HOVER

shelter-pr.p. hov'elling; pa.p. hov'elled. [Dim. of A.S. hof, a dwelling.] HOVER, hov'er or huv'er, v.i. to remain

aloft flapping the wings: to wait in suspense to move about near. [Prob. from A.S. hof, and therefore lit. to dwell; O. Fris. hovia, to receive into one's house; cf. W. hofian, to hang over.] HOW, how, adv., in what manner: to what extent for what reason: by what means from what cause: in what condition (New Test.) sometimes that. [A.S. hu, huu, from the interrogative wha, who, as L. qui, how, from quis, who.]

HOWBEIT, how-be'it, conj., be it how it may: notwithstanding: yet: however. HOWDAH, HOUDAH, how'da, n. a seat fixed on an elephant's back. [Ar. hawdaj.]

HOWEVER, how-ev'er, adv. and conj. in whatever manner or degree: nevertheless at all events. [How, EVER.] HOWITZER, how'its-er, n. a short, light cannon, used for throwing shells. [Ger. haubitze, orig. haufnitz-Bohem. haufnice, a sling.]

HOWKER, how'ker, n. a Dutch vessel with two masts: a fishing-boat with one mast used on the Irish coast. [Dut. hoeker.]

HOWL, howl, v.i. to yell or cry, as a wolf or dog to utter a long, loud, whining sound: to wail: to roar.-v.t. to utter with outcry:-pr.p. howl'ing; pa.p. howled'..-n. a loud, prolonged cry of distress: a mournful cry. [O. Fr. huller; from L. ululare, to shriek or howl-ulula, an owl; conn, with Gr. hulaō, Ger. heulen, E. owl.]

HOWLET, how'let. Same as OWLET. HOWSOEVER, how-so-ev'er, adv. in what way soever: although: however. HOY, hoi, n. a large one-decked boat, commonly rigged as a sloop. [Dut. heu, Flem. hui.]

HOY, hoi, int., ho! stop! [From the sound.]

HOYDENISH, hoi'den-ish, adj. same as HOIDENISH. "Too hoydenish and forward."-H. Kingsley.

HUB, hub, n. the projecting nave of a wheel a projection on a wheel for the insertion of a pin: the hilt of a weapon: a mark at which quoits, etc., are cast: applied in pleasantryto Boston. [A form of HOB.] HUBBLE-BUBBLE, hub'l-bub'l, n. a kind of tobacco-pipe, used in the E. Indies, in which the smoke is drawn through water with a bubbling sound. HUBBUB, hub'ub, n. a confused sound of many voices: riot: uproar. [Either from the repetition of hoop, whoop (which see), or in imitation of the confused noise of numerous voices, like murmur in Latin. Cf. BARBARIAN.] HUCK, huk, n. the hip. Tennyson. (Provincial English.)

HUCKABACK, huk'a-bak, n. a coarse variety of table-linen, having raised figures on it. [Perh. because sold by hucksters with their goods on their back.] HUCKLE, huk'l, n. a hunch: the hip: one of the small metatarsal bones in the foot of a sheep and some other quadrupeds. "The little square huccle-bone in the ancle place of the hinder legge."-J. Udall. [Dim. of HUCK, a Prov. E. form | of Hook, from its bent or jointed appearance.]

HUCKLE-BACKED, huk'l-bakt, HUCK

SHOULDERED, huk-shōl'derd, adj. having the back or shoulders round like a hunch.

HUCKLE-BONE, huk'l-bōn, n. the hipbone. HUCKSTER, huk'ster, n. a retailer of small

226

wares, a hawker or peddler: a mean, trickish fellow:-fem. HUCK'STRESS.-v.i. to deal in small articles. [Orig. and properly a fem. form of an O. Low Ger. root, of which hawker is the masculine. This root is found in Dut. heuker, a retailer, from O. Dut. hucken, to stoop or bow, and conn. with Ice. huka, to sit on one's hams (whence E. HUG); Ger. hucke, the bent back. See HAWKER, HOOK, HUCKLE.]

HUDDLE, hud'l, v.i. to put up things confusedly to hurry in disorder: to crowd. -v.t. to throw or crowd together in confusion to put on hastily.-n. a crowd: tumult confusion. [M.E. hodren; perh. conn. with root of HIDE, to conceal, and so orig. meaning to crowd together for concealment or shelter.] HUDIBRASTIC, hū-di-bras'tik, adj. similar in style to Hudibras, a satire by Butler, 1612-80; doggerel.

HUE, hủ, n. appearance: color: tint: dye.-adj. HUE'LESS. [A.S. hiw, heow; Goth. hiwi, Swed. hy, appearance, complexion.]

HUE, hu, n. a shouting.-HUE AND CRY, the old practice of pursuing felons with loud hooting and crying. [Fr. huer, of imitative origin; cf. W. hwa, to hoot.] HUFF, huf, n. sudden anger or arrogance: a fit of disappointment or anger: a boaster.-v.t. to swell: to bully: to remove a "man" from the board for not capturing pieces open to him, as in draughts.-v.. to swell: to bluster. [An imitative word, the idea of "puffing" or "blowing" being present in it.]

HUFFISH, huf'ish, adj. given to huff: insolent: arrogant.-adv. HUFF'ISHLY.-n. HUFF'ISHNESS.]

HUFFY, huf'i, adj. given to huff: puffed up: petulant.-n. HUFF'INESS. HUG, hug, v.t. to embrace closely and fondly to congratulate (one's self): (naut.) to keep close to.-v.i. to crowd together:-pr.p. hugg'ing; pa.p. hugged'.

n. a close and fond embrace: a particular grip in wrestling. [Scand., orig. to squat or cower together, as in Ice. huka, to sit on one's hams. See HUCKSTER.] HUGE, huj, adj. (comp. HUG'ER; superl. HUG'EST) having great dimensions, especially height; enormous: monstrous: (B.) large in number.-adv. HUGE'LY.n. HUGE NESS. [M.E. huge; formed by dropping a (supposed article) from O.Fr. ahuge, the root of which may prob. be found in Dut. hoog, Ger. hoch, E. HIGH.] HUGGER-MUGGER, hug'er-mug'er,

n.

secrecy confusion. [Perh. a rhyming extension of HUG.]

HUGUENOT, hu'ge-not or -no, n. the name formerly given in France to an adherent of the Reformation. [15 false etymologies have been given of this name, which most authorities now regard as a dim. of Fr. Hugues, Hugh, the name of some one of the French Calvinists, and afterwards applied as a nickname to them all.] HULK, hulk, n. the body of a ship: an old ship unfit for service: anything unwieldy often confounded in meaning with HULL, the body of a ship:-pl. THE HULKS, old ships used as prisons. [Orig. a large merchant-ship, from Low L. hulka-Gr. holkas, a ship which is towed -helkō, to draw.]

HULL, hul, n. the husk or outer covering of anything.-v.t. to strip off the hull: to husk. [A.S. hulu, a husk, as of corn -helan, to cover; Ger. hülle, a covering, hehlen, to cover.]

HULL, hul, n. the frame or body of a ship. -v.t. to pierce the hull (as with a cannon-ball).-v.i. to float or drive on the water, as a mere hull. [Same word as

HUMBUG

above, perh. modified in meaning by confusion with Dut. hol, a ship's hold, or with HULK.]

HULLY, hulí, adj. having husks or pods. HUM, hum, v.i. to make a buzzing sound like bees to utter a low droning sound: to supply an interval in speaking by an audible sound.-v.t. to sing in a low tone: -pr.p. humm'ing; pa.p. hummed'.—-n. the noise of bees and some other insects: any low, dull noise.-int, a sound with a pause implying doubt. [An imitative word; cf. Ger. hummen, humsen; Dut. hommelen.]

HUMAN, hu'man, adj. belonging or pertaining to man or mankind: having the qualities of a man.-adv. HU'MANLY. [Fr.-L. humanus-homo, a human being.] HUMANE, hu-mān', adj. having the feelings proper_to_man: kind: tender:

merciful.-adv. HUMANEʼLY. HUMANIST, hu'man-ist, n. a student of polite literature: at the Renascence, a student of Greek and Roman literature: a student of human nature. [L. liter) humaniores, polite (literature).] HUMANITARIAN, hu-man-i-ta'ri-an, n. one who has a great regard or love for humanity; a philanthropist: one who denies the divinity of Christ, and believes him to have been a mere man: a disciple of St. Simon, from his maintaining the perfectability of human nature without the aid of grace: one who adopts the doctrine or theory that man's sphere of duty is limited to a benevolent interest in, and practical promotion of the welfare of the human race, apart from all considerations of religion.

HUMANITARIAN, hu-man-i-ta'ri-an, adj. pertaining to humanitarians or humanitarianism.

HUMANITARIANISM, hu-man-i-tā'ri-anizm, n. humanity; philanthropy: the doctrine that Jesus Christ was possessed of a human nature only the doctrine of St. Simon and his disciples that mankind may become perfect without divine aid: the doctrine that benevolence or philanthropy forms the sum of man's duties, to the exclusion of his duties to the Supreme Being.

HUMANITY, hù-man'it-i, n. the nature peculiar to a human being: the kind feelings of man: benevolence: tenderness: mankind collectively:-pl. HUMAN'ITIES, in Scotland, grammar, rhetoric, Latin, Greek, and poetry, so called from their humanizing effects: the preparatory course in Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries and some other institutions of learning.-PROFESSOR OF HUMANITY, in Scotch universities, the Professor of Latin. [Fr.-L. humanitas-humanus.] HUMANIZE, hu'man-iz, v.t. to render human or humane: to soften.-v.i. to become humane or civilized. HUMANKIND, hū'man-kind, n. the human species.

HUMANNESS, hū’man-nes, n. the state or quality of being human: humanity. E. B. Browning.

n.

HUMBLE, hum'bl, um'bl, adj. low: meek. modest.--v.t. to bring down to the ground: to lower to mortify: to degrade. HUM'BLENESS.-adv. HUM'BLY. [Lit. "on the ground," from Fr.-L. humilis, low -humus, the ground.]

HUMBLE-BEE, hum'bl-bē, n. the humming-bee: a genus of social bees which construct their hives under ground. [Hum-b-le is a freq. of HUM.] HUMBUG, hum'bug, n. an imposition under fair pretences: one who so imposes. -v.t. to deceive: to hoax :-pr.p. hum'bugging; pa.p. hum'bugged. [Orig, a

HUMDRUM

false alarm, a bugbear, from HUM and BUG, a frightful object. Approbation in public places was formerly expressed by humming, which in slang E. came to be conn. with anything flattering, deceiving, false.]

HUMDRUM, hum'drum, adj. dull: droning monotonous.-n. a stupid fellow. [Compound of HUM and DRUM.] HUMECTANT, hu-mek'tant, adj. pertain

ing to remedies supposed to increase the fluidity of the blood. [L. humectans— humeo, to be moist.] HUMECTIVE, hu-mek'tiv, adj. having the power to moisten.

HUMERAL, hu'mer-al, adj. belonging to the shoulder. [Fr.-L. humerus, the shoulder.]

HUMERUS, hū'mer-us, n. the arm from the shoulder to the elbow: the bone of the upper arm. [L. "the shoulder."] HUMHUM, hum'hum, n. a kind of plain,

coarse cotton cloth used in E. Indies. [?] HUMIC, hu'mik, adj. denoting an acid formed by the action of alkalies on hu

mus.

HUMID, hū'mid, adj., moist: damp: rather wet.—n. HU'MIDNESS. [L. humidus-humeo, to be moist.]

HUMIDITY, hu-mid'i-ti, n. moisture: a moderate degree of wetness. HUMILIATE, hū-mil'i-āt, v.t. to make humble to depress: to lower in condition. [L. humilio, -ātum.]

HUMILIATION, hu-mil-i-a'shun, n. the act of humiliating: abasement: mortification.

HUMILITY, hū-mil'i-ti, n.the state or quality of being humble: lowliness of mind: modesty. [Fr. humilité-L. humilitas.] HUMMING-BIRD, hum'ing - berd, n. a tropical bird, of brilliant plumage and rapid flight, so called from the humming sound of its wings.

HUMMOCK, hum'uk. Same as HOмMOCK. HUMORAL, hu'mur-al, adj. pertaining to or proceeding from the humors. HUMORALISM, hūʼmur-al-izm, n. the state | of being humoral: the doctrine that diseases have their seat in the humors.-n. HU'MORALIST, one who favors the doctrine of humoralism.

HUMORIST, hū'mur-ist, n. one whose conduct and conversation are regulated by humor or caprice: one who studies or portrays the humors of people. HUMORLESS, hu'mur-les, adj. without humor.

Hu'

HUMOROUS, hū'mur-us, adj. governed by humor: capricious: irregular: full of humor: exciting laughter.-adv. MOROUSLY.-n. HU'MOROUSNESS. HUMORSOMENESS, hu'mur-sum-nes, n. the state or quality of being humorsome: capriciousness: petulance. "I never blame a lady for her humorsomeness so much as I blame her mother."-Richardson. HUMOR, hu'mur, n. the moisture or fluids of animal bodies: an animal fluid in an unhealthy state: state of mind (because once thought to depend on the humors of the body): disposition: caprice: a mental quality which delights in ludicrous and mirthful ideas.-v.t. to go in with the humor of: to gratify by compliance. [O. Fr. humor (Fr. humeur)—L. humor-humeo, to be moist.] HUMP, hump, n. a lump or hunch upon the back. [Prob. a form of HEAP; a Low Ger. word, as in Dut. homp; cf. Gr. kyphos, a hump, Sans. kubja, hump-| backed; allied to HUNCH.]

HUMPBACK, hump'bak, n. a back with a hump or hunch: a person with a humpback. adj. HUMP BACKED, having a humpback.

227

HUMPH, humf, interj. an exclamation expressive of disbelief, doubt, dissatisfaction, or the like: sometimes used as a verb to make such an exclamation. "Humphing and considering over a particular paragraph."-Miss Austen. HUMUS, hum'us, HUMINE, hum'in, n. a brown or black powder in rich soils, formed by the action of air on animal or vegetable matter. [Lit. the "ground, soil"; L., akin to Gr. chamai, on the ground.]

HUNCH, hunsh, n. a hump, esp. on the back: a lump. HUNCH'BACK, n. one with a hunch or hump on his back.HUNCH'BACKED, adj. having a humpback. [The nasalized form of HOOK; cog. with Ger. hucke, the bent back; cf. Scot. to hunker down, to sit on one's heels with the knees bent up towards the chin.] HUNDRED, hun'dred, n. the number of ten times ten: a division of a county in England, orig. supposed to contain a hundred families. [A.S. hundred — old form hund, a hundred, with the superfluous addition of red or ræd (E. rate), a reckoning; cogs. of A.S. hund are O. Ger. hunt, Goth. hund, W. cant, Gael. ciad, Lat. cent-um, Gr. he-kat-on, Sans. çata, a hundred.]

HUNDREDFOLD, hun'dred-fōld, adj., folded a hundred times, multiplied by a hundred.

HUNDREDTH, hun'dredth, adj. coming last or forming one of a hundred.-n. one of a hundred.

HUNDREDWEIGHT, hun'dred-wāt, n. a weight the twentieth part of a ton, or 112 pounds avoirdupois; orig. a hundred lbs., abbreviated cut. (c. standing for L. centum, wt. for weight).

HUNG, pa.t. and pa.p. of HANG. HUNGER, hung'ger, n. desire for food : strong desire for anything.—v.i. to crave food to long for. [A.S. hungor (n.), hyngran (v.); corresponding words are found in all the Teut. languages.] HUNGER-BITTEN, hung'ger-bit'n, adj. bitten, pained, or weakened by hunger. HUNGRY, hung'gri, adj. having eager desire greedy lean: poor.-adv. HUNG'

RILY.

HUNKS, hungks, n.sing. a covetous man: a miser.

hunt, to wild animals for prey or sport: to search for: to pursue.-v.i. to go out in pursuit of game: to search.-n. a chase of wild animals : search an association of huntsmen.HUNT DOWN, to destroy by persecution or violence.-HUNT OUT, UP, AFTER, to search for, seek. [A.S. huntian; A.S. hentan, to seize, Goth. hinthan; from the same root is E. hand.] HUNTER, hunt'er, n. one who hunts: a horse used in the chase :-fem. HUNT

RESS.

HUNTING-BOX, hunt'ing-boks, HUNT-| ING-SEAT, hunt'ing-sēt, n. a temporary residence for hunting.

HUNTSMAN, hunts' man,n. one who hunts: a servant who manages the hounds during the chase. HUNTSMANSHIP, hunts'man-ship, n. the qualifications of a huntsman. HURDLE, hur'dl, n. a frame of twigs or sticks interlaced: (agri.) a movable frame of timber or iron for gates, etc.-v.t. to inclose with hurdles. [A.S. hyrdel; Ger. hürde, Goth. haurds, a wicker-gate, L. crates. See CRADLE and CRATE.] HURDY-GURDY, hur'di-gur'di, n. a musical stringed instrument, like a rude violin, the notes of which are produced by the friction of a wheel. [Prob. a rhyming imitation of its sound.J

HURL, hurl, v.i. to make a noise by throw

HUSSAR

ing to move rapidly: to whirl.-v.t. to throw with violence: to utter with vehemence.-n. act of hurling, tumult, confusion.-n. HURL'ER. [Contr. of HURTLE, which see.]

HURLY-BURLY, hur'li-bur'li, n. tumult : confusion. [Hurly is from O. Fr. hurler, to yell, orig. huller, whence E. HowL Burly is simply a rhyming addition.] HURRAH, HURRA, hoor-rä', int. an exclamation of excitement or joy.-n. and v.i. [Dan. and Swed. hurra.] HURRICANE, hur'ri-kan, n. a storm with extreme violence and sudden changes of the wind, common in the E. and W. Indies. [Sp. huracan; from an American-Indian word, prob. imitative of the rushing of the wind.]

HURRY, hur'i, v.t. to urge forward: to hasten.-v.i. to move or act with haste: -pa.p. hurr'ied.-n. a driving forward: haste: tumult.-adv. HURRYINGLY. [An imitative word, to which correspond O. Swed. hurra, to whirl round, and other Scand. forms.]

HURRY-SKURRY, hur'i-skur'i, n. confusion and bustle. [HURRY, with the rhyming addition skurry.]

HURT, hurt, v.t. to cause bodily pain to: to damage to wound, as the feelings: -pa.t. and pa.p. hurt.-n. a wound: injury. [Lit. to butt or thrust like a ram, O. Fr. hurter (Fr. heurter), to knock, to run against; prob. from the Celtic, as in W. hurdd, a thrust, the butt of a ram, Corn. hordh, a ram.] HURTFUL, hurt'fool, adj. causing hurt or loss mischievous.-adv. HURT FULLY.—

n. HURT FULNESS.

HURTLE, hurt'l, v.t. to dash against: to move violently: to clash: to rattle. [Freq. of HURT in its original sense.] HURTLESS, hurt'les, adj. without hurt or injury, harmless.-adv. HURT'LESSLY.— n. HURT'LESSNESS.

HUSBAND, huz'band, n. a married man: (B.) a man to whom a woman is betrothed: one who manages affairs with prudence: (naut.) the owner of a ship who manages its concerns in person. -v.t. to supply with a husband: to manage with economy. [M. E. husbonde-A.S. husbonda, Ice. husbondi - hus, a house, and Ice. bondi, for buandi, inhabiting. pr.p. of Ice. bua, to dwell, akin to Ger. bauen, to till. See BONDAGE.] HUSBANDMAN, huz'band-man, n. a working farmer one who labors in tillage. HUSBANDRY, huz'band-ri, n. the business of a farmer: tillage: economical management: thrift.

HUSH, hush, int. or imp. silence! be still! -adj. silent: quiet.-v.t. to make quiet. [Imitative. Cf. HIST and WHIST.] HUSH-MONEY. hush'-mun'i, n., money given as a bribe to hush or make one keep silent.

HUSÊ, husk, n. the dry, thin covering of certain fruits and seeds.-v.t. to remove the husks from. [Hulsk with the l dropped, from M.E. hulen (with suffix -sk) helan, to cover; cf. Ger. hülse, Dut. hulse, etc., in all of which the 7 has been retained.]

HUSKED, huskt', adj. covered with a husk: stripped of husks.

HUSKING, husk'ing, n. the stripping of husks specifically the detaching of ears of Indian corn or maize from the stalk and taking off the husks. HUSKY, husk'i, adj. hoarse, as the voice: rough in sound.adv. HUSK'ILY.. -n. HUSK'INESS. [A corr. of husty, from M.E. host (Scot. host, a cough)-A.S. hwosta, a cough; cog, with Ger. husten.] HUSSAR, hooz-zär', n. (orig.) a soldier of the national cavalry of Hungary: a light

HUSSIF

armed cavalry soldier. [Hun. huszar | husz, twenty, because at one time in Hungary one cavalry soldier used to be levied from every twenty families.] HUSSIF, huz'if, n. a case for needles, thread, etc., used in sewing. [Ice. husi, a case-hus, a house. The -f was added through confusion with HOUSEWIFE.] HUSSY, huz'i, n. a pert girl: a worthless female. [Contr. of HOUSEWIFE.] HUSTINGS, hus'tingz, n.sing. the principal court of the City of London: (formerly) the booths where the votes were taken at an election of a M.P., or the platform from which the candidates gave their addresses. [A.S. husting, a council, but a Scand. word, and used in speaking of the Danes-Ice. husthinghus, a house, and thing, an assembly; cogs. E. HOUSE and THING.]

HUSTLE, hus'l, v.t. to shake or push together to crowd with violence. [0. Dut. hutsen, hutselen, to shake to and fro. See HOTCHPOTCH.] HUSTLE, hus'l, v.i. to push or crowd: to move about in a confused crowd: to move with difficulty and attempted haste to shamble hurriedly: in U.S. to actively move about, in a good sense. "Every theatre had its footmen's gallery; an army of the liveried race hustled round every chapel-door." - Thackeray. 'Leaving the king, who had hustled along the floor with his dress wofully ill-arrayed."-Sir W. Scott.

HUT, hut, n. a small or mean house : (mil.) a small temporary dwelling.-v.t. (mil.) to place in huts, as quarters :pr.p. hutt'ing; pa.p. hutt'ed. [Fr. hutte -Ó. Ger. hutta (Ger. hütte).]

HUTCH, huch, n. a box, a chest: a coop for rabbits. [Fr. huche, a chest; from Low L. hutica, a box.]

HUZZA, hooz-zä', int. and n. hurrah! a shout of joy or approbation.-v.t. to attend with shouts of joy.-v.i. to utter shouts of joy or acclamation:- - pr.p. huzza'ing; pa.p. huzzaed (-zäd'). [Ger. hussa; the same as HURRAH.] HYACINTH, hi'a-sinth, n. (myth.) a flower which sprang from the blood of Hyakinthos [Gr.], a youth killed by Apollo with a quoit: a bulbous-rooted flower of a great variety of colors: a precious stone, the jacinth. [Doublet, JACINTH.] HYACINTHINE, hi-a-sinth'in, adj. consisting of or resembling hyacinth : curling like the hyacinth.

HYADES, hi'a-dez, HYADS, hi'adz, n. a cluster of five stars in the constellation of the Bull, supposed by the ancients to bring rain when they rose with the sun. [Gr. hyades-hyein, to rain.] HYÆNA. See HYENA.

HYALINE, bi'a-lin, adj., glassy: consisting of or like glass. [Gr. hyalinos-hyalos, glass, probably an Egyptian word meaning a transparent stone.] HYBERNATE, etc. See HIBERNATE, etc. HYBRID, hibrid, n. an animal or plant produced from two different species: a mongrel a mule: a word formed of elements from different languages. [Lit. something unnatural, from L. hibrida, a mongrel, perh. from Gr. hybris, hybridos, outrage, insult.] HYBRID, hi'brid, HYBRİDOUS, hib'rid-us, adj. produced from different species: mongrel.

HYBRIDISM, hibrid-izm, HYBRIDITY, hib-rid'i-ti, n. state of being hybrid. HYCSOS, hik'sos. See Shepherd Kings under SHEPHERD.

HYDATID, hid'a-tid, n. a watery cyst or vesicle sometimes found in animal bodies. [Gr. hydatis, a watery vesicle-hydōr, hydatos, water.]

228

HYDRA, hĩ'dra, n. (myth.) a water-serpent with many heads, which when cut off were succeeded by others: any manifold evil a genus of fresh-water polypes remarkable for their power of being multiplied by being cut or divided. [L.-Gr. hydra-hydor, water, akin to Sans. udras, an otter, also to E. OTTER.] HYDRÆMIA, hī-drē'mi-a, n. a state of the blood in which the watery constituents are in excess: anæmia. [Gr. hydōr, water, and haima, blood.] HYDRANGEA, hi-dran'je-a, n. a genus of shrubby plants with large heads of showy flowers, natives of China and Japan. [Lit. the "water-vessel"; so called from the cup-shaped seed-vessel. Coined from Gr. hydōr, water, and anggeion, vessel.] HYDRANT, hî'drant, n. a machine for discharging water: a water-plug. [Gr. hydōr, water.]

HYDRA-TUBA, hï'dra-tū-ba, n. in zool. a locomotive, ciliated, trumpet - shaped body arising from the ovum of several groups of Hydrozoa. It develops a mouth and tentacles at the expanded extremity, and multiplies itself by gemmation, the liberated segments developing into medusoids of considerable size. HYDRAULIC, hi-drawl'ik, HYDRAULICAL, hi-drawl'ik-al, adj. relating to hydraulics: conveying water: worked by adv. HYDRAUL'ICALLY. [Lit. "belonging to a water-organ" or waterpipe, from Gr. hydōr, water, aulos, a pipe.]

water.

HYDRAULICS, hi-drawl'iks, n.pl. used as sing. the science of hydrodynamics in its practical application to water-pipes, etc. HYDROCEPHALUS, hi-dro-sef'a-lus, n., water in the head: dropsy of the brain. [Gr. hydōr, water, kephale, the head.] HYDRODYNAMICS, hi-dro-di- nam'iks, n.pl. used as sing. the science that treats of the motions and equilibrium of a material system partly or wholly fluid, called HYDROST ATICS when the system is in equilibrium, HYDROKINETICS when it is not.-adjs. HYDRODYNAMIC, HYDRODINAM'ICAL. [Gr. hydōr, water, and DyNAMICS.]

HYDROGEN, hï'dro-jen, n. a gas which in combination with oxygen produces water, an elementary gaseous substance, the lightest of all known substances, and very inflammable. [A word coined by Cavendish (1766) from Gr. hydōr, water, and gen-nao, to produce.] HYDROGENOUS, hi-droj'e-nus, adj. pertaining to or containing hydrogen: formed or produced by water: specifically, in geol. a term applied to rocks formed by the action of water, in contradistinction to pyrogenous rocks, those formed by the action of fire. HYDROGRAPHER, hi-drog'ra-fer, n. a describer of waters or seas: a maker of sea-charts.

HYDROGRAPHY, hi-drog'ra-fi, n. the art of measuring and describing the size and position of waters or seas: the art of making sea-charts.-adjs. HYDROGRAPH'IC, HYDROGRAPH'ICAL. — adv. HYDROGRAPH'ICALLY. [Gr. hydōr, water, graphō, to write.] HYDROKINETICS, hi-dro-ki-net'iks, n.pl. used as sing. a branch of HYDRODYNAMICS, which see. [Gr. hydōr, water, and see KINETICS.] HYDROLOGY, hi-drol'o-ji, n. the science which treats of water. [Gr. hydōr, water, logos, a discourse.] HYDROMANIA,hī-drō-mā'ni-a, n. a species of melancholia or mental disease under the influence of which the sufferers are led to commit suicide by drowning. It frequently accompanies the last stages

HYMEN

of the skin disease called Pellagra (which see). [Gr. hydōr, water, and mania, madness.] HYDROMETER, hi-drom'et-er, n. an instrument for measuring the specific gravity of liquids, also the strength of spirituous liquors.-adjs. HYDROMETRIC, HYDROMETRICAL.-n. HYDROMETRY. [Gr. hydōr, metron, a measure.] HYDROPATHIST, hi-drop'a-thist, n. one who practices hydropathy. HYDROPATHY, hi-drop'a-thi, n. the treatment of disease by cold water.-adjs. HYDROPATH'IC, HYDROPATH'ICAL. - adv. HYDROPATH'ICALLY. [Gr. hydōr, water, and pathos, suffering, from pascho, pathein, to suffer.] HYDROPHOBIA, hi-dro-fō'bi-a, n. an unnatural dread of water, a symptom of a disease resulting from the bite of a mad animal, hence the disease itself.-adj. HYDROPHOB'IC. [Gr. hydōr, water, and phobos, fear.]

HYDROPSY, hi'drop-si, n. same as DROPSY. HYDROSTATICS, hi-dro-stat'iks, n.pl. used as sing. a branch of HYDRODYNAMICS, which see. adjs. HYDROSTATIC, HYDROSTATICAL.adv. HYDROSTATICALLY. [Gr. hydōr, water, and STATICS.] HYDROZOAL, hi-drō-zō'al, adj. pertaining, relating to, or resembling a hydrozoon or the Hydrozoa. H. A. Nicholson. HYDROZOON, hi-drō-zō'on, n. (pl. HyDROZOA, hi-dro-zō'a), in zool. one of a class of radiated animals, forming, with the Actinozoa, the sub-kingdom Coelenterata. The Hydrozoa are divided into four sub-classes - Hydroida, Siphonophora, Discophora, and Lucernarida. The genus Hydra may be taken as the type. [Gr. hydra, a water-serpent, and zoon, a living creature. See HYDRA.] HYEMAL, hi-e'mal, adj. belonging to winter done during winter. [L. hiemalishiems, winter. See HIBERNAL.] HYENA, HYENA, hi-en'a, n. a bristlymaned quadruped of the dog kind, so

named from its likeness to the sow. [L. -Gr. hyania (lit.) "sow-like ”—hys,” a sow.]

HYETOLOGY, hi-e-tol'o-ji, n. that branch of meteorology which treats of all the phenomena connected with rain. [Gr. hyetos, rain, and logos, a discourse.] HYGEIAN, hi-je'an, adj. relating to health and its preservation. [Gr. hygieia, health, the goddess of health, hygies, healthyroot hyg, Sans. ug, L. veg, vig.] HYGIENE, hi'ji-en, HYGIENICS, hi-ji-en'iks, HYGIENISM, hi'-ji-en-izm, n. the science which treats of the preservation of health.-adj. HYGIEN'IC. [Fr.] HYGIENIST, hi'ji-en-ist, n. one skilled in hygiene.

HYGROMETER, hi-grom'et-er, n. an instrument for measuring the moisture in the atmosphere. [Gr. hygros, wet, metron, a measure.] HYGROMETRY, hi-grom'et-ri, n. the art of measuring the moisture in the atmosphere, and of bodies generally. — adjs. HYGROMETRIC, HYGROMET'RICAL. HYGROSCOPE, hi'gro-skop, n. an instrument for showing the moisture in the atmosphere.-adj. HYGROSCOPIC. [Gr. hy gros, skopeo, to view.] HYK-SHOS, hik'-shos, HYKSOS, hik'sos, n. see Shepherd Kings under SHEPHERD. HYLOGENESIS, hi-lo-jen'e-sis, HYLOG

ENY, hi-loj'e-ni, n. the origin of matter. [Gr. hyle, matter, and genesis, birth.] HYLOLOGY, hi-lol'o-ji, n. the doctrine or theory of matter as unorganized. Krauth. [Gr. hyle, matter, and logos, a discourse.] HYMEN, hi'men, n. (myth.) the god of marriage marriage.-adjs. HYMENE'AL, HY

HYMN

MENE'AN. [L., Gr. hymen, perh. conn. with Gr. hymnos, a festive song, a hymn.] HYMN, him, n. a song of praise.-v.t. to celebrate in song: to worship by hymns. -v.i. to sing in praise or adoration. [L. hymnus-Gr. hymnos.]

HYMNIC, him'nik, adj. relating to hymns. HYMNOLOGIST, him-nol'o-jist, n. one skilled in hymnology: a writer of hymns. HYMNOLOGY, him-nol'o-ji, n. the science which treats of hymns: a collection of hymns. [Gr. hymnos, a hymn, logos, a discourse.]

HYPALLAGE, hi-pal'a-je, n. an interchange in rhetoric, a figure in which the relations of things in a sentence are mutually interchanged, but without obscuring the sense, as he covered his hat with his head, instead of he covered his head with his hat. [Fr.-L., Gr., from hypallasso, to interchange-hypo, under, and allasso, to change.] HYPERBATON, hi-per'ba-ton, n. (rhet.) a figure by which words are transposed from their natural order. [Gr. a "transposition," from hyperbainō-hyper, beyond, and bainō, to go.] HYPERBOLA, hi-per'bo-la, n. (geom.) one of the conic sections or curves formed when the intersecting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes.-adjs. HYPERBOL'IC, HYPERBOL'ICAL. -adv. HYPERBOL'ICALLY. [L. (lit.) a throwing beyond"-Gr. hyperbole, from hyperballōhyper, beyond, ballō, to throw.] HYPERBOLE, hi-per'bo-lē, n. a rhetorical figure which produces a vivid impression by representing things as much greater or less than they really are: an exaggeration. — adjs. HYPERBOL'IC, HYPERBOL'ICAL. adv. HYPERBOL'ICALLY. [A doublet of the above.] HYPERBOLIZE, hi-per'bol-īz, v.t. to represent hyperbolically.-v.i. to speak hyperbolically or with exaggeration.—n. Hy

PER'BOLISM.

66

- -n. an

HYPERBOREAN, hi-per-bō're-an, adj. belonging to the extreme north. inhabitant of the extreme north. [Gr. hyperboreos-hyper, beyond, and Boreas, the north wind.] HYPERCRITIC, hi-per-krit'ik, n. one who is over-critical.-adjs. HYPERCRIT'IC, HYPERCRITICAL, over-critical.-adv. HYPERCRITICALLY.-n. HYPERCRITICISM. [Gr. hyper, over, and CRITIC.] HYPERKINESIS, hi-per-ki-ne'sis, n. ab

normal increase of muscular movement:

spasmodic action: spasm. [Gr. hyper, over, and kinēsis, motion.] HYPERKINETIC, hi-per-ki-net'ik, adj. relating to or characterized by hyperkinesis.

HYPERMETRICAL, hi-per-met'rik-al, adj. beyond or exceeding the ordinary metre of a line having a syllable too much. [Gr. hyper, and METRICAL.] HYPERPHYSICAL, hi-per-fiz'ik-al, adj. beyond physical laws: supernatural. HYPERSTHENE, hi'per-sthen, HYPERSTENE, hi'per-sten, n. a mineral, Labrador hornblende. Its color is between grayish and greenish black, but nearly copper-red on the cleavage. It is usually found foliated, massive. [Gr. hyper, beyond, and sthenos, strength: so named from its difficult frangibility as compared with hornblende, with which it was formerly confounded.]

HYPERSTHENIA, hi-per-sthe'ni-a, n. in med. a morbid condition characterized by extreme excitement of all the vital phenomena. HYPERSTHENIC, hi-per-sthen'ik, adj. containing hypersthene: resembling hypersthene: relating to, characterized by,

229

or producing over-excitement : stimulating: stimulated. HYPERTROPHY, hi-per'tro-fi, n., overnourishment: the state of an organ, or part of the body when it grows too large from over-nourishment. [Gr. hyper, and trophe, nourishment-trepho, to nourish.]

HYPHEN, hi'fen, n. a short stroke (-) joining two syllables or words. [Gr. hypo, under, hen, one.]

HYPHOMYCETES, hi-fō-mi-sē'tēz, n.pl. one of the great divisions of fungi, containing those species which have naked spores borne on free or only fasciculate threads. The plants are microscopic, growing as moulds over dead or living organic substances; and various cutaneous disorders of animals, as well as many diseases of plants, are ascribed to them. By some authorities yeast is inIcluded in this division. [Gr. hyphaō,

hyphainō, to weave, and mykēs, mykētos, a fungus.]

HYPHOMYCETOUS, hi-fō-mi-se'tus, adj. pertaining, relating to, or characteristic of the Hyphomycetes or microscopic vegetable moulds; as, hyphomycetous fungi. HYPNOBATE, hip'no-bāt,n. a sleep-walker: a somnambulist. [Gr. hypnos, sleep, and baino, to go.]

HYPNOTISM, hip'no-tizm, n. a sleep-like condition induced by artificial means: a nervous sleep like the condition under mesmerism. [Coined in 1843, from Gr. HYPOCHONDRIA, hip-o-konʼdri-a, n. a hypnos, sleep. nervous malady, often arising from indigestion, and tormenting the patient with imaginary fears. [L., Gr., from hypo, under, chondros, a cartilage, because the disease was supposed to have its seat in the parts under the cartilage of the breast.]

HYPOCHONDRIAC, hip-o-kon'dri-ak, adj. relating to or affected with hypochondria: melancholy.-n. one suffering from HYPOCOTYL, hi'pō-kot-il, n. see extract. hypochondria. "With seedlings the stem which supports the cotyledons (i.e., the organs which represent the first leaves), has been called by many botanists the hypocotyledonous stem,' but for brevity sake we will speak of it merely as the hypocotyl."-Darwin. HYPOCOTYLEDONOUS,

hi-pō-kot-i-lē'don-us, adj. in bot. situated under or supporting the cotyledons. Darwin. HYPOCOTYLOUS, hi-pō-kot'il-us, adj. of or pertaining to the hypocotyl. Nature. HYPOCRISY, hi-pok'ri-si, n. a feigning to be what one is not: concealment of true character. [Lit. "the acting of a part on the stage," from Gr. hypokrisishypokrinomai, to play on the stage, from hypo, under, krino, to decide.] HYPOCRITE, hip'o-krit, n. one who practices hypocrisy.-adj. HYPOCRIT'IC, practicing hypocrisy.-adv. HYPOCRITICALLY. [Lit. "an actor," Fr.-L., Gr. hypokritēs.]

HYPODERM, hi'pō-derm, HYPODERMA, hi-pō-der'ma, n. in bot. those layers of tissue lying under the epidermis, and which serve to strengthen the epidermal tissue. [Gr. hypo, under, and derma, the skin.]

HYPOGASTRIC, hip-o-gas'trik, adj. belonging to the lower part of the abdomen. [Gr. hypo, under, gaster, the belly.] HYPONASTY, hi-pō-nas'ti, n. in bot. a term implying increased growth along the lower surface of an organ or part of a plant, causing the part to bend up

IBIS

66

wards. Darwin. [Gr. hypo, under, and nastos, close-pressed, solid.] HYPOSTASIS, hi-pos'ta-sis, n. a substance: the essence or personality of the three divisions of the Godhead.-adjs. HYPOSTAT'IC, HYPOSTAT'ICAL.--adv. HYPOSTATICALLY. [Lit. a standing under," L., Gr. hypostasis-hyphistemi-hypo, under, histēmi, to make to stand.] HYPOTENUSE, hi-pot'en-us or hip-, HYPOTHENUSE, hi-poth'en-us, n. the side of a right-angled triangle opposite to the right angle. [Fr.-Gr. hypoteinousa (gramme), (lit.) (a line) "which stretches under "-hypo, under, teino, to stretch.] HYPOTHEC, hi-poth'ek, n. in Scotch law, a security in favor of a creditor over the property of his debtor, while the property continues in the debtor's possession. [Fr.-L. hypotheca - Gr. hypotheke, a pledge.1 HYPOTHECATE, hi-poth'e-kāt, v.t.

to

place or assign anything as security under an arrangement: to mortgage.n. HYPOTHECA'TION. [Low L. hypotheco, hypothecatum-hypotheca, a pledge, from Gr. hypotheke-hypo, under, tithēmi, to place.

HYPOTHESIS, hi-poth'e-sis, n.

a supposition: a proposition assumed for the sake of argument: a theory to be proved or disproved by reference to facts: a provisional explanation of anything. [Lit. "that which is placed under," Gr. hypo, under, tithēmi, to place.] HYPOTHETIC, hi-po-thet'ik, HYPOTHETICAL, hi-po-thet'ik-al, adj. belonging to a hypothesis: conditional.-adv. HYPOTHETICALLY. [Gr. hypothetikos.] HYPSIBRACHYCEPHALI, hip-si-brak-isef'a-li, n.pl. in ethn. those races of men characterized by high broad skulls, such as the Malayan inhabitants of Madura. [Gr. hypsos, height, brachys, short, and kephale, the head.]

HYSON, hi'son, n. a very fine sort of green tea. HYSSOP, his'up, n. an aromatic plant. [Chinese "first crop."] [Fr.-L. hyssopum-Gr. hyssopos-Heb. ezobh.]

HYSTERIC, his-ter'ik, HYSTERICAL, hister'ik-al, adj. resulting from the womb: convulsive: affected with hysterics.adv. HYSTERICALLY. [L. hystericus-Gr. hysterikos-hystera, the womb.] HYSTERICS, his-ter'iks, HYSTERIA, histēr'i-a, n. a disease resulting from an affection of the womb, causing nervous or convulsive fits.

HYSTERON-PROTERON, his'ter-on-prot'er-on, n. a figure of speech in which what should follow comes first: an inversion. [Gr. (lit.) "the last first."]

I

I, 1, pron. the nominative case singular of the first personal pronoun: the word used by a speaker or writer in mentioning himself. [M.E. ich, A.S. ic; Ger. ich, Ice. ek, L. ego, Gr. egō, Sans. aham.] IAMBIC, i-am'bik, IAMBUS, i-am'bus, n. a metrical foot of two syllables, the first short and the second long, as in L. fidēs; or the first unaccented and the second accented, as in deducé. [L. iambus-Gr iambos, from iapto, to assail, this metre being first used by writers of satire.] IAMBIC, I-am'bik, adj. consisting of iam

bics.

IBEX, i'beks, n. a genus of goats, inhabiting the Alps and other mountainous regions. [L.]

IBIS, i'bis, n. a genus of wading birds like the stork, one species of which was wor

ICARIAN

shipped by the ancient Egyptians. [L., Gr.; an Egyptian word.] ICARIAN, i-kä'ri-an, adj. belonging to Icarus: adventurous or unfortunate in flight. [L. Icarius—Gr. Ikarios-Ikaros, who fell into the sea on his flight from Crete, his waxen wings being melted by the sun.]

- ICE, is, n. water congealed by freezing: concreted sugar.-v.t. to cover with ice : to freeze to cover with concreted sugar: -pr.p. ic'ing; pa.p. iced'. [A.S. is; Ger. eis, Ice., Dan. is.] ICEBERG, is'berg, n. a mountain or huge mass of floating ice. [From Scand. or Dut. the latter part berg mountain.] ICEBLINK, is blingk, n. the blink or light

reflected from ice near the horizon. ICEBOAT, is'bōt, n. a boat used for forcing a passage through or being dragged over ice.

ICEBOUND, is bownd, adj., bound, surrounded, or fixed in with ice. ICECREAM, is'krēm, ICED-CREAM, istkrēm, n., cream sweetened or flavored, and artificially frozen. ICEFIELD, is'feld, n. a large field or sheet of ice.

ICEFLOAT, is'flot, ICEFLOE, is'flō, n. a large mass of floating ice.

ICEHOUSE, is hows, n. a house for preserving ice.

ICELAND-MOSS, is'land-mos, n. a lichen found in the northern parts of the world, esp. in Iceland and Norway, and valuable as a medicine and as an article of diet.

ICEPACK, is'pak, n. drifting ice packed together. ICEPLANT, is'plant, n. a plant whose

leaves glisten in the sun as if covered with ice.

ICHNEUMON, ik-nū'mun, n. a small carnivorous animal in Egypt, famed for destroying the crocodile's eggs: an insect which lays its eggs on the larvæ of other insects. [Gr. (lit.) the "hunter," from ichneuō, to hunt after-ichnos, a track.] ICHNOGRAPHY, ik-nog'raf-i, n. a tracing out (arch.) a ground-plan of a work or building.-adjs. ICHNOGRAPH'IC, ICHNOGRAPH'ICAL.adv. ICHNOGRAPH'ICALLY. [Gr. ichnographia-ichnos, a track, grapho, to grave.]

ICHNOLOGY, ik-nol'oj-i, n., footprint lore: the science of fossil footprints. [Gr.

ichnos, a track, a footprint, and logos, discourse.]

ICHOR, i'kor, n. (myth.) the ethereal juice in the veins of the gods: a watery humor: colorless matter from an ulcer.-adj. I'CHOROUS. [Gr. ichōr, akin to Sans. sich, to sprinkle, Ger. seihen, to filter.] ICHTHYOGRAPHY, ik-thi-og'ra-fi, n. a description of or treatise on fishes. [Gr. ichthys, ichthyos, a fish, graphō, to write.] ICHTHYOLITE, ik'thi-o-lit, n. a fish turned into stone, a fossil fish: the impression of a fish in a rock. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, and lithos, a stone.]

ICHTHYOLOGY, ik - thi - ol'o-ji, n. the branch of zoology that treats of fishes.adj. ICHTHYOLOG'ICAL.-n. ICHTHYOL'OGIST, one skilled in ichthyology. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, logos, discourse, science.] ICHTHYOPHAGOUS, ik-thi-of'a-gus, adj., | eating or subsisting on fish. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, phago, to eat.] ICHTHYOSAURUS, ik-thi-o-sawr'us,n. the fish-lizard, a genus of extinct marine reptiles, uniting some of the characteristics of the Saurians with those of fishes. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, sauros, a lizard.] ICICLE, is'i-kl, n. a hanging point of ice formed by the freezing of dropping water. [A.S. isgicel, for isesgicel; ises being the gen. of is, ice, and gicel, a dim. of a Celt.

ICILY, ICINESS. See Icy.

ICING, Is'ing, n. a covering of ice or concreted sugar.

ICONOCLASM, i-kon'o-klazm, n. act of breaking images. — adj. ICONOCLAST'IC, image-breaking: pertaining to icono

clasm.

ICONOCLAST, i-kon'o-klast, n. a breaker of images, one opposed to idol-worship. [Coined from Gr. eikōn, an image, and klastēs, a breaker-klaō, to break.] ICONOLOGY, i-kon-ol'o-ji, n. the doctrine of images, especially with reference to worship. [Gr. eikōn, and logos, science, ICOSAHEDRAL, i-kos-a-he'dral, adj. havdiscourse.] ing twenty equal sides or faces. ICOSAHEDRON, i-kos-a-he'dron, n. (geom.) a solid having twenty equal sides or faces. [Gr. eikosi, twenty, hedra, base-hed-, root of hezomai, E. SIT.]

ICY, is'i, adj. composed of, abounding in, or like ice: frosty cold chilling: without warmth of affection.-adv. Ic'ILY. n. IC'INESS.

IDEA, i-de'a, n. an image of a thing formed by the mind: a notion: thought: opinion. [L. -Gr. idea-idein, to see; akin to IDEAL, i-dē'al, adj. existing in idea: menWIT.] tal: existing in imagination only: the highest and best conceivable, the perfect, as opp. to the real, the imperfect.-n. the highest conception of anything.-adv. IDEALLY.

IDEALISM, I-dē'al-izm, n. the doctrine that in external perceptions the objects immediately known are ideas: any system that considers thought or the idea as the ground either of knowledge or existence: tendency towards the highest conceivable perfection, love for or search after the best and highest. IDEALIZATION, i-de-al-i-za'shun, n. act of forming in idea, or of raising to the highest conception.

IDEALIZE, i-dē'al-iz, v.t. to form in idea: to raise to the highest conception.-v.i. to form ideas.

IDEALIST, i-dē'al-ist, n. one who holds the doctrine of idealism. IDEALISTIC, i-de-al-ist'ik, adj. pertaining to idealists or to idealism. IDEALITY, i-de-al'i-ti, n., ideal state: ability and disposition to form ideals of beauty and perfection. IDENTICAL, i-den'tik-al, adj. the very same: not different.-adv. IDENTICALLY. -n. IDENTICALNESS, identity. [L. as if identicus-idem, the same.] IDENTIFY, i-den'ti-fi, v.t. to make to be the same: to ascertain or prove to be the same-pa.p. iden'tified.-n. IDENTIFICA'TION. [Fr. identifier (It. identificare)— L. as if identicus-idem, the same, and facio, to make.]

IDENTITY, i-den'ti-ti, n. state of being the same sameness. [Fr.-Low L. identitas -L. idem, the same.] IDEOGRAPHIC, id-e-o-graf'ik, IDEOGRAPHICAL, -'ik-al, adj. representing ideas by pictures instead of words. [Gr. idea, idea, graphō, to write.] IDEOLOGY, i-de-ol'o-ji, n. the science of ideas, metaphysics. [Gr. idea, and logos, discourse.]

IDES, īdz, n.sing. in ancient Rome, the 15th day of March, May, July, Oct., and the 13th of the other months. [Fr.-L. idus, origin doubtful, said to be Etruscan.] IDIOCRASY, id-i-ok'ra-si, n. same IDIOSYNCRASY. [Fr. Gr. idiokrasiaidios, peculiar, and krasis. See CRASIS.] IDIOCY, id'i-o-si, IDIOTCY, id'i-ut-si, n. state of being an idiot: imbecility: folly.

as

peculiar to a language. [Fr.-L.-Gr. idioma, peculiarity-idioō, make one's own-idios, one's own.] IDIOMATIC, id-i-o-mat'ik, IDIOMATICAL, id-i-o-mat'ik-al, adj. conformed or pertaining to the idioms of a language.adv. IDIOMATICALLY. [Gr. idiomatikos -idioma, idiomatos, peculiarity.] IDIOPATHIC, id-i-o-path'ik, adj. (med.) primary, not depending on or preceded by another disease.-adv. IDIOPATH'IC

ALLY.

IDIOPATHY, id-i-op'a-thi, n. a peculiar affection or state: (med.) a primary disease, one not occasioned by another. [Gr. idios, peculiar, pathos, suffering-pathein, to suffer.] IDIOSYNCRASY, id-i-o-sin'kra-si, n., peculiarity of temperament or constitution: any characteristic of a person. — adj. IDIOSYNCRATIC. [Gr. idios, one's own, peculiar, and syncrasis, a mixing together -syn, together, and krasis, a mixing. See CRASIS.]

IDIOT, id'i-ut, n. one deficient in intellect : a foolish or unwise person. [Fr.-L. idiota-Gr. idiotēs, orig. a "private man," then an ignorant, rude person-idios, one's own, peculiar.]

or

IDIOTCY. Same as IDIOCY. IDIOTIC, id-i-ot'ik, IDIOTICAL, id-i-ot'ikal, adj. pertaining to or like an idiot: foolish.-adv. IDIOT'ICALLY. IDIOTISM, id'i-ut-izm, n. an idiom. [L.Gr.-idiotizō, to put into common current language-idiōtēs. See IDIOT.] IDLE, 'dl, adj. vain: trifling: unemployed: averse to labor: not occupied : useless: unimportant: unedifying.-.t. to spend in idleness.-ns. I'DLER, I'DLENESS.-adv. I'DLY. [A.S. idel; Dut. ijdel, Ger. eitel, conn. with Gr. itharos, clear, aither, upper air, from aitho, burn. The orig. sense was prob. "clear"; then pure, mere, sheer; then vain, unimportant (Skeat).]

IDOL, I'dul, n. a figure: an image of some object of worship: a person or thing too much loved or honored. [L. idolumGr. eidolon-eidos, that which is seenidein, to see. See WIT.]

IDOLATER, i-dol'a-ter, n. a worshipper of idols a great admirer:-fem. IDOL'ATRESS. [Fr. idolâtre, corr. of L.-Gr. eidololatres-eidōlon, idol, latres, worship

per.]

IDOLATRIZE, i-dol'a-triz, v.t. to worship as an idol to adore. IDOLATROUS, i-dol'a-trus, adj. pertaining to idolatry.-adv. IDOL'ATROUSLY. IDOLATRY, i-dol'a-tri, n. the worship of idols: excessive love.

IDOLIZE, I'dul-īz, v.t. to make an idol of, for worship: to love to excess.-n. IDOLIZ'ER.

IDYL, IDYLL, I'dil, n. a short pictorial poem, chiefly on pastoral subjects: a narrative poem. [L. idyllium—Gr. eidyllion, dim. of eidos, image-eidomai, to seem. See WIT.]

IDYLLIC, i-dil'ik, adj. of or belonging to idyls.

IF, if, conj. an expression of doubt: whether: in case that supposing that. [A.S. gif; cog. with Dut. of, Ice. ef, if, efa, to doubt; O. Ger. ibu, ipu, dative case of iba, a condition.]

IGNEOUS, ig'ne-us, adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like fire: (geol.) produced by the action of fire. [L. igneus-ignis, fire, cog. with Sans. agni.] IGNESCENT, ignes'ent, adj. emitting sparks of fire. [L. ignescens-ignis.] IGNIS-FATUUS, ig'nis-fat'u-us, n. a light which misleads travellers, often seen over marshy places, of which the cause is not