scale.-SUBALTERN GENUS, in logic, that which is capable of being a species in respect of a higher genus, as quadruped in respect of mammal.-SUMMUM GENUS, in logic, the highest genus; a genus which is not considered a species of anything, as being. [L.; Gr. genos, race, family, from root gen, Sans. jan, to beget. Cog. Gael. gin, to beget; Gael. and Ir. gein, offspring; A.S. cyn, kin, race; E. kin, kind. From same root are gentle, genteel, general, genius, generous, genesis, genial, genital, genuine, etc.] GEOCENTRIC, je-o-sen'trik, GEOCENTRICAL, je-o-sen'trik-al, adj. having the earth for its centre: (astr.) as seen or measured from the earth.-adj. GEOCEN'TRICALLY. [Gr. ge, the earth, and kentron, a centre.]

GEODE, jé'ōd, n. (min.) a rounded nodule of stone with a hollow interior. [Gr. geōdēs, earth-like, earthen-ge, earth, eidos, form.] GEODESIC, je-o-des'ik, GEODESICAL, je-o-des'ik-al, GEODETIC, je-o-detik, GEODETICAL, je-o-det'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or determined by geodesy. GEODESY, je-od'e-si, n. a science whose object is to measure the earth and its parts on a large scale. [Fr. géodesieGr. geodaisia-ge, the earth, daio, to divide.]

GEOGENY, jē-oj'e-ni, n. that branch of natural science which treats of the formation of the earth: geogony. "Geology (or rather geogeny let us call it, that we may include all those mineralogical and meteorological changes that the word geology, as now used, recognizes but tacitly) is a specialized part of this special astronomy.” — H.

GEORGIAN

Spencer. [Gr. gē, earth, and gen, root of genesis, etc.]

GEOGNOSIS, je-og-no'sis, n. a knowledge of the earth. "He has no bent towards exploration, or the enlargement of our geognosis."-George Eliot. [Gr. gē, earth, and gnosis, a knowing.] GEOGNOSY, je-og'no-si, n. a branch of geology which explains the actual mineral structure of the earth without in quiring into its history or the mode of its formation.-n. GE'OGNOST.-adj. GEOGNOSTIC. [Fr. géognosie-Gr. ge, the earth, and gnosis, knowledge-gignōskō, to know.] GEOGONY, je-og'o-ni, n. the doctrine of the production or formation of the earth-adj. GEOGON'IC. [Fr. géogonicGr. ge, the earth, gone, generationGEOGRAPHER, je-og'ra-fer, n. one who is genō, gignomai, to be born, produced.]

versed in, or who writes on geography. GEOGRAPHIC, je-o-graf'ik, GEOGRAPHICAL, je-o-graf'ik-al, adj. relating to geography.-adv. GEOGRAPH'ICALLY. GEOGRAPHY, je-og'ra-fi, n. the science which describes the surface of the earth and its inhabitants: a book containing a description of the earth. [Fr.—L.— Gr. geographia-ge, the earth, graphe, a description-graphō, to write, to de

scribe.]

GEOLATRY, je-ol'a-tri, n. earth-worship or the worship of terrestrial objects. "To this succeeded astrolatry in the East, and geolatry in the West."-Sir G. Cox. [Gr. ge, earth, and latreia, worship.] GEOLOGICAL, jē-o-loj'ik-al, adj. pertain ing to geology.--adv. GEOLOGICALLY. [Fr. géologique.]

GEOLOGISŤ, “je-ol'o-jist, n. one versed in geology.

GEOLOGIZE, je-ol'o-jīz, v.i. to study geol

ogy.

GEOLOGY, je-ol'o-ji, n. the science that treats of the structure and history of the earth, of the changes it has undergone, and their causes, and of the plants and animals imbedded in its crust. [Fr. géol ogie-Gr. gē, the earth, logos, a discourse.]

GEOMANCER, jē'o-man-ser, n. one skilled in geomancy.

GEOMANCY, je'o-man-si, n., divination by figures or lines drawn on the earth. [Fr. géomancie-Gr. ge, the earth, and manteia, divination.] GEOMANTIC, jē-o-man’tik, adj. pertaining to geomancy.

GEOMETER, je-om'e-ter, GEOMETRICIAN, je-om'e-trish-yan, n. one skilled in geometry.

GEOMETRIC, je-o-met'rik, GEOMETRICAL, je-o-met'rik-al, adj. pertaining to geometry according to or done by geometry.-adv. GEOMETRICALLY. GEOMETRY, je-om'e-tri, n. the science of measurement: that branch of mathematics which treats of magnitud and its relations. [Fr.-L.-Gr. geometria-geōmetreo, to measure land-ge, the earth, metreō, to measure.] GEOPHAGOUS, je-of'a-gus, adj. earth-eating; as, geophagous tribes. GEOPONIC, je-o-pon'ik, GEOPONICAL, je-o-pon'ik-al, adj. pertaining to tilling the earth or to agriculture. [Fr. géopo nique-Gr. geōponikos-gē, the earthponos, labor-penomai, to labor.] GEORAMA, je-o-rä'ma or jē-o-rā'ma, n. a spherical chamber with a general view of the earth on its inner surface. [Gr. gē, the earth, horama, a view-horao,to see.] GEORGIAN, jorj'i-an, adj. relating to the reigns of the four Georges, kings of Great Britain.