SQUEEZE

n. SQUEAM'ISHNESS. [Akin to Ice. sveim-r, stir, Ger. schweim-en, to become giddy or faint, conn. with SWIM; prob. also influenced by qualmish (see QUALM).] SQUEEZE, skwēz, v.t. to crush or press between two bodies: to embrace closely: to force through a small hole: to cause to pass.-v.i. to push between close bodies: to press: to crowd.-n. act of squeezing pressing between bodies. [M. E. queisen-A.S. cwisan; akin to Ger. quetschen.]

SQUETEAGUE, skwē-tēg', n. an American fish, the Labrus squeteague of Mitchell, the Otolithus regalis of Cuvier, very common in the waters of Long Island Sound and adjacent bays, where it is captured in large quantities for the table. It pro

duces a dull sound like that of a drum.

SQUIB, skwib, n. a paper tube filled with combustibles, thrown up into the air burning and bursting: a petty lampoon. [Ety. unknown.]

SQUILL, skwil, n. a genus of plants (including the bluebell) allied to the lily, an African species of which is used in medicine. [Fr. squille-L. squilla, scilla—Gr. skilla.] SQUINT, skwint, adj. looking obliquely:

having the vision distorted.-v.i. to look obliquely to have the vision distorted. -v.t. to cause to squint.-n. act or habit of squinting an oblique look: distortion of vision. [Prob. allied to Dut. schuin, oblique; cf. WINK, and Fr. guigner, to squint.]

SQUIRE. skwir, n. short for ESQUIRE. SQUIRREL, skwir'el, n. a nimble, reddish

brown, rodent animal with a bushy tail. [Lit. "shadow-tail," O. Fr. esquirel (Fr. écureuil-Low L. scuriolus, dim. of L. sciurus-Gr. skiouros-skia, shade, oura, tail.] SQUIRREL-CORN, skwir'el-korn, n. the American name for a fragrant plant of the genus Dicentra (D. canadensis), nat. order Fumariaceæ.

SQUIRREL-FISH, skwir'el-fish, n. a sort of perch.

SQUIRREL-MONKEY, skwir'el-mung-ki, n. a platyrhine or flat-nosed monkey of the genus Callithrix, inhabiting Brazil, resembling in general appearance and size the familiar squirrel. SQUIRREL-TAIL, skwir'el-tāl, n. a name for a species of wild barley, Hordeum maritimuт.

SQUIRT, skwert, v.t. to throw out water in a stream from a narrow opening.-n. a small instrument for squirting: a small, quick stream. [Allied to Low Ger. swirtjen, O. Sw. squattra, to scatter. Cf. SQUANDER.]

SRADHA, sräd'ha, SHRADDHA, shräd'ha, n. a funeral ceremony paid by the Hindus to the manes of deceased ancestors, to effect, by means of oblations, the re-embodying of the soul of the deceased after burning his corpse, and to raise his shade from this world up to heaven among the manes of departed ancestors. SRAVAKA, srä'va-ka or shrä'va-ka, n. a name given to those disciples of Buddha who through the practice of the four great truths attain the dignity of saints. [Sans. sru, to hear.]

STAB, stab, v.t. to wound with a pointed weapon to wound to injure secretly, or by falsehood or slander.-v.i. to give a stab or a mortal wound :-pr.p. stabb'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. stabbed..-n. a wound with a pointed weapon: an injury given secretly. [Orig. "to pierce with a staff or stake." See STAFF.] STABILITY, sta-bil'i-ti, n. state of being stable firmness: steadiness: immovability. [Fr.-L.]

409

STABLE, sta'bl, adj. that stands firm: firmly established: durable: firm in purpose or character: constant.-adv. STA'BLY.-N. STA'BLENESS. [Fr.-L. stabilis -sto, E. STAND.] STABLE, stä'bl, n. a building for horses and cattle.-v.t. to put or keep in a stable.-v.i. to dwell in a stable. [O. Fr. estable (Fr. étable)—L. stabulum-sto, E. STAND.]

STABLING, sta'bling, n. act of putting into a stable: accommodation for horses and cattle.

STABLISH, stab'lish, v.t. old form of Es

TABLISH.

STACCATO. stak-kä'to, adj. (mus.) giving a clear distinct sound to each note. [It., from staccare, for distaccare, to separate, from root of TACK.] STACK, stak, n. (lit.) that which sticks out a large pile of hay, grain in the sheaf, corn, wood, etc.: a number of chimneys standing together.-v.t. to pile into a stack or stacks. [Dan. stak, Ice. stak-r; conn. with STAKE, STICK, and STOCK.]

STACKYARD, stak'yärd, n. a yard for

stacks.

STACTE, stak'tē, n. one of the sweet spices which composed the holy incense of the ancient Jews. Two kinds have been described, one the fresh gum of the myrrh tree (Balsamodendron Myrrha), mixed with water and squeezed out through a press; the other kind, the resin of the storax (Styrax officinale), mixed with wax and fat. Exod. xxx. 34. [Gr. stakte, the oil that drops from myrrh, from stazo, to drop, to distil.]

STADIUM, stā'di-um,n. a Greek measure of 125 geometrical paces, or 625 Roman feet, equal to 606 feet 9 inches English; consequently the Greek stadium was somewhat less than our furlong; it was the principal Greek measure of length: the course for foot-races at Olympia in Greece, which was exactly a stadium in length; the name was also given to all other places throughout Greece wherever games were celebrated: in med. the stage or period of a disease, especially of an intermittent disease. [L., from Gr. stadion.] STADTHOLDER, stat'hold-er, n. formerly, the chief magistrate of the United Provinces of Holland, or the governor or lieutenant-governor of a province. [Dut. stadhouder-stad, a city, and houder, holder.]

STADTHOLDERATE, stat'hōld-er- at, STADTHOLDERSHIP, stat'hōld-er-ship, n. the office of a stadtholder. STAFF, staf, n. a stick carried for support or defence: a prop: a long piece of wood: pole a flagstaff: the long handle of an instrument: a stick or ensign of authority: the five lines and spaces for music: a stanza (the previous meanings have pl. STAFFS or STAVES, stāvz): an establishment of officers acting together in an army, esp. that attached to the commander: a similar establishment of persons in any undertaking; as, the editorial staff of a newspaper (the last two meanings have pl. STAFFS, stafs). [A.S. stof; cog. with Ice. staf-r, Ger. stab.] STAG, stag, n. the male deer, esp. one of the red deer-fem. HIND. [Ice. stegg-r, a male bird, Yorkshire steg, a gander, Scot. stag, staig, a young horse; prob. from root stig, to mount.]

STAGE, stāj, n. an elevated platform, esp. in a theatre: theatre: theatrical representations any place of exhibition or performance: a place of rest on a journey or road distance between places: degree of progress. [O. Fr. estage (Fr.

STALK

étage), a story of a house, through a L form staticus, from sto, E. STAND.] STAGECOACH, stāj'kōch, n. a coach that runs regularly with passengers from stage to stage.

STAGE-PLAYER, stāj'-plā'er, n. a player on the stage.

STAGGER, stagʻer, v.i. to reel from side to side to begin to give way: to begin to doubt to hesitate.-v.t. to cause to reel: to cause to doubt or hesitate: to shock. [Ice. stakra, to totter, O. Dut. staggeren.] STAGGERS, stag'erz, n. a disease of horses. STAGHOUND, stag'hownd, n. a hound used in hunting the stag or deer. STAGING, stāj'ing, n. a stage or structure for workmen in building. STAGNANT, stag'nant, adj., stagnating: not flowing motionless: impure from being motionless: not brisk: dull.-adv. STAG'NANTLY. [L. stagnans, -antis, pr.p. of stagno. See STAGNATE.] STAGNATE, stag'nāt, v.i. to cease to flow: to become dull or motionless. [L. stagno, stagnatus stagnum, a pool.] STAGNATION, stag-na'shun, n. act of stagnating: state of being stagnant or motionless: dullness.

STAID, stad, adj. steady: sober: grave. -adv. STAID'LY.-n. STAID'NESS. [From STAY.]

STAIN, stan, v.t. to tinge or color: to give a different color to: to dye: to mark with guilt or infamy: to bring reproach on: to sully to tarnish.-n. a discoloration: a spot: taint of guilt: cause of reproach: shame. [Short for DISTAIN.] STAINLESS, stān'les, adj. without or free from stain.

STAIR, stār, n. (orig.) a series of steps for

ascending to a higher level: one of such steps: a flight of steps, only in pl. [A.S. stæger-stigan, to ascend, Ger. steigen, Ice. stigi, a ladder. See STILE, a step, and STY.]

STAIRCASE, star'kās, n. a case or flight of stairs with balusters, etc.

STAKE, ṣtāk, n. a strong stick pointed at one end one of the upright pieces of a fence a post to which an animal is tied, esp. that to which a martyr was tied to be burned: martyrdom: anything pledged in a wager.v.t. to fasten, or pierce with a stake to mark the bounds of with stakes: to wager: to hazard. [A.S. staca -stecan. See STICK.]

STALACTIC, sta-lak'tik, STALACTITIC, sta-lak-tit'ik, adj. having the form or properties of a stalactite. STALACTITE, sta-lak'tīt, n. a cone of carbonate of lime, hanging like an icicle, in a cavern, formed by the dripping of water containing carbonate of lime. [Fr. -Gr.stalaktos, dropping-stalazō, to drip, to drop.]

STALAGMITE, sta-lag'mīt, n. a cone of carbonate of lime on the floor of a cavern, formed by the dripping of water from the roof. [Fr.-Gr. stalagmos, a dropping-stalazo, to drip.] STALAGMITIC, sta-lag-mit'ik, adj. having the form of stalagmites. STALE, stal, adj. too long kept tainted: vapid or tasteless from age, as beer: not new: worn out by age: decayed: no longer fresh : trite. n. STALE'NESS. [Prov. E. stale, conn. with O. Dut. stel, old.]

STALE, stal, v.i. to make water, as beasts. [Ger. stallen-stall, a stable, A.S. steall, (See STALL).]

STALK, stawk, n. the stem of a plant: the stem on which a flower or fruit grows: the stem of a quill. [An extension of A.S. stel (cf. Ice. stilkr, Dan. stilk), cog. with Ger. stiel, which is allied to, perh. borrowed from, L. stilus, a

STALK

stake, a pale, further conn. with Gr. stelechos.]

STALK, stawk, v.i. to walk as on stilts : to walk with long, slow steps to walk behind a stalking-horse: to pursue game by approaching behind covers.-v.t. to approach secretly in order to kill, as deer. -n. STALKER. [A.S. stealciansteale, high, elevated; Dan. stalke, to walk with long steps.]

STALKING-HORSE, stawk'ing-hors, n. a horse behind which a sportsman hides while stalking game: a mask or pretence. STALL, stawl, n. a place where a horse or other animal stands and is fed: a division of a stable for a single animal: a stable: a bench or table on which articles are exposed for sale: the fixed seat of a church dignitary in the choir: a reserved seat in a theatre.-v.t. to put or keep in [A.S. steall, Ice. stall-r, Ger. a stall. stall; conn. with Ger. stellen, and Gr. stello.]

STALLAGE, stawl'aj, n. liberty of erecting stalls in a fair or market: rent paid for this liberty. STALL-FEED, stawl'-fed, v.t. to feed and

fatten in a stall or stable. STALLION, stal'yun, n. a horse not castrated. [Lit. "a horse kept in the stall,” Fr. estalon (Fr. étalon), through Low L. from O. Ger. stall (see STALL).] STALWART, stawl'wart, adj.stout: strong: sturdy in American politics the more intense and sturdy partisans are called the Stalwarts. [Lit. "worth stealing," A.S.stal-wordh. See STEAL and WORTHY.] STAMEN, sta'men (pl. STA'MENS), n. one of the male organs of a flower which produce the pollen :-pl. STAM'INA, the principal strength of anything: the firm part of a body which supports the whole. [Lit. "a thread," L. stamen (pl. stamina), the warp in an upright loom, hence, a thread-sto, E. STAND; like Gr. stēmōn, from stēnai, to stand.]

STAMMER, stam'er, v.i. to halt in one's speech to falter in speaking: to stutter.

v.t. to utter with hesitation.-n. hesitation in speech: defective utterance.ns. STAMM'ERER, STAMM'ERING. adv. STAMM'ERINGLY. [A.S. stamor, stammering; cog. with Low Ger. stammern.] STAMP, stamp, v.i. to step or plant the foot firmly down.-v.t. to strike with the sole of the foot, by thrusting it down: to impress with some mark or figure: to imprint: to fix deeply: to coin: to form: (B.) to pound.-n. the act of stamping: the mark made by pressing something on a soft body: an instrument for making impressions on other bodies: that which is stamped: an official mark put on things chargeable with duty, as proof that the duty is paid a small piece of paper having a certain figure impressed by the government, sold to the public to be attached to a paper, letter, or document liable to duty, in order to show that such has been paid; as, a postage stamp, a receipt stamp: an instrument for cutting materials into a certain shape by a downward pressure: cast: form: character: a heavy hammer worked by machinery for crushing metal ores.-ns. STAMP'ER, STAMP'ING. [Low Ger. stampen, Ice. stappa, to stamp ; cog. with Gr. stemph-, Sans. stambh: a nasalized form of STEP.] STAMP-ACT, stamp'-akt, n. an act for regulating the imposition of stampduties; especially, an act passed by the British parliament in 1765, imposing a duty on all paper, vellum, and parchment used in the American colonies, and declaring all writings on unstamped materials to be null and void. This act

410

roused a general opposition in the colonies, and was one cause of the Revolution. STAMPEDE, stam-ped', n. a sudden fright seizing on large bodies of horses or other cattle, causing them to stamp and run: flight caused by panic. [Sp. estampeda; from root of STAMP.]

STANCH, stänsh, v.t. to stop the flowing of, as blood.-v.i. (B.) to cease to flow.adj. constant: trusty: zealous: sound: firm.-adv. STANCH'LY.-n. STANCH'NESS. [O. Fr. estanchier (Fr. étancher)—Low L. stancare, to stanch-L. stagno, stagnare, to be or make stagnant. See STAGNANT.] STANCHION, stan'shun, n. an upright iron bar of a window or screen: (naut.) an upright beam used as a support. [O. Fr. estançon-estancer, to stop, to stay. See STENCIL.]

:

STAND, stand, v.i. to cease to move: to be stationary: to occupy a certain position to stagnate: to be at rest: to be fixed in an upright position: to have a position or rank: to be in a particular state: to maintain an attitude: to be fixed or firm: to keep one's ground: to remain unimpaired: to endure to consist to depend or be supported: to offer one's self as a candidate: to have a certain direction: to hold a course at sea.v.t. to endure to sustain: to suffer to abide by-pa.t. and pa.p. stood.-n. STANDER.-STAND AGAINST, to resist :BY, to support :-FAST, to be unmoved FOR, to be a candidate for: (naut.) to direct the course towards :-OUT, to project-To (B.) to agree to :-UP, to rise from a sitting posture:-UPON (B.) to attack :-WITH, to be consistent. [A.S. standan, Goth. standan, Ice. standa, O. Ger. stan (for stantan), whence Ger. stehen; from a root seen in Gr. hi-sta-nai, to place, L. sta-re, to stand, Sans. stha.] STAND, stand, n. a place where one stands or remains for any purpose: a place beyond which one does not go: an erection for spectators: something on which anything rests: a stop: a difficulty: resistance.-n. STANDSTILL, a stop. STANDARD, stand'ard, n. that which stands or is fixed, as a rule: the upright post of a truss : that which is established as a rule or model: a staff with a flag: an ensign of war: one of the two flags of a cavalry regiment (not dragoons): (hort.) a standing tree, not supported by a wall. -adj. according to some standard: legal: usual: having a fixed or permanent value. [A.S.-O. Fr. estendard (Fr. étendard), which is either from the Teut. root found in Ger. stehen, E. STAND, or from L. eXtendere, to stretch out.] STANDING, stand'ing, adj. established: settled permanent: fixed: stagnant : being erect.-n. continuance: existence: place to stand in position in society. STANDISH, stand'ish, n. a standing dish for pen and ink. [STAND and DISH.] STANNARY, stan'ar-i, adj. of or relating to tin mines or works.-n. a tin mine. [L. stannum, tin.

STANNIC, stan'ik, adj. pertaining to or procured from tin.]

STANZA, stan'za, n. (poetry) a series of

lines or verses connected with and adjusted to each other: a division of a poem containing every variation of measure in the poem. [It. stanza, a stop-L. stans, pr.p. of sto, to stand.] STAPLE, sta'pl, n. (orig.) a settled mart or market: the principal production or industry of a district or country: the principal element: the thread of textile fabrics: unmanufactured material: a loop of iron for holding a pin, bolt, etc.-adj. established in commerce: regularly produced for market. [A.S. stapul and staffel,

STAR-GAZER

a prop, a table; Ger. stapel, a heap, mart; L. stabilis, fixed. See STABLE.] STAPLER, sta'pler, n. a dealer. STAR, stär, n. one of the bright bodies in the heavens, except the sun and moon: one of the heavenly bodies shining by their own light, and which keep the same relative position in the heavens: a representation of a star worn as a badge of rank or honor: a person of brilliant or attractive qualities: (print.) an asterisk (*).-v.t. to set with stars: to bespangle. -v.i. to shine, as a star: to attract attention:-pr.p. starr'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. starred.-STARS AND STRIPES, the American flag.-STAR OF BETHLEHEM, n. a garden plant of the lily family, so called from the likeness of its white star-like flowers to old drawings of the star of Nativity (Matt. ii. 2, 9, 10). [M. E. sterre-A.S. steorra, cog. with Ger. stern, L. stella (for sterula), Gr. aster, Sans. stri, pl. star-as.]

STARBOARD, stär'bōrd, n. the right-hand side of a ship, to one looking toward the bow.-adj. pertaining to or lying on the right side of a ship. [Lit. "the steering side," A.S. steorbord-steoran, E. STEER, and bord, a board, the side of a ship. See BOARD, LARBOARD, and cf. the Ger. steuerbord.] STARCH, stärch, adj. stiff, precise. stiffness: formality. [Simply a form of STARK.]

n.

STARCH, stärch, n. a glistering white powder, forming when wet a sort of gum much used for stiffening cloth.-v.t. to stiffen with starch.-n. STARCH'ER. [Lit. "that which makes stark or stiff;" a special use of the adj. STARK; cf. Ger. starke, starch-stark, strong.] STAR-CHAMBER,stär'-cham-ber, n. formerly a court of civil and criminal jurisdiction at Westminster. It consisted originally of a committee of the privycouncil, and was remodelled during the reign of Henry VIII., when it consisted of four high officers of state, with power to add to their number a bishop and temporal lord of the coureil, and two justices of the courts of Westminster. It had jurisdiction of forgery, perjury, riots, maintenance, fraud, libel, and conspiracy, and in general of every misdemeanor, especially those of public importance; it was exempt from the intervention of a jury, and could inflict any punishment short of death. Under Charles I. the scope of the Star-chamber was extended to cases properly belonging to the courts of common law, solely for the purpose of levying fines. Its process was summary, and often iniquitous, and the punishment it inflicted often arbitrary and cruel. This court was abolished by statute 16 Charles. I. [Said to be so called because the roof was ornamented with stars, or from certain Jewish contracts and obligations, called starrs (Heb. shetar, pronounced shtar), preserved in it.] STARCHED, stärcht, adj. stiffened with starch: stiff: formal.-adv. STARCH'EDLY.-N. STARCH'EDNESS. STARCHY, stärch'i, adj. consisting of or like starch: stiff: precise. STARE, star, v.i. to look at with a fixed gaze, as in horror, astonishment, etc.: to look fixedly.-v.t. to influence by gazing.

n. a fixed look. [A.S. starian, from a Teut. root seen in Ger. starr, fixed, rigid; also in E. STERN.]

STARFISH, stär'fish, n. a marine animal usually in the form of a five-rayed star. STAR-GAZER, stär'-gaz'er, n. one who gazes at the stars: an astrologer: an astronomer.

STARK

STARK, stärk, adj., stiff: gross: absolute: entire.-adv. absolutely completely.adv. STARK'LY. [A. S. stearc, hard, strong, cog. with Ice. sterk-r, Ger. stark. Doublet STARCH.]

STARLING, stär'ling, n. a bird about the size of the blackbird: (arch.) a ring of piles supporting the pier of a bridge. [Formed as a dim. from the obs. stareA.S. star, cog. with Ger. staar, L. sturnus, Gr. psar.]

STARRED, stärd, adj. adorned or studded with stars.

STARRY, stär'i, adj. abounding or adorned with stars: consisting of or proceeding from the stars: like or shining like the stars.-n. STARR'INESS. START, stärt, v.i. to move suddenly aside:

to wince: to deviate: to begin.-v.t. to cause to move suddenly: to disturb suddenly to rouse suddenly from concealment to set in motion: to call forth: to invent or discover: to move suddenly from its place: to loosen: to empty to pour out.-n. a sudden movement: a sudden motion of the body: a sudden rousing to action: an unexpected movement: a sally: a sudden fit: a quick spring the first motion from a point or place: the outset. [Ice. sterta; closely akin to Dut. and Low Ger. storten, to plunge, Ger. stürzen.]

STARTLE, stärt'l, v.i. to start or move suddenly to feel sudden alarm.-v.t. to excite suddenly: to shock: to frighten. -n. sudden alarm or surprise. [Extension of START.]

STARVATION, stär- va'shun, n. act of starving: state of being starved. STARVE, stärv, v.i. to die of hunger or cold: to suffer extreme hunger or want: to be in want of anything necessary.v.t. to kill with hunger or cold: to destroy by want: to deprive of power. [A.S. steorfan, cog. with Dut. sterven, Ger. sterben, to die, orig. prob. "to work one's self to death," the Ice. starf, work, pains, and starfa, to work, to take pains, being from the same root.]

STARVELING, stärv'ling, adj. hungry: lean weak. n. a thin, weak, pining animal or plant. [See STARVE.] STATE, stat, n. condition as determined by whatever circumstances; the condition or circumstances of a being or thing at any given time; situation; position; as, the state of one's health, the state of public affairs, the roads are in a wretched state, to be in a state of uncertainty; "Nor laugh with his companions at thy state."-Shak.; "The past and present state of things.”—Dryden; "The state of the question."-Boyle: rank; condition; quality;

Fair dame, I am not to you known, Though in your state of honor I am perfect. -Shak.: royal or gorgeous pomp; appearance of greatness;

In state the monarchs march'd.-Dryden ; Where least of state there most of love is shown. -Dryden: dignity; grandeur; "She instructed him how he should keep state, yet with a modest sense of his misfortunes."-Bacon: a person of high rank; "She is a duchess, a great state."-Latimer;

The bold design Pleas'd highly those infernal states.-Milton: any body of men constituting a community of a particular character in virtue of certain political privileges, who partake either directly or by representation in the government of their country; an estate; as, the states of the realm in Great Britain are the Lords, spiritual and temporal, and the Commons: a whole people united into one body politic; a civil and

411

self-governing community; a commonwealth-often with the, and signifying the body politic to which the party speaking belongs; "Municipal law is a rule of conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a state.”—Blackstone;

In Aleppo once,

Where a malignant and a turban'd Turk Beat a Venetian and traduc'd the state.--Shak.: the power wielded by the government of a country; the civil power, often as contrasted with ecclesiastical; as, the union of church and stute: one of the commonwealths or bodies politic which together make up the Federal Republic, which stand in certain specified relations with the central or national government, and as regards internal affairs are more or less independent: a republic, as opposed to a monarchy. Dryden a seat of dignity; a throne; "This chair shall be my state."-Shak.: a canopy; a covering of dignity; "His high throne, under state of richest texture spread."-Milton: estate; possession;

Strong was their plot,

Their states far off, and they of wary wit.-Daniel: the highest and stationary condition or point, as that of maturity between growth and decline, or as that of crisis between the increase and the abating of a disease. Wiseman: that which is stated or expressed in writing or in words or figures; a statement; a document containing a statement; "He sat down to examine Mr. Owen's states."-Sir W. Scott. When state is used adjectively, or as the first element in a compound, it denotes public, or what belongs to the community or body politic; as, state affairs: state policy. [O. Fr. estat, state, case, condition, circumstances, etc.; Mod. Fr. état; L. status, state, position, standSTATE, stat, v.t. to set; to settle; to esing, from sto, to stand. See STAND.]

tablish;

Who calls the council states the day.- Pope: to express the particulars of; to set down in detail or in gross; to represent fully in words; to make known specifically; to explain particularly; to narrate; to recite; as, to state an opinion, to state the particulars of a case; "I pretended not fully to state, much less demonstrate, the truth contained in the text."-Atterbury.-TO STATE IT, to assume state or dignity to act or conduct one's self pompously. "Rarely dressed up, and taught to state it."-Beau. & Fl. STATED, stāt'ed, adj., settled: established: fixed: regular.-adv. STATEDLY. STATELY, stat'li, adj. showing state or dignity: majestic: grand.-n. STATE'

LINESS.

STATEMENT, stat'ment, n. the act of stating that which is stated: a narrative or recital. STATE-PAPER, stat'-pa'per, n. an official paper or document relating to affairs of state.

STATE-PRISONER, stat'-priz'n-er, n. a prisoner confined for offences against the state.

ac

STATEROOM, stat'rōōm, n. a stately room in a palace or mansion: principal room in the cabin of a ship. STATESMAN, stats'man, n. a man quainted with the affairs of the state or of government: one skilled in government one employed in public affairs: a politician.-n. STATES MANSHIP. STATESMANLIKE, stāts'man-līk, adj., like a statesman.

STATIC, stat'ik, STATICAL, statʼik-al. adj. pertaining to statics: pertaining to bodies at rest or in equilibrium: resting: acting by mere weight.

STAY

STATICS, stat'iks, n. the science which treats of the action of force in maintaining rest or preventing change of motion. [Gr. statike (episteme, science, being understood)-histēmi, cog. with E. STAND.] STATION, sta'shun, n. the place where a person or thing stands: post assigned: position: office: situation: occupation: business: state: rank: condition in life: the place where railway trains come to a stand: a district or branch post-office.-v.t. to assign a station to: to set to appoint to a post, place, or office. [Lit. "a standing," Fr.-L.statio-sto. See STAND.] STATIONARY, stā’shun-ar-i, adj. pertaining to a station: standing: fixed: settled: acting from or in a fixed position (as an engine): not progressing or retrogressing: not improving. STATIONER, sta'shun-er, n. one who sells paper and other articles used in writing. [Orig. a bookseller, from occupying a stall or station in a market place.] STATIONERY, sta'shun-er-i, adj. belonging to a stationer.-n. the articles sold STATIST, sta'tist, n. a statesman, a politiby stationers.

cian.

one

STATISTIC, sta-tist'ik, STATISTICAL, statist'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or containing statistics.-adv. STATIST'ICALLY. STATISTICIAN, stat-ist-ish'an, n. skilled in the science of statistics. STATISTICS, sta-tist'iks, n. a collection of facts and figures regarding the condition of a people, class, etc.: the science which treats of the collection and arrangement of statistics. [Coined (as if from a form statistike) from the Gr. statizō, to set up, establish.]

STATUARÝ, stat'ū-ar-i, n. the art of carv ing statues: a statue or a collection of statues : one who makes statues: one who deals in statues. [L. statuarius.] STATUE, stat'ū, n. a likeness of a living being carved out of some solid substance: an image. [Lit. "that which is made to stand or is set up," Fr.-L. statua-statuo, to cause to stand-sto.] STATUESQUE, stat-u-esk', adj. like a statue. [Fr.]

STATUETTE, stat-u-et', n. a small statue. [Fr.]

STATURE, stat'ur, n. the height of any animal. [L. statura.]

STATUS, sta'tus, n., state: condition: rank. [L.]

STATUTABLE, stat'ut-a-bl, adj. made by statute: according to statute.-adv. STAT

UTABLY.

STATUTE, stat'ut, n. a law expressly enacted by the legislature (as distinguished from a customary law or law of use and wont) a written law: the act of a corporation or its founder, intended as a permanent rule or law. [L. statutum, that which is set up-statuo.] STATUTORY, stat'ut-or-i, adj. enacted by statute: depending on statute for its authority.

STAUNCH, STAUNCLHY, STAUNCHNESS. See STANCH, etc. STAVE, stav, n. one of the pieces of which a cask is made: a staff or part of a piece of music: a stanza.-v.t. to break a stave or the staves of: to break: to burst: to drive off, as with a staff: to delay :-pa.t. and pa.p. stāved or stove. [By-form of STAB and STAFF.]

STAY, sta, v.i. to remain: to abide for any time to continue in a state: to wait: to cease acting: to dwell: to trust.-v.t. to cause to stand: to stop: to restrain: to delay to prevent from falling: to prop: to support :-pa.t. and pa.p. staid, stayed.-n. continuance in a place: abode for a time: stand: stop: a fixed state:

STEAD

(B.) a stand-still: prop: support: (naut.) a large strong rope running from the head of one mast to another mast (" foreand-aft" stay), or to the side of the ship ("back"-stay) :-pl. a kind of stiff inner waistcoat worn by women. [O. Fr. esteir-L. stare, to stand.]

STEAD, sted, n. the place which another had or might have. [Lit. "a standingplace," A.S. stede, from root of STAND; cog. with Ger. statt.]

STEADFAST, sted'fast, adj. firmly fixed or established: firm: constant: resolute : steady.-adv. STEAD'FASTLY.—n. STEAD’FASTNESS.

STEADY, sted'i, adj. (comp. STEAD'IER, superl. STEAD'IEST), firm in standing or in place: fixed: stable: constant: resolute consistent: regular: uniform.adv. STEAD'ILY.-N. STEAD'INESS. STEADY, sted'i, v.t. to make steady: to make or keep firm:-pa.t. and pa.p. stead'ied.

STEAK, stāk, n. a slice of meat (esp. beef) broiled, or for broiling. [M.E. steike,

prob. from Ice. steik, steikja, to broil.] STEAL, stel, v.t. to take by theft, or feloniously to take away without notice: to gain or win by address or by gradual means.-v.i. to practice theft to take feloniously to pass secretly to slip in or out unperceived:-pa.t. stōle; pa.p. stōl'en.-n. STEAL'ER. [A.S. stelan; cog. with Ger. stehlen; further conn. with Gr. stereo, to rob, Sans. stenas, a thief.] STEALTH, stelth, n. the act of stealing: a secret manner of bringing anything to

pass.

STEALTHY, stelth'i, adj. done by stealth: unperceived: secret.-adv. STEALTH'ILY. -n. STEALTH'INESS.

STEAM, stēm, n. the vapor into which water is changed when heated to the boiling-point, water in the gaseous state: the mist formed by condensed vapor: any exhalation.-v.i. to rise or pass off in steam or vapor: to move by steam.v.t. to expose to steam. [A.S. steam; cog. with Dut. stoom, Fris. stoame.] STEAMBOAT, stēm'bōt, STEAMSHIP, stem'ship, STEAM-VESSEL, stem'-ves'el, n. a boat, ship, or vessel propelled by steam.

STEAM-ENGINE, stem'-en'jin, n. an engine or machine which changes heat into useful work through the medium of steam.

STEAMER, stēm'er, n. a vessel moved by steam a vessel in which articles are steamed.

STEAMY, stem'i, adj. consisting of or like steam: full of steam or vapor. STEARINE, ste'a-rin, n. the solid substance of beef and mutton suet. [Gr. stear, steatos, suet-stēnai, aorist inf. of histěmi, to make to stand.

STEATITE, ste'a-tit, n. soapstone, a soft magnesian rock, soapy and unctuous to the touch. [Gr. steatites-stear. See STEARINE.]

STEED, sted, n. a horse or stallion, esp. a spirited horse. [A.S. steda, from the root of STAND.]

STEEL, stěl, n. any instrument of steel: an instrument of steel for sharpening nives on extreme hardness: a chalybeate medicine: iron combined with a mall portion of carbon. Steel usually contains also small quantities of silicon, phosphorus, manganese, and sulphur, but iron and carbon appear to be its only essential constituents. The relative proportions of iron and carbon vary in steel of different qualities; but in that used for ordinary purposes the carbon amounts from about 0.5 to 1.5 per cent, the toughness, tenacity, and hardness increasing

412

with the increase of the carbon, the elasticity diminishing as the hardness increases, and vice versa. At a red heat steel is malleable and may be welded. The color is a bright grayish white, the texture closely granular, the specific gravity varying from 7.62 to 7.81. Steel formed from bar-iron by cementation is called blistered steel, from its surface acquiring a blistered character in the process. When blistered steel is rolled or beaten down into bars, it is called shearsteel, and if it be melted, cast into ingots, and again rolled out into bars, it forms cast-steel. Natural or German steel is an impure and variable kind of steel procured from cast-iron, or obtained at once from the ore. The natural steel yielded by cast-iron, manufactured in the refining houses, is known by the general name of furnace steel, and that which has only been once treated with a refining furnace is particularly called rough steel. The peculiarity of steel, upon which its high value in the arts in a great measure depends, is its property of becoming hard after being heated to redness and then suddenly cooled by being plunged into cold water, and of being again softened down to any requisite degree by the application of a certain temperarure. This process is called tempering. It is found that the higher the temperature to which steel is raised, and the more sudden the cooling, the greater is the hardness; and hence, any degree of hardness can be given to steel which is required for the various purposes to which it is applied. According to the degree of hardness to which steel is tempered it assumes various colors, and formerly these colors served as guides to the workman. Now, however, a thermometer, with a bath of mercury or oil, is employed, and the operation of tempering is performed with a much greater degree of certainty. The uses of steel in forming various kinds of instruments, edge-tools, springs, etc., are well known.-adj. made of steel.-v.t. to overlay or edge with steel: to harden: to make obdurate. [A.S. styl; cog. with Ice. stal, Ger. stahl.]

STEEL-BRONZE, stel'-bronz, n. a very hard and tenacious alloy, composed of about 90 parts copper to 10 parts tin, used as a substitute for steel, especially in the manufacture of cannon.

STEEL-ENGRAVING, stēl'-en-grav-ing, n. the art of engraving upon steel-plates for the purpose of producing prints or impressions in ink, upon paper and other substances: the design engraved upon the steel-plate: an impression or print taken from the engraved steel plate. STEELING, stēl'ing, n. the process of welding a piece of steel on that part of a cutting instrument which is to receive the edge: the process of covering a metalplate with steel by voltaic electricity for the purpose of rendering it more durable; it is applied to stereotype and engraved copper-plates.

STEEL-PLATE, stēl'-plāt,n. a piece of steel flattened or extended to an even surface, and of uniform thickness; such plates are used as armor for the sides of warships, being much improved on by the addition of nickel in our modern cruisers: a plate of polished steel on which a design is engraved for the purpose of transferring it to paper by impressing or printing: the impression or print taken from the engraved plate.

STEELYARD, stil'yärd, n. a weighing machine, in which a single weight is moved along a graduated beam. [Orig. the yard

STEIN

in London where steel was sold by German merchants.]

STEEP, step, adj. rising or descending with great inclination: precipitous.- n. a pre

cipitous place: a precipice.-adv. STEEPLY.-n. STEEP'NESS.-STEEP'EN, v.i. to become steep. [A.S. steap.] STEEP, step, v.t. to dip or soak in a liquid: to imbue.-n. something steeped or used in steeping a fertilizing liquid for seed. [M. E. stopen; prob. conn. with STEEP, adj.]

STEEPLE, step'l, n. a tower of a church or building, ending in a point. [A.S. stepel; conn. with STEEP, adj., and with STAPLE.] STEEPLECHASE, step'l-chās, n. a chase or race, over all obstacles, direct toward a distant object, orig. a steeple.

STEER, stēr, n. a young ox, esp. a castrated one from two to four years old. [A.S. steor: Ger, stier; akin to L. taurus, Gr. tauros, Sans. sthúra, Ice. thior, Celt. tarbh.]

STEER, ster, v.t. to direct with the helm: to guide: to govern.-v.i. to direct a ship in its course: to be directed to move. [A.S. steoran; cog. with Ger. steuern, Ice. styra, to guide.]

STEERAGE, ster'āj, n. act or practice of steering: the effect of a rudder on the ship: an apartment in the forepart of a ship for passengers paying a lower rate of fare.

STEERSMAN, stērz'man, n. a man who steers a ship.

STEERSMATE, stērz'māt, n. one who

steers: a steersman or helmsman. "Such a steersmate at the helm."- Milton. STEEVE, stev, v.i. (naut.) to project from the bows at an angle instead of horizontally, said of a bowsprit. [Akin to stiff, and perhaps directly from the Dutch; cf. Dut. stevig, stiff, firm. A steeving bowsprit has its name from the lower end being fixed stiff or firmly and immovably in the vessel, a horizontal one being movable.]

STEEVE, stev, v.t. (naut.) to give a certain angle of elevation to, said of the bowsprit.

STEEVE, stev, n. (naut.) the angle which the bowsprit makes with the horizon: a long heavy spar, with a place to fix a block at one end, and used in stowing certain kinds of cargo, which need to be driven in close.

STEEVE, stev, adj. firm: compacted: not easily bent or broken. [Scotch. A form of STIFF.]

STEEVELÝ, stēv'li, adv. firmly stoutly. [Scotch.]

STEEVING, stev'ing, n. (naut.) the angle of elevation which a ship's bowsprit makes with the horizon. STEGANOGRAPHIST, steg-a-nog'ra-fist, n. one who practices the art of writing in cipher. [Gr. steganos, secret, and graphō, to write.] STEGANOGRAPHY, steg-a-nog'ra-fi, n. the art of writing in cipher, or in characters which are not intelligible except to the persons who correspond with each other cryptography. "Occult notes, steganography, polygraphy."-Burton. STEGNOSIS, steg-no'sis, n. constipation. [Gr.]

STEGNOTIC, steg-not'ik, adj. tending to render costive, or to diminish excretions or discharges generally. [Gr. stegnōtikos.] STEGNOTIC, steg-not'ik, n. a medicine which tends to produce costiveness: one that diminishes excretions or discharges generally.

STEIN, sten, v.t. to line with stone and brick, as a well. Loudon. [A.S. stænan, to stone.]

STEINBOCK

STEINBOCK, stin'bok, n.the German name of the ibex, an animal inhabiting the mountainous regions of southern Europe. STELA, ste'la, STELE, stě'lē, n. in arch. a small column without base or capital, serving as a monument, a milestone, and the like in archæol. a sepulchral slab or column, which in ancient times answered the purpose of a gravestone. [Gr. stēlē, a post or slab, an upright stone, from stem sta, to stand.]

STELL, stel, v.t. to fix: to set to place in a permanent manner: to place against a fixed support; as, to stell his foot against the wall. (Old English and Scotchi.) Mine eye hath played the painter and hath stel'd Thy beauty's form in table of my heart.-Shak. [Dut. and Ger. stellen, to set, to place; akin to stall.]

STELLA, stel'a, n. in surg. a bandage so named because it makes a cross or star on the back. It is a roller applied so as to keep back the shoulders, and has been often employed in cases of fracture of the clavicle, sternum, and scapula. ¡L., a star.]

STELLAR, stel'ar, STELLARY, stel'ar-i,

adj. relating to the stars: starry. [L. stellaris-stella, a star.] STELLATE, stel'at, STELLATED, stel'ated, adj. like a star: radiated. STELLULAR, stel'u-lar, adj. formed like little stars. [From L. stellula, dim. of stella, a star.]

STELLULATE, stel'ū-lāt, adj. (bot.) like a little star.

STEM, stem, n. the part of a tree between the ground and the branches: the little branch supporting the flower or fruit: a race or family: branch of a family. [A.S. stefn, stemm, cog. with Ger. stamm. The root is found in A.S. staf, Ger. stab; see STAFF.]

a

STEM, stem, n. the prow of a ship: curved piece of timber at the prow to which the two sides of a ship are united. -v.t. to cut, as with the stem: to resist or make progress against: to stop, to check-pr.p. stemm'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. stemmed. Same word as above, the trunk of a tree forming the forepart of a primitive ship.]

STENCH, stensh, n., stink: bad odor or smell. [A. S. stenc; Ger. stank. See STINK.]

STENCIL, sten'sil, n. a plate of metal, etc.,

with a pattern cut out, which is impressed upon a surface by drawing a brush with color over it.-v.t. to print or paint by means of a stencil:-pr.p. sten'cilling; pa.t. and pa.p. sten'cilled. [O. Fr. estance (Fr. étancon), a support-Low L. stantia-L. sto, E. STAND.] STENOGRAPHY, sten-og'ra-fi, n. art of writing very quickly by means of abbreviations: shorthand.-n. STENOGRAPHER. -adjs. STENOGRAPH'IC, STENOGRAPH'ICAL. [Gr. stenos, narrow, and graphō, to write.] STENOPHYLLOUS, ste-nof'il-us or sten-ōfil'us, adj. in bot. having narrow leaves. [Gr. stenos, narrow, and phyllon, a leaf.] STENT, stent, v.t. to keep within limits: to restrain: to stint. Spenser. STENT, v.i. to stint: to cease: to desist. Chaucer.

STENT, stent, n. in Scots law, a valuation of property in order to taxation: a taxation: a tax.-STENT MASTER, a person appointed to allocate the stent or tax on the persons liable.-STENT ROLL, the assessment-roll: an allotted portion or quantity: a task a piece of work to be performed in a determined time: stint. Scotch. O. E. and Scand. extent, valuation; Low L. extenta, valuation, from extendere, O. Fr. estendre, to estimate.]

413

STENT, stent, v.t. in Scots law, to assess : to tax at a certain rate. STENT, stent, n. in mining, the rubbish constituting the waste heaps at mines. Called also TRADE, DEADS, ATTAL, STUFF. STENTORIAN, sten-to'ri-an, adj. very loud or powerful, like the voice of Stentor, a herald mentioned by Homer. [L. stentoreus-Gr.-Stentor, Stentor.]

a

STEP, step, n. a pace: the distance crossed by the foot in walking or running small space degree: one remove in ascending or descending a stair: round of a ladder: footprint: manner of walking: proceeding action:-pl. walk: a selfsupporting ladder with flat steps.-v.i. to advance or retire by pacing: to walk: to walk slowly or gravely.-v.t. to set, as a foot: to fix, as a mast:-pr.p. stepp'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. stepped. [A.S. stæpe: Ger. stapfe.]

STEP-CHILD, step'-child, n.

one who stands in the relation of a child through the marriage of a parent. [A.S. steop, Ger. stief, orig. an adj. sig. bereft, and CHILD.] - So STEP-BROTH'ER, STEPDAUGHTER, STEP-FA'THER, STEP-MOTH'ER, STEP-SIS'TER, STEP'-SON.

STEPPE, step, n. one of the vast uncultivated plains in the S. E. of Europe and in Asia. [Russ. stepj.]

STEPPING-STONE, step'ing-stön, n. a stone for stepping on to raise the feet above the water or mud.

-STER, a termination as in maltster, gamester, spinster, songster, denoting occupation. In the earliest times, and up to about the end of the thirteenth century, it was generally the sign of the feminine gender, corresponding to the masculine -ere or -er. In the fourteenth century it began to give place as a feminine termination to the Norman -ess. In modern literary English there is now only one feminine word with this suffix, viz. spinster, but huckster was used very late as a feminine; and in Scotch and Provincial English sewster is still used. When the suffix -ster was felt no longer to mark the feminine distinctively, some new feminines were formed by the addition of the termination -ess to the -ster, as songstress and seamstress. "The suffix -ster now often marks the agent with more or less a sense of contempt and depreciation, as punster, trickster, gamester."-Dr. Morris. "But we cannot recognize the termination -ster as being, or as having been at some time past, a feminine formative in every instance. Not only does the present use of such old words as Baxster, huckster, maltster, songster, Webster, not to urge the more recent oldster, youngster, roadster, make it hard to prove them all feminines; but even if we push our inquiries further back we nowhere find the group clearly defined as such except in modern Dutch. There was in Anglo-Saxon bæcere and bæcistre, and yet Pharaoh's baker in Genesis xl. is bæcistre. Grimm conjectured that these nouns in -estre are all that is left of an older pair of declensions, whereof one was masculine in -estra, the other feminine in -estre." J. Earle.

STEREO, ster'e-o, n. a contr. of STEREOTYPE: used also adjectively; as, a stereo plate.

STEREOGRAPHIC, ster-e-o-graf'ik, STEREOGRAPHICAL, ster-e-o-graf'ik-al, adj. pertaining to stereography: made according to stereography: delineated on a plane.-adv. STEREOGRAPH'ICALLY. STEREOGRAPHY, ster-e-og'ra-fi, n. the art of showing solids on a plane. Gr.

STERLING

stereos, hard, solid, and graphō, to write.] STEREOSCOPE, ster'e-o-skop, n. an optical contrivance by which two flat pictures of the same object are seen having an appearance of solidity and reality.-n. STEREOS COPY. [Gr. stereos, solid, and skopeō, to see.]

STEREOSCOPIC, ster-e-o-skop'ik, STERE OSCOPICAL, ster-e-o-skop'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the stereoscope.

STEREOTROPE, ster'e-o-trop, n. an instrument by which an object is perceived as if in motion and with an appearance of solidity or relief as in nature. It consists of a series of stereoscopic pictures, generally eight, of an object in the successive positions it assumes in completing any motion, affixed to an octagonal drum revolving under an ordinary lenticular stereoscope, and viewed through a solid cylinder pierced in its entire length by two apertures, which makes four revolutions for one of the picturedrum. The observer thus sees the object constantly in one place, but its parts apparently in motion and in solid and natural relief. [Gr. stereos, solid, and trope, a turning, from trepo, to turn.] STEREOTYPE, ster'e-o-tip, n. a solid metallic plate for printing, cast from an impression of movable types, taken on some plastic substance: art of making or printing with such plates.-adj. pertaining to or done with stereotypes. (Gr. stereos, solid, and TYPE.] STEREOTYPE, ster'e-o-tip, v.t. to cast, as a stereotype plate: to prepare for printing by means of stereotype plates; as, to stereotype the New Testament, certain societies have stereotyped the Bible: to fix or establish firmly or unchangeably. "He throws the whole of his heart into eloquent descriptions of places that have stereotyped themselves in his memory in their most minute details."-Edin. Rev. STEREOTYPED, ster'e-o-tipt, p. and adj. made or printed from stereotype plates: formed in a fixed unchangeable manner; as, stereotyped opinions. "From 1797 to the present hour, the amount of the land-tax remains stereotyped.”—Eclec. Rev. STEREOTYPER, ster'e-o-tip-er, n. one who makes stereotype plates. STERILE, ster'il, adj. unfruitful: barren: destitute of ideas or sentiment. [Fr.-L. sterilis, akin to Gr. stereos, hard, and to steira, a barren cow, Sans. stari.] STERILITY, ster-il'i-ti, n. quality of being sterile: unfruitfulness: barrenness. STERLING, ster'ling, adj. an epithet by which English money of account is distinguished, signifying that it is of the fixed or standard national value; as, a pound sterling, a shilling sterling, a penny sterling: according to a fixed standard; having a fixed and permanent value; "If my word be sterling yet in England."-Shak.: genuine; pure; of excellent quality; as, a work of sterling merit, a man of sterling wit or sense; "Do these foreign contemporaries of ours still exhibit, in their characters as men, something of that sterling nobleness, that union of majesty with meekness, which we must ever venerate in those our spiritual fathers?"-Carlyle. [Said to be from the Esterlings or Easterlings, the old popular name in England of traders from the north of Germany (east from England), whose money was of peculiar purity, and who in the reign of King John first stamped pure coin in England. But this origin is doubtful. According to Wedgwood sterling was originally the name of the English penny, the standard