STERLING

coin in which it was stipulated that payment should be made; it was subsequently applied to the coinage of England in general.]

STERLING, sterling, n. an old name in England for a penny: English money. "And Roman wealth in English sterling view."-Arbuthnot: standard; rate. STERN, stern, adj. severe of countenance, manner, or feeling: austere harsh: unrelenting: steadfast.-adv. STERN'LY.-n. STERN NESS. [Orig. "rigid," A.S. sterne, from the root of STARE; conn. with M.E. stur, Scot. stour, Ger. starr.] STERN, stern, n. the hindpart of a vessel. -n. STERN'POST, the aftermost timber of a ship that supports the rudder. [Lit. "the part of a ship where it is steered; cf. Ice. stjórn, a steering.] STERNALGIA, ster-nal'ji-a, n. pain about the sternum or breast-bone: a name of the pectoral angina; angina pectoris. Dunglison. [Gr. sternon, the breast-bone, and algos, pain.]

STERNMOST, stern'most, adj. furthest astern.

STERNSHEETS, stern'shēts, n. the part of a boat between the stern and the rowers. STERNUM, sternum, n. the breast-bone. -adj. STER'NAL. [L.—Gr. sternon, the chest.]

STERNUTATION, ster-nu-ta'shun, n. the act of sneezing. [L. sternutatio, sternutationis, from sternuto, to sneeze, freq. of sternuo, to sneeze.] STERNUTATIVE, ster-nu'ta-tiv, adj. having the quality of provoking to sneeze. [L. sternuo, to sneeze.] STERNUTATORY, ster-nu'ta-tor-i, having the quality of exciting to sneeze. [Fr. sternutatoire, from L. sternuo, to sneeze.]

adj.

STERNUTATORY, ster-nu'ta-tor-i, n. a substance that provokes sneezing. The most familiar sternutatories are snuffs of different kinds. They are chiefly employed to occasion a violent succussion of the frame, either to restore suspended respiration, as in some cases of fainting, or to dislodge some foreign body from the nasal passages or windpipe. STERN-WAY, stern'-wa, n. the movement of a ship backward, or with her stern foremost.-TO FETCH STERN-WAY, to acquire motion astern.

STERQUILINOUS, ster-kwil'in-us, adj. pertaining to a dunghill: mean: dirty: paltry. Any sterquilinous rascal is licensed to throw dirt in the faces of sovereign princes in open printed language. Howell. [L. sterquilinium, a dunghill, from stercus, dung.] STERTOROUS, ster'to-rus, adj., snoring.adv. STER'TOROUSLY. [Fr. stertoreux-L. sterto, to snore.]

STET, stet, in printing, a word written upon proofs to signify that something which has been deleted is after all to remain. It is often used as a verb; as, the passage was stetted. [L., let it stand.]

STETHOMETER, ste-thom'et-er, n. an instrument for measuring the external movement in the walls of the chest during ordinary or tidal respiration. In one form a cord or band is extended round the chest, and its extension as the thorax is expanded works an index figure on a dial-plate. [Gr. stethos, the breast, and metron, a measure.] STETHOSCOPE, steth'ō-sköp, n. an instrument used by medical men for distinguishing sounds within the thorax and other cavities of the body. In its simplest and most common form it consists of a simple hollow cylinder of some finegrained light wood, as cedar or maple,

414

In

with one extremity funnel-shaped and furnished with a conical plug; the other with a comparatively large orbicular ivory plate, fastened by a screw. using it the funnel-shaped extremity, either with or without the plug, is placed upon the body, and the ivory plate to the ear of the listener. Flexible instruments of rubber are also used, and are provided with one or two eartubes, in the latter case the sounds being appreciable by both ears. [Gr. stethos, the breast, and skopeō, to examine.] STETHOSCOPIC, steth-o-skop'ik, STETHOSCOPICAL, steth-o-skop'ik-al, adj. of or pertaining to a stethoscope : obtained or made by means of a stethoscope: as, a stethoscopic examination. STETHOSCOPICALLY, steth-o-skop'ik-alli, adv. in a stethoscopic manner: by means of a stethoscope. STETHOSCOPIST, steth'o-skop-ist, n. one versed in the use of the stethoscope. STETHOSCOPY, ste-thos'ko-pi, n. the art of stethoscopic examination. STEVEDORE, stēv'e-dōr, n. one whose occupation is to load and unload vessels. [A corr. of Sp. estivador, a wool-packer -estivar, to stow, to pack wool-L. stipare, to press together.]

STEW, stū, v.t. to boil slowly with little moisture.-v.i. to be boiled slowly and gently. n. meat stewed. [Lit. "to put into a stove," O. Fr. estuver, Fr. étuve, stove-Low L. stuba. See STOVE.] STEWARD, stu'ard, n. one who manages the domestic concerns of a family or institution: one who superintends another's affairs, esp. an estate or farm: the manager of the provision department, etc., at sea. [M. E. stiward-A. S. stiweard-stiga, E. STY, and WARD.] STEWARDESS, stu'ard-es, n. a female steward: a female who waits on ladies on shipboard.

STEWARDSHIP, stū'ard-ship, n. office of a steward: management. STICCADO, stik-kä'dō, n. a musical instrument, the sounds of which are produced by striking on little bars of wood, which are tuned to the notes of the diatonic scale, and struck with a little ball at the end of a stick. [It.] STICH, stik, n. a verse, of whatever measure or number of feet: a line in the Scriptures: a row or rank of trees. [Gr. stichos, a line, a verse.]

STICHIC, stik'ik, adj. relating to, or consisting of lines or verses. STICHIDIUM, sti-kid'i-um, n. a peculiar kind of lance-shaped, pod-like receptacle in the algae, containing tetraspores. [Gr. stichos, a rank, a line, and eidos, appearance, resemblance.]

STICHOMANCY, stik'ō-man-si, n. divination by lines or passages in books taken at hazard: bibliomancy. [Gr. stichos, a line or verse, and manteia, divination.] STICHOMETRICAL, stik-ō-met'rik-al, adj. of or pertaining to stichometry: characterized by stichs or lines. STICHOMETRY, sti-kom'et-ri, n. measurement or length of books as ascertained by the number of verses which each book contains a division of the text of books into lines accommodated to the sense: a practice followed before punctuation was adopted.-Prof. W. R. Smith. [Gr. stichos, a verse, and metron, measure.] STICK, stik, n. a piece of wood of indefinite size and shape, generally long and rather slender; a branch of a tree or shrub cut or broken off; a piece of wood chopped for burning or cut for any purpose; as, to gather sticks in a wood; "He that breaks a stick of Gloster's grove."-Shak.; "And while the children of Israel were

STIGMA

in the wilderness they found a man that gathered sticks upon the Sabbath day." Num. xv. 32: a rod or wand; a staff; a walking-stick; as, he never goes out without his stick anything shaped like a stick; as, a stick of sealing-wax: a contemptuous term applied to an awkward or incompetent person; "He is a stick at letters."-Cornhilll Mag.: in printing, an instrument in which types are composed in words, and the words arranged to the required length of the lines. Called also COMPOSING STICK: a thrust with a pointed instrument that penetrates a body; a stab. [A.S. sticca, a stick, a staff, a stake, a spike; Ice. stika, a stick, as for fuel, a yard measure; from the root seen in verb to stick (which see), and akin to stake, stock.]

STICK, stik, v.t. to stab: to thrust in: to fasten by piercing: to fix in: to set with something pointed: to cause to adhere. -v.i. to hold to: to remain: to stop to be hindered: to hesitate, to be embarrassed or puzzled to adhere closely in affection :-pa.t. and pa.p. stuck. [A.S. stician; cog. with Dut. steken, Ger. stechen; from the same root as Gr. stizō. See STING.]

STICKLE, stik'l, v.i. to interpose between combatants: to contend obstinately. [See STICKLER.]

STICKLEBACK, stik'l-bak, n. a small riverfish, so called from the spines on its back. [Prov. E. stickle-A.S. sticel (dim. of STICK), a spine, cog. with Ger. stachel, and BACK.]

STICKLER, stik'ler, n. a second or umpire in a duel: an obstinate contender, esp. for something trifling. [Orig. one of the seconds in a duel, who were placed with sticks or staves to interpose occasionally.] STICKY, stik'i, adj. that sticks or adheres: adhesive glutinous.-n. STICK'INESS. STIFF, stif, adj. not easily bent: rigid : not liquid: rather hard than soft: not easily overcome: obstinate: not natural and easy: constrained: formal.adv. STIFF'LY. -n. STIFFNESS. [A.S. stif; cog. with Ger. steif; prob. conn. with L. stipo, to cram.]

STIFF, stif, n. in commercial slang, negotiable paper, as a bill, promissory note, or the like.-TO DO A BIT OF STIFF, to accept or discount a bill. "I wish you'd do me a bit of stiff, and just tell your father if I may overdraw my account I'll vote with him."-Thackeray. STIFFEN, stif'n, v.t. to make stiff.—v.i. to become stiff: to become less impressible or more obstinate. STIFF-NECKED, stif'-nekt, adj. (lit.) stiff in the neck: obstinate: contumacious. STIFLE, sti'fl, v.t. to stop the breath of by foul air or other means: to suffocate: to extinguish to suppress the sound of: to destroy. [Prob. from STIFF, and so "to make stiff;" but influenced by stive, M.E. form of E. STEW.]

STIFLE, sti'fl, v.i. to suffocate: to perish by suffocation or strangulation. Shak. STIFLE, sti'fl, n. the joint of a horse next to the buttock, and corresponding to the knee in man. Called also the STIFLEJOINT : a disease in the knee-pan of a horse or other animal. [Perhaps from STIFF.]

STIFLE-BONE, sti'fl-bōn, n. a bone in the leg of a horse, corresponding to the kneepan in man. STIGMA, stig'ma, n. a brand: a mark of infamy: (bot.) the top of a pistil :—pl. STIG'MAS or STIG'MATA. [Lit. "the mark of a pointed instrument," L.-Gr.-root stig, to be sharp (Sans. tig), seen also in L. -stinguo, -stigo, and in E. STICK, STING.]

STIGMATA

STIGMATA, stigʻma-ta, n. the marks of the wounds on Christ's body, or marks resembling them, said to have been miraculously impressed on the bodies of

saints.

STIGMATIC, stig-mat'ik, STIGMATICAL, stig-mat'ik-al, adj. marked or branded with a stigma: giving infamy or reproach.-adv. STIGMATICALLY. STIGMATIZE, stig'ma-tiz, v.t. to brand with a stigma. [Gr. stigmatizo. See STIGMA.]

STILE, stil, n. a step or set of steps for climbing over a wall or fence. [A.S. stigel, a step-stig-an, akin to Ger. steigen, to mount.]

STILE, stil, n. the pin of a dial. Same as STYLE.

STILETTO, sti-let'o, n. a little style or dagger with a round pointed blade: a pointed instrument for making eyelet holes :-pl. STILETT'OS.-v.t. to stab with a stiletto: -pr.p. stilett'oing; pa.t. and pa.p. stilett'oed. [It., dim. of stilo, a daggerL. stilus. See STYLE.]

STILL, stil, adj. silent : motionless : calm.

-v.t. to quiet to silence: to appease : to restrain.-adv. always: nevertheless: after that.-n. STILL'NESS. [A.S. stille, fixed, firm; Dut. stille, Ger. still; from the root of STALL.]

STILL, stil, v.t. to cause to fall by drops: to distil.-n. an apparatus for distilling liquids. [L. stillo, to cause to dropstilla, a drop, or simply a contr. for DISTILL, like SPORT from DISPORT.] STILL-BORN, stil'-bawrn, adj. dead when born.

STILLINGIA, stil-lin'ji-a, n. a genus of plants, one of the species being the famous tallow-tree of China. The species consist for the most part of shrubs with stipulate alternate leaves and flowers in spikes, the upper being male and the lower female, found in the warmer parts of both hemispheres. The tallow-tree of China grows to the height of a pear-tree, having a trunk and branches like the cherry, and foliage like the black poplar. Its fruits, which are about half an inch in diameter, contain three seeds thickly coated with a fatty substance which furnishes the Chinese with candles and oil for their lamps. The tallow obtained from the fruit is also employed in medicine instead of lard. [In honor of Dr. Benjamin Stillingfleet, an eminent English botanist.]

STILL-LIFE, stil'-lif, n. the class of pictures representing inanimate objects. STILL-ROOM, stil'-rōōm, n. an apartment where liquors, preserves, and the like, are kept a housekeeper's pantry. STILLY, stil'i, adj., still: quiet: calm. STILLY, stil'li, adv. silently: gently. STILT, stilt, n. a support of wood with a rest for the foot, used in walking.-v.t. to raise on stilts: to elevate by unnatural means. [Low Ger. and Dut. stelte, a stilt; Sw. stylta, a support.] STILT-BIRD, stilt'-berd, STILT-PLOVER, stilt'-pluv-er, n. a wading bird having remarkably long slender legs, a feature from which it derives its common name. It has a long straight bill, also very long wings for its size. It exhibits a general white color, the back and wings in the male being deep black, whilst those of the females are of a brownish-black hue. The average length of the stilt-bird is about 12 or 13 inches. The legs, which are of a red color, measure from 18 to 20 inches. They are destitute of a hind toe, and the three front ones are united by a membrane at their bases. Different species are found in America, Australia, and England.

415

STIMULANT, stim'u-lant, adj., stimulating: increasing or exciting vital action. -n. anything that stimulates or excites: a stimulating medicine. [See STIMULUS.] STIMULATE, stim'u-lat, v.t. to prick with anything sharp to incite : to instigate. -n. STIMULA'TION.

STIMULATIVE, stim'u-lät-iv, adj. tending to stimulate.-n. that which stimulates or excites.

STIMULUS, stim'u-lus, n. a goad: anything that rouses the mind, or that excites to action: a stimulant :-pl. STIM'ULI. [L. stimulus (for stig-mulus)-Gr. stizo, to prick. See STIGMA.] STING, sting, v.t. to stick anything sharp into, to pain acutely :-pa.t. and pa.p. stung.-n. the sharp-pointed weapon of some animals: the thrust of a sting into the flesh anything that causes acute pain: the point in the last verse of an epigram. A.S. sting-an; cog. with Ice. stinga, Gr. stizō, to prick (whence STIGMA).]

STINGY, stin'ji, adj. niggardly: avaricious. -adv. STIN'GILY.-n. STIN'GINESS. [Ety. unknown.]

STINK, stingk, v.i. to smell: to give out a strong, offensive smell:-pa.t. stank; pa.p. stunk.-n. a disagreeable smell. TA.S. stincan; Ger. stinken, to smell.] STINKPOT, stingk'pot, n. an earthen jar or pot charged with a stinking, combustible mixture, and used in boarding an enemy's vessel.

STINT, stint, v.t. to shorten: to limit to restrain.-n. limit: restraint: proportion allotted. [A.S. astyntan, from STUNT.] STIPEND, sti'pend, n. a salary paid for services: settled pay. [L. stipendium— stips (akin to L. stipo, to crowd or press together, and therefore orig. "small coin in heaps"), a donation, and pendo, to weigh out.]

STIPENDIARY, sti-pend'i-ar-i, adj. receiving stipend.-n. one who performs services for a salary, applied to certain magistrates in England and the Dominion of Canada.

STIPULATE, stip'ū-lāt, v.i. to contract: to settle terms.-n. STIPULATOR. [L. stipulor, -atus, prob. from O. L. stipulus, firm, conn. with stipo, to press firm.] STIPULATION, stip-u-la'shun, n. act of stipulating: a contract.

STIR, ster, v.t. to move: to rouse: to instigate... to move one's self: to be active to draw notice:-pr.p. stirring; pa.t. and pa.p. stirred.-n. tumult: bustle.-n. STIRR'ER. [A.S. styrian; Dut. storen, Ger. stören, to drive; conn. with STEER, v.]

STIRRUP, stir'up, n. a ring or hoop suspended by a rope or strap from the saddle, for a horseman's foot while mounting or riding. [A.S. stigerap - stigan, to mount, and rap, a rope.]

STITCH, stich, n. a pass of a needle and thread: an acute pain.-v.t. to sew so as to show a regular line of stitches: to sew or unite.-v.i. to practice stitching. [A.S. stice, a prick, stitch; Ger. sticken, to embroider: conn. with STICK.] STITCHWORT, stich'wurt, n. a genus of slender plants, including the chickweed, so called because once believed to cure "stitch" in the side.

STITHY, stith'i, n. an anvil.

"Let me

sleep on that hard point,' said Varney; 'I cannot else perfect the device I have on the stithy."-Sir W. Scott. [Also stiddy, Scand. studdy, Ice. stethi, an anvil; from the same root as E. steady, stead.]

STITHY, stith'i, v.t. to forge on an anvil. "The forge that stithied Mars his helm." -Shak.

STOCKING

STIVE, stiv, v.t. to stuff; to cram; to crowd; hence, to make hot, sultry, and close; "His chamber being commonly stived with friends or suitors of one kind or other."-Sir H. Wotton: to stew, as meat-pr.p. stiv'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. stived. [Prob. from an O. Fr. estiver, corr. to It. stivare, Sp. estivar, to stuff, to stow, from L. stipare, to cram.] STIVE, stiv, v. to be stifled: to stew, as in a close atmosphere. "I shall go out in a boat. One can get rid of a few hours in that way instead of stiving in a wretched hotel."-George Eliot. STIVE, stiv, n. the floating dust in flourmills during the operation of grinding. Simmonds. [Cf. Ger. staub, Dan. stæv, dust.]

STIVER, sti'ver, n. a Dutch coin, worth two cents: anything of little value. [Dut. stuiver.]

STOAT, stōt, n. a kind of weasel, called the ermine when in its winter dress. [Ety. unknown.]

STOCCADO, stok-ād'o, n. a thrust in fencing. [It. stoccata, a thrust-stocco, a rapier, stake-Ger. stock, a stick. See STICK, STOCK.]

STOCK, stok, n. something stuck or thrust in: the stem of a tree or plant: a post: a stupid person: the part to which others are attached: the original progenitor: family: a fund: capital: shares of a public debt shares of capital in railroad and other corporations: store: cattle-pl. STOCKS, an instrument in which the legs of criminals are confined: the frame for a ship while building: the public funds of Great Britain, the Consols.-v.t. to store: to supply: to fill. [A.S. stocc, a stick; cog. with Dut. stoc, Ger. stock. For the root see STICK.]

STOCK, stok, n. a favorite garden-flower. [Orig. called stock-gillyflower, to distinguish it from the stemless clove-pink, called the gillyflower, which see.] STOCKADE, stok-ad', n. a breastwork formed of stakes fixed in the ground.v.t. to surround or fortify with a stockade. [Fr. estocade-estoc-Ger. stock, a stick.]

STOCKBROKER, stok'brōk-er, n. a broker who deals in stock or shares. STOCKBROKING, stok'brōk-ing,. n. the business of a stockbroker, or one who, acting for a client, buys or sells stocks or shares, and is paid by commission. STOCKDOVE, stok'duv, n. a species of pigeon, believed at one time to be the stock of the tame dove: or the dove that lives on trees or in the woods. STOCK-EXCHANGE, stok'-eks-chanj', n. the place where stocks are exchanged, or bought and sold.

STOCKFISH, stok'fish, n. a general term for cod, ling, tusk, and other fishes used in a dried state. STOCKHOLDER, stck'hold-er, n. in England, one who holds stock in the public funds, or in a company in U. S., one who holds public funds is a bondholder; the term stockholder is applied only to those who hold shares of stock in railroad and other corporations. STOCKINET, stok'in-et, n. an elastic, knit, textile fabric, of which stockings, undergarments, etc., are made. Goodrich. STOCKING, stok'ing, n. a close-fitting covering for the foot and leg. Stockings were anciently made of cloth or milled stuff, sewed together, but they are now usually knitted by the hand or woven in a frame, the material being wool, cotton, or silk. [From stock, in sense of stocking or leg covering. "The clothing of the legs and lower part of the body formerly consisted of a single garment called hose,

STOCK-JOBBING

in French chausses. It was afterwards cut in two at the knees, leaving two pieces of dress, viz. knee-breeches, or, as they were then called, upperstocks, or in French haut de chausses, and the netherstocks or stockings, in French bas de chausses, and then simply bas. In these terms the element stock is to be understood in the sense of stump or trunk, the part of a body left when the limbs are cut off."-Wedgwood.]

STOCK-JOBBING, stok'-job'ing, n., jobbing or speculating in stocks.- -n. STOCK'

JOBB'ER.

STOCK-STILL, stok'-stil, adj., still as a stock or post.

STOIC, stō'ik, n. a disciple of the ancient

philosopher Zeno, who taught under a porch at Athens: one indifferent to pleasure or pain. [L. Stoicus-Gr. Stōikos-stoa, a porch.]

STOIC, stō'ik, STOICAL, sto'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the Stoics, or to their opinions: indifferent to pleasure or pain. | -adv. STO'ICALLY.-N. STO'ICALNESS. STOICISM, sto'i-sizm, n. the doctrines of the Stoics: indifference to pleasure or pain.

STOKE, stōk, v.i. to stick, stir, or tend a fire.-n. STOK'ER. [From STICK.] STOLE, stol, pa.t. of STEAL.

STOLE, stol, n. a long robe or garment reaching to the feet: a long, narrow scarf with fringed ends worn by a priest. [A.S. stol-L. stola-Gr. stolē, a robe, a garment -stello, to array.]

STOLEN, stōl'en, pa.p. of STEAL. STOLID, stol'id, adj. dull: heavy stupid: foolish. [L. stolidus; from a root star, seen also in Gr. stereos, firm.] STOLIDITY, sto-lid'i-ti, n. state of being stolid dullness of intellect. [L. stoliditas -stolidus.]

STOMACH,stum'ak,n. the strong muscular

:

bag into which the food passes when swallowed, and where it is principally digested the cavity in any animal for the digestion of its food: appetite.-v.t. to resent, (orig.) to bear on the stomach: to brook or put up with. [L. stomachus -Gr. stomachos, orig. the throat, gullet; then the orifice of the stomach; and later, the stomach itself-stoma, a mouth.] STOMACHER, stum'a-cher, n. an ornament or support for the stomach or breast worn by women. STOMACHIC, sto-mak'ik, STOMACHICAL, sto-mak'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the stomach: strengthening or promoting the action of the stomach.-STOMACH'IC, n. a medicine for the stomach. STOMACH-PUMP, stum'ak - pump, n. a small pump or syringe used in medical practice, for the purpose of emptying the stomach and introducing cleansing or other liquids. It resembles the common syringe, except that it has two apertures near the end, instead of one, in which the valves open different ways, so as to constitute a sucking and a forcing passage. When the object is to extract from the stomach, the pump is worked while its sucking orifice is in connection with a flexible tube passed into the stomach; and the extracted matter escapes by the forcing orifice. When it is desired, on the contrary, to throw cleansing water or other liquid into the stomach, the tube is connected with the forcing orifice, by which the action of the pump is reversed. STOMACH-STAGGERS, stum'ak-stag-erz, n. a disease in horses, depending on a paralytic affection of the stomach. In this disease the animal dozes in the stable and rests his head in the manger; he then wakes up, and falls to eating, which he continues to do till the stomach swells to

416

an enormous extent, and the animal at last dies of apoplexy or his stomach bursts.

STONE, stōn, n. a hard mass of earthy or mineral matter: a precious stone or gem: a tombstone: a concretion formed in the bladder: a hard shell containing the seed of some fruits: a standard weight of 14 lbs. avoirdupois torpor and insensibility.v.t. to pelt with stones: to free from stones: to wall with stones.-STONEBLIND, adj. as blind as a stone, perfectly blind. [A.S. stan, cog. with Ger. stein, Gr. stia.

STONECHAT, stōn'chat, STONECHATTER, stōn-chat'er, n. a little bird, allied to the robin, so called from its chattering and perching on large stones. STONECUTTER, stōn'kut-er, n. one whose occupation is to cut or hew stone. STONE-FRUIT, stōn'-frōōt, n. a fruit with its seeds inclosed in a stone or hard

kernel.

STONE'S - CAST, stōnz'-kast, STONE'S THROW, stōnz'-thrō, n. the distance which a stone may be cast or thrown by the hand. STONE-WARE, stōn'-war, n. a species of potter's ware made from a composition of clay and flint. The clay is beaten in water and purified, and the flint is calcined, ground, and suspended in water, and then mixed (in various proportions for various wares) with the former liquor. The mixture is then dried in a kiln, and being afterwards beaten to a proper temper, it becomes fit for being formed at the wheel into dishes, plates, bowls, etc. These are baked in a furnace and glazed by common salt. The salt being thrown into the furnace is volatilized by heat, becomes attached to the surface of the ware, and is decomposed, the muriatic acid flying off and leaving the soda behind it to form a fine thin glaze on the ware, which resists ordinary acids. STONY, stōn'i, adj. made of or resembling stone: abounding with stones: hard: pitiless: obdurate : (B.) rocky. STOOD, stood, pa.t. and pa.p. of STAND. [A.S. stod.]

STOOL, stōōl, n. a seat without a back: the seat used in evacuating the bowels: the act of evacuating the bowels. [A.S. stol, Ger. stuhl; akin to Ger. stellen, to set, to place; also to STILL, adj., STALL, STAND.J

STOOP, stōōp, v.i. to bend the body: to lean forward: to submit: to descend from rank or dignity: to condescend: to swoop down on the wing, as a bird of prey.v.t. to cause to incline downward.-n. the act of stooping: inclination forward: descent: condescension: a swoop. [A.S. stupian O. Dut. stoepen, Ice. stupa; akin to STEEP and STOP.]

STOOP, stōōp, n. a pillar. Quarles.-STOOP AND ROOM, a system of mining coal, where the coal is taken out in parallel spaces, intersected by a similar series of passages at right angles. Between these 66 stoops "of coal are left for the support of the roof of the seam. Called also PILLAR AND STALL or POST AND STALL.

"rooms

STOOP, stoop, n. a vessel of liquor; as, a stoop of wine or ale. "A stoop of wine." -Shak. [A.S. stoppa, Ice. staup, a cup, a drinking vessel; Dut. stoop, a measure of about two quarts; Sw. stop, a measure of about three pints.] STOOP, stoop, n. the steps at the entrance of a house: door-steps: also a porch with a balustrade and seats on the sides. "Nearly all the houses were built with their gables to the street, and each had heavy wooden Dutch stoops, with seats

STORM

at the door."-J. F. Cooper. [Dut. stoep (pron. stoop); the word was brought to America by the Dutch colonists.] STOP, stop, v.t. to stuff or close up to obstruct to render impassable: to hinder: to intercept to restrain: to apply musical stops to: to regulate the sounds of a stringed instrument by shortening the strings with the fingers.-v.i. to cease, going forwards: to cease from any motion or action: to leave off: to be at an end-pr.p. stopp'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. stopped.-n. act of stopping: state of being stopped: hinderance: obstacle: interruption: (music) one of the ventholes in a wind instrument, or the place on the wire of a stringed instrument, by the stopping or pressing of which certain notes are produced: a mark used in punctuation. Lit. "to stuff with tow," M.E. stoppen O. Fr. estouper (Ice. stoppa, Ger. stopfen, to stuff); all from L. stupa, the coarse part of flax, tow.] STOPCOCK, stop'kok, n. a short pipe in a cask, etc., opened and stopped by a cock or key.

STOP-MOTION, stop'-mo-shun, n. an arrangement in a machine by which the breakage of material in transitu, or the failure of supply of the material under treatment, causes an arrest of the motion.

STOPPAGE, stop'āj, n. the act of stopping or arresting progress or motion or the state of being stopped; as, the stoppage of the circulation of the blood, the stoppage of commerce. "We were tripping away... when we came upon my lady in a street stoppage in her chair.". Thackeray a deduction made from pay or allowances to repay advances, etc.STOPPAGE IN TRANSITU, in law, the right which an unpaid vendor of goods has, on hearing that the vendee is insolvent, to stop and reclaim the goods while in their transit and not yet delivered to the vendee.

STOPPER, stop'er, n. one who stops: that which closes a vent or hole, as the cork or glass mouthpiece for a bottle: (naut.) a short rope for making something fast. -v.t. to close or secure with a stopper. STOPPLE, stop'l, n. that which stops or closes the mouth of a vessel: a cork or plug.v.t. to close with a stopple. STORAGE, stōr-aj, n. the placing in a store: the safe keeping of goods in a store the price paid or charged for keeping goods in a store. STORAX, sto'raks, n. a fragrant gum-resin produced on several species of trees growing round the Mediterranean Sea. [L. and Gr. styrax.]

STORE, stōr, n. a hoard or quantity gathered abundance: a storehouse: any place where goods are sold :-pl. supplies of provisions, ammunition, etc., for an army or a ship.-v.t. to gather in quantities to supply: to lay up in store: to hoard: to place in a warehouse. [O. Fr. estoire, provisions-L. instauro, to provide.]

STOREHOUSE, stōr'hows, n. a house for storing goods of any kind: a repository: a treasury.

STORIED, stō'rid, adj. told or celebrated in a story having a history: interesting from the stories belonging to it. STORK, stork, n. a wading bird nearly allied to the heron. [A.S. store; Ger. storch.] STORK'S-BILL, storks'-bil, n. a kind of geranium, with the fruit like the bill of a stork. [See PELARGONIUM.] STORM, storm, n. a stir or violent commotion of the air producing wind, rain, etc.: a tempest violent agitation of society:

STORMY

commotion: tumult: calamity: (mil.) an assault.-v.i. to raise a tempest: to blow with violence: to be in a violent passion.-v.t. to attack by open force: to assault. [A.S.; Ice. stormr; from

root of STIR.] STORMY, storm'i, adj. having many storms: agitated with furious winds: boisterous violent: passionate.-n. STORM'

INESS.

STORTHING, stor'ting, n. the parliament or supreme legislative assembly of Norway the great court or representative of the sovereign people. It is elected triennially, and holds annual sessions. When assembled the storthing divides itself into two houses, one fourth of the members constituting the lagthing, and the remaining three-fourths the odelsthing. [Dan. stor, great, and thing, court.]

STORY, stō'ri, n. a history or narrative of incidents (so in B.): a little tale: a fictitious narrative. [O. Fr. estoire. It is simply a short form of HISTORY.] STORY, also STOREY, stō'ri, n. a division

of a house reached by one flight of stairs: a set of rooms on the same floor or level. [Ety. dub.; perh. from STORE, and orig. sig. storehouse."]

66

STOUT, stowt, adj. strong: robust corpulent resolute: proud: (B.) stubborn.

n. a name for porter.-adv. STOUT'LY. -n. STOUT'NESS: (B.) stubbornness, [Allied to O. Fr. estout, bold, Dut. stout, and Ger. stolz, bold, stout; perh. from the root of STILT.]

STOVE, stōv, n. an apparatus with a fire for warming a room, cooking, etc.-v.t. to heat or keep warm. [Orig. "a hothouse," allied to Low Ger. stove, O. Ger. stupa (Ger. stube, room); cf. also It. stufa, Fr. étuve-Low L. stuba; but whether the Low L. word is from the O. Ger., or vice versa, is doubtful. Cf. STEW.] STOW, sto, v.t. to place: to arrange to fill by packing things in. [Partly from M.E. stouwen, to bring to a stand, partly from M.E. stowen, to place-stow, a place -A.S. stov; cf. Dut. stuwen, to stow, to push, Ger. stauen.]

STOWAGE, stō'āj, n. act of stowing or placing in order: state of being laid up: room for articles to be laid away. STRADDLE, strad'l, v.i. to stride or part the legs wide: to stand or walk with the legs far apart.-v.t. to stand or sit astride of.-n. act of striding. [Freq. formed from A.S. strad, pa.t. of stridan, E. STRIDE.]

STRAGGLE, strag'l, v.i. to wander from the course: to ramble: to stretch beyond proper limits: to be dispersed. [Freq. formed partly from stray, partly from A.S. strak, pa.t. of strican, to go, to proceed, E. STRIKE.]

STRAGGLER, strag'ler, n. one who straggles or goes from the course: a wandering fellow: a vagabond. STRAIGHT, strat, adj. direct being in a right line: not crooked: nearest : upright. adv. immediately in the shortest time. -adv. STRAIGHT'LY. — n. STRAIGHT NESS. [Lit. "stretched," A.S. streht, pa.p. of streccan, E. STRETCH, influenced also by STRAIT.] STRAIGHTEN, strat'n, v.t. to make straight.

STRAIGHTFORWARD,strat-for'ward, adj. going forward in a straight course: honest open downright.-adv. STRAIGHTFOR WARDLY. STRAIGHTWAY, strāt'wā, adv. directly: immediately without loss of time. [See STRAIGHT and WAY.]

STRAIN, stran, v.t. to stretch tight: to draw with force: to exert to the utmost:

АА

417

to injure by overtasking: to make tight: to constrain, make uneasy or unnatural: to filter.-.i. to make violent efforts: to pass through a filter.-n. the act of straining a violent effort: an injury inflicted by straining: a note, sound, or song. [O. Fr. straindre-L. stringo, to stretch tight. See STRING and STRONG.] STRAIN, stran, n. race: stock: generation: descent. [M.E. strend-A.S. strynd, stock -strynan, to beget.]

STRAINER, stran'er, n. one who or that which strains an instrument for filtration: a sieve, colander, etc. STRAIT, strat, adj. difficult: distressful: (obs. strict, rigorous: narrow, so in B.).

n. a narrow pass in a mountain, or in the ocean between two portions of land: difficulty: distress. [O. Fr. estreit, estroit (Fr. étroit)-L. strictus, pa.p. of stringo, to draw tight. Doublet STRICT.] STRAITEN, strat'n, v.t. to make strait or narrow to confine: to draw tight to distress to put into difficulties. STRAITLACED, strat'last, adj. rigid or narrow in opinion. [Lit. "laced strait or tight with stays."] STRAITLY, strāt'li, adv. narrowly: (B.) strictly.

STRAITNESS, strāt'nes, n. state of being strait or narrow strictness: (B.) distress or difficulty.

STRAND, strand, n. the margin or beach of the sea or of a lake.-v.t. to run aground.--v.i.to drift or be driven ashore. [A.S.; Ger. strand, Ice. strönd, border, shore.]

STRAND, strand, n. one of the strings or parts that compose a rope.-v.t. to break a strand. [Allied to O. Ger. streno (Ger. strähn), string, rope, with excrescent -d.] STRANGE, stranj, adj. foreign: belonging to another country: not formerly known, heard, or seen not domestic: new: causing surprise or curiosity: marvellous: unusual: odd.-adv. STRANGE'LY. -n. STRANGE'NESS. [O. Fr. estrange (Fr. étrange)-L. extraneus - extra, beyond.] STRANGER, stranj'er, n. a foreigner: one from home : one unknown or unacquainted a guest or visitor: one not admitted to communion or fellowship. [O. Fr. estrangier. See STRANGE.] STRANGLE, strang'gl, v.t. to draw tight the throat so as to prevent breathing and destroy life: to choke: to hinder from birth or appearance: to suppress. -n. STRANG'LER. [O. Fr. estrangler (Fr. étrangler)-L. strangulo, -atumGr. stranggō, to draw tight. Cf. STRANGURY.] STRANGULATED, strang'gū-lāt-ed, adj. LATED having the circulation stopped by compression.

STRANGULATION, strang-gu-lā'shun, n. act of strangling: (med.) compression of the throat and partial suffocation in hysterics.

STRANGURY, strang'gu-ri, n. painful retention of, or difficulty in discharging urine. [L. stranguria-Gr. strangx, a drop, from stranggo, to squeeze, conn. with L. stringo (see STRAIN); and ouron, urine.]

STRAP, strap, n. a narrow strip of cloth or leather: a razor-strop: (arch.) an iron plate secured by screw-bolts, for connecting two or more timbers.-v.t. to beat or bind with a strap: to strop :-pr.p. strapp'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. strapped.adj. STRAPPING, tall, handsome. [Orig. strop, from A.S. stropp, cog. with Dut. strop; allied to L. struppus; cf. Gr. strepho, to twist.]

STRATA, stra'ta, pl. of STRATUM. STRATAGEM, strat'a-jem, n. a piece of generalship: an artifice, esp. in war: a

STRENGTH

plan for deceiving an enemy or gaining an advantage. [L.-Gr. stratēģēmastrategos, a general-stratos, an army, and ago, to lead.]

STRATEGIC, stra-tej'ik, STRATEGICAL, stra-tej'i-kal, adj. pertaining to or done by strategy.adv. STRATEGICALLY. STRATEGIST, strat'e-jist, n. one skilled in strategy.

STRATEGY, strat'e-ji, n., generalship, or the art of conducting a campaign and manoeuvring an army.

STRATH, strath, n. (in Scotland) an extensive valley through which a river runs. [Gael.]

STRATIFICATION, strat-i-fi-ka'shun,

N.

act of stratifying: state of being stratified process of being arranged in layers. STRATIFORM, strat'i-form, adj., formed like strata.

STRATIFY, strat'i-fi, v.t. to form or lay in strata or layers:-pr.p. strat'ifying; pa.t. and pa.p. strat'ified. [Fr. stratifier-L. stratum, and facio, to make.] STRATUM, stra'tum, n. a bed of earth or rock formed by natural causes, and consisting usually of a series of layers: any bed or layer-pl. STRATA, strā'ta. [L. -sterno, stratum, to spread out.] STRATUS, stra'tus, n. a form of cloud occurring in a horizontal layer. [L. See STRATUM.] STRAW, straw, n. the stalk on which grain grows, and from which it is thrashed. a quantity of them when thrashed: anything worthless. [A.S. streaw, Ger. stroh, from the root of STREW.] STRAWBERRY, straw'ber-i, n. a plant and its berry or fruit, which is highly esteemed-prob. so called from its strewing or spreading along the ground. [A.S. streaw-berie.]

STRAWED (B.) for strewed, pa.t. and pa.p. of STREW.

STRAWY, straw'i, adj. made of or like straw.

STRAY, strā, v.i. to wander to go from the inclosure, company, or proper limits: to err: to rove: to deviate from duty or rectitude.-n. a domestic animal that has strayed or is lost. [O. Fr. estraier, perh. from estrai-L. strata, E. STREET; perh. influenced by STREW.]

STREAK, strek, n. a line or long mark different in color from the ground: (min.) the appearance presented by the surface of a mineral when scratched.-v.t. to form streaks in: to mark with streaks. [A.S. stric, strica, a stroke, line; cog. with Ger. strich; from root of STRIKE.] STREAKY, strēk'i, adj. marked with streaks striped.

STREAM, strēm, n. a current of water, air, or light, etc.: anything flowing out from a source: anything forcible, flowing, and continuous: drift: tendency.-v.i. to flow in a stream to pour out abundantly: to be overflown with: to issue in rays: to stretch in a long line. [A.S. stream; Ger. strom, Ice. straum-r.] STREAMER, strēm'er, n. an ensign or flag streaming or flowing in the wind: a luminous beam shooting upward from the horizon.

STREAMLET, strēm'let, n. a little stream. STREAMY, strēm'i, adj. abounding with streams flowing in a stream. STREET, strēt, n. a road in a town lined with houses, broader than a lane. [A.S. stræt (Dut. straat, Ger. strasze, It. strada) -L. strata (via), a paved (way), from sterno, E. STREW.]

STRENGTH, strength, n. quality of being strong power of any kind, active or passive force: vigor: solidity or toughness: power to resist attack: excellence: intensity brightness: validity: vigor

STRENGTHEN

of style or expression: security: amount of force potency of liquors: a fortification. [A.S.-strang, E. STRONG.] STRENGTHEN, strength'n, v.t. to make strong or stronger: to confirm to encourage: to increase in power or security.-v.i. to become stronger. STRENUOUS, stren'ū-us, adj. active: vigorous: urgent zealous: bold. - adv. STRENUOUSLY.-n. STRENUOUSNESS. [L. strenuus, akin to Gr. strēnēs, strong, hard.]

STRESS, stres, n. force: pressure; urgeney strain: violence, as of the weather: (mech.) force exerted in any direction or manner between two bodies. [Short for DISTRESS.]

-n.

STRETCH, strech, v.t. to extend: to draw out to expand: to reach out to exaggerate, strain, or carry further than is right.-v.i. to be drawn out: to be extended to extend without breaking.— act of stretching: effort: struggle : reach extension: state of being stretched: utmost extent of meaning: course. [A.S. streccan-strac, strong, violent, cog. with Ger. strack, straight, right out.]

STRETCHER, strech'er, n. anything used for stretching: a frame for carrying the sick or dead: a footboard for a rower. STREW, strōō, v.t. to spread by scattering: to scatter loosely-pa.p. strewed or strewn. [A.S. streowian; allied to Ger. streuen, L. sterno (perf. stravi), Gr. storennymi, Sans. stri.]

STRIATED, strī'at-ed, adj. marked with stric or small channels running_parallel to each other.-n. STRIA'TION. [L. striatus, pa.p. strio, to furrow-stria, a fur

row.

STRICKEN, strik'n, (B.) pa.p. of STRIKE.STRICKEN IN YEARS, advanced in years. STRICT, strikt, adj. exact: extremely nice: observing exact rules: severe: restricted: thoroughly accurate. - adv. STRICTLY. -n. STRICT NESS. [Orig. "drawn tight," L. strictus, pa.p. of stringo, to draw tight. Cf. STRAIN and STRANGLE.] STRICTURE, strik'tür, n. (med.) a morbid contraction of any passage of the body: an unfavorable criticism: censure: critical remark.

STRIDE, strīd, v.i. to walk with long steps. -v.t. to pass over at a step:-pa.t. strōde (obs. strid); pa.p. stridd'en.-n. a long step. [A.S. -stridan (in be-stridan, bestride), prob. conn. with A.S. stridh, strife, Ger. streit, from the idea of "stretching," ""straining."]

STRIDENT, strī'dent, adj., creaking, grating, harsh. [L. stridens, -entis, pr.p. of strideo, to creak.]

STRIFE, strif, n. contention for superiority: struggle for victory: contest: discord. [M. E. strif-O. Fr. e-strif. See STRIVE.] STRIKE, strik, v.t. to give a blow to: to hit with force: to dash: to stamp: to coin to thrust in: to cause to sound: to let down, as a sail : to ground upon, as a ship: to punish: to affect strongly : to affect suddenly with alarm or surprise: to make a compact or agreement: (B.) to stroke.-v.i. to give a quick blow: to hit to dash: to sound by being struck : to touch to run aground: to pass with a quick effect: to dart to lower the flag in token of respect or surrender to give up work in order to secure higher wages or the redress of some grievance:-pa.t. struck; pa.p. struck (obs. strick'en).act of striking for higher wages: (geol.) vertical or oblique direction of strata, being at right angles to the dip.-n. STRIK'ER.-TO STRIKE OFF, to erase from an account to print.-TO STRIKE OUT, to efface to bring into light: to form by

-n.

418

sudden effort.-TO STRIKE HANDS (B.) to become surety for any one. [Prob. orig. sig. to draw," A.S. strican; Ger. streichen, to move, to strike.] STRIKING, strik'ing, adj. affecting: surprising: forcible: impressive: exact.— adv. STRIK'INGLY.

STRING, string, n. a small cord or a slip of anything for tying: a ribbon: nerve, tendon: the chord of a musical instrument : a cord on which things are filed: a series of things.-v.t. to supply with strings: to put in tune: to put on a string: to make tense or firm: to take the strings off:-pa.t. and pa.p. strung. [A.S. streng; cog. with Dut. streng, Ice. streng-r, Ger. strang; conn. with L. stringo, to draw tight, Gr. stranggo. Cf. STRANGLE.] STRINGED, stringd, adj. having strings. STRINGENCY, strin'jen-si, n. state

or

quality of being stringent: severe press

ure.

STRINGENT, strin'jent, adj., binding strongly urgent.-adv. STRIN'GENTLY. [L. stringens, -entis, pr.p. of stringo. See STRICT.]

STRINGY, string'i, adj. consisting of strings or small threads: fibrous capable of being drawn into strings. -N. STRING'INESS.

STRIP, strip, v.t. to pull off in strips or stripes: to tear off: to deprive of a covering to skin to make bare to expose: to deprive to make destitute: to plunder. v.i. to undress :-pr.p. stripp'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. stripped.-n. same as STRIPE, a long narrow piece of anything. [A.S. strypan, allied to Ger. streifen.] STRIPE, strip, n. a blow, esp, one made with a lash, rod, etc.: a wale or discolored mark made by a lash or rod: a line, or long narrow division of a different color from the ground.-v.t. to make stripes upon to form with lines of different colors. [Allied to Low Ger. stripe, Ger. streif; belonging to the stem of STRIP.]

STRIPLING, strip'ling, n. a youth: one yet growing. [Dim. of STRIP, as being a strip from the main stem.] STRIVE, strīv, v.i. to make efforts: to endeavor earnestly: to labor hard: to struggle to contend: to aim :-pa.t. strove; pa.p. striv'en. -n. STRIV'ER. [O. Fr. e-strive-r, from the root of Ger. streben, Dut. streven. Cf. STRIFE.] STROKE, strok, n. a blow: a sudden attack calamity: the sound of a clock: a dash in writing: the sweep of an oar in rowing the movement of the piston of a steam-engine: the touch of a pen or pencil: a masterly effort. [From A.S. strac, pa.t. of strican, E. STRIKE; cf. Ger. streich, a stroke.]

STROKE, strōk, v.t. to rub gently in one direction to rub gently in kindness. -n. STROK'ER. [A.S. stracian, from the root of STROKE, n.; cf. Ger. streichen, streicheln.]

STROKESMAN, strōks'man, n. the aftermost rower, whose stroke leads the rest. STROLL, strōl, v.i. to ramble idly or leisurely to wander on foot.-n. a leisurely walk: a wandering on foot. -n. STROLLER. [Ety. unknown.] STRONG, strong, adj. firm having physical power: hale, healthy: able to endure: solid well fortified: having wealth or resources: moving with rapidity: impetuous: earnest: having great vigor, as the mind: forcible: energetic: affecting the senses, as smell and taste, forcibly having a quality in a great degree: intoxicating. bright: intense: well established.--adv. STRONG'LY. [A.S. strang, strong; Ice. strang-r, Ger. streng, tight, strong; from root of STRING.]

STRYCHNIA

STRONGHOLD, strong'hold, n. a place strong to hold out against attack: a fastness or fortified place: a fortress. STROP, strop, n. a strip of leather, or of wood covered with leather, etc., for sharpening razors.-v.t. to sharpen on a strop:-pr.p. stropp'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. stropped. [Older form of STRAP.] STROPHE, strof'e, n. in the ancient drama, the song sung by the chorus while dancing towards one side of the orchestra, to which its reverse, the antistrophe, answers.-adj. STROPH'IC. [Lit. a turning," Gr. strophe-strephō, to turn, twist.]

STROPHULUS, strof'u-lus, n. a papular eruption upon the skin peculiar to infants, and exhibiting a variety of forms known popularly as red-gum, white-gum, tooth-rash, etc. [L., dim. of strophus, from Gr. strophos, a bandlet, from strephō, to turn.]

STROSSERS, stros'erz, n.pl. a kind of covering for the leg, supposed by some commentators to be the same as Trousers. Shak.

STROUD, strowd, n. a kind of coarse blanket or garment made of strouding, worn by North American Indians. STROUDING, strowd'ing, n. a coarse kind of cloth employed in the trade with the North American Indians: material for strouds.

STROVE, strōv, pa.t. of STRIVE. STROW, strō. Same as STREW :- -pa.p. strowed or strōwn.

STRUCK, struk, pa.t. and pa.p. of STRIKE. STRUCTURE, strukt'ur, n. manner of building: construction: a building, esp. one of large size: arrangement of parts or of particles in a substance: manner of organization.—adj. STRUCTURAL. [L. structura-struo, structum, to build.] STRUGGLE, strug'l, v.i. to make great efforts with contortions of the body: to make great exertions: to contend: to labor in pain to be in agony or distress. -n. a violent effort with contortions of the body: great labor: agony. [Ety. dub.] STRUM, strum, v.t. to play on (as a musical instrument) in a coarse, noisy manner-pr.p. strumm'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. strummed. [From the sound.] STRUMPET, strum'pet, n. a prostitute.adj. like a strumpet: inconstant: false. [Prob. from L. stuprata, pa.p. of stupro, to debauch.]

STRUNG, strung, pa.t. and pa.p. of STRING. STRUNT, strunt, v.i. to walk sturdily: to walk with state: to strut. [Scotch.] STRUNT, strunt, n. spirituous liquor of any kind. Burns: a pet; a sullen fit. Ramsay. [Scotch.]

STRUSE, strōō'se, n. a long, burdensome craft used for transport on the inland waters of Russia.

STRUT, strut, v.i. to walk in a pompous manner: to walk with affected dignity:pr.o. strutt'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. strutt'ed.

n. a proud step or walk: affectation of dignity in walking. [Allied to Ger. strotzen, to be swollen or puffed up, Low Ger strutt, sticking out.]

STRYCHNIA, strik'ni-a, STRYCHNINE, strik'nin, n. a vegetable alkaloid, the sole active principle of Strychnos Tieuté, the most active of the Java poisons, and one of the active principles of S. Ignatii. S. nux-vomica, S. colubrina, etc. It is usually obtained from the seeds of S. nuxvomica. It is colorless, inodorous, crystalline, unalterable by exposure to the air, and extremely bitter. It is very insoluble, requiring 7000 parts of water for solution. It dissolves in hot alcohol, although sparingly, if the alcohol be pure and not diluted. It forms crystallizable salts,