YEA

two forms."-Dr. Morris. [A.S. ge, ye,
nom. pl. corresponding to thû, thou;
the genit. was eower, the dat. and acc.
eów; so that ye is properly the nom. pl.
and you the obj.; Dut. gij, Ice. ier, er,
Dan. and Sw. i, Ger. ihr, Goth. jus, all
ye or you (pl.).]

YEA, ya, adv., yes: verily. [A.S. gea; Ice.,
Ger., and Goth. ja. See YES.]

YEAN, yên, v.t. to bring forth young. [A.S.
eanian.]

X YEAR, yer, n. the time the earth takes to go round the sun: 365 days or 12 months: -pl. age or old age. [A.S. gear; Ger. jahr; Ice. âr; perh. conn. with Slav. jaro, spring, Gr. hora, season.]

YEARLING, yēr'ling, n. an animal a year old.

YEARLY, yer'li, adj. happening every year: lasting a year.-adv. once a year: from year to year.

YEARN, yern, v.i. to feel earnest desire : to feel uneasiness, as from longing or pity. [A.S. geornian-georn, desirous (Ger. gern).]

YEARNING, yern'ing, n., earnest desire, tenderness, or pity.-adj. longing.-adv. YEARN'INGLY.

YEAST, vēst, n. the froth of malt liquors in fermentation: a preparation which raises dough for bread. [A.S. gist; Ger. gäscht, gischt; from a Teut. root "to seethe," conn. with Gr. zeo, Sans. yas.] YEASTY, yest'i, adj. like yeast: frothy: foamy.

YELK. Same as YOLK.

YELL, yel, v.i. to howl or cry out with a
sharp noise to scream from pain or ter-
ror.-n. a sharp outcry. [A.S. gellan;
Ger. gellen; conn. with A.S. galan, to
sing (see NIGHTINGALE).]
YELLOW, yel'o, adj. of a bright gold
color.-n. a bright golden color. -
YELLOWNESS. [A.S. geolu; Ger. gelb;
cog. with L. helvus, light bay, gilvus,
pale yellow.]

-n.

YELLOW-BIRD, yel'ō-berd, n. a small singing bird of the family Fringillida, common in the United States, the Fringilla or Chrysometris tristis. The summer dress of the male is of a lemon yellow, with the wings, tail, and fore part of the head black. The female and male, during winter, are of a brown olive color. When caged the song of this bird greatly resembles that of the canary. The name is also given to the yellow poll warbler (Dendroica æstiva).

YELLOW-BOY, yel'ō-boi, n. a cant name for a guinea or other gold coin. "John did not starve the cause; there wanted not yellow-boys to fee counsel."-Arbuthnot.

YELLOW-FEVER, yel'ō-fe'ver, n. a malignant febrile disease, indigenous chiefly to the West Indies, upper coasts of South America, the borders of the Gulf of Mexico, and the Southern United States. It is attended with yellowness of the skin, of some shade between lemon-yellow and the deepest orange-yellow. It resembles typhus fever in the prostration, blood-disorganization, and softening of internal organs which are features of both diseases. YELLOWHAMMER, yel'ō-ham-er, n. a song-bird, so named from its yellow color: the yellow bunting. YELLOWISH, yel'o-ish, adj. somewhat yellow.-n. YELLOWISHNESS. YELLOW-LEGS, yel'o-legz, n. a grallatorial bird of the genus Gambetta (G. flavipes), family Scolopacidæ, distributed along the eastern coast of America from Maine to Florida, so called from the color of its legs. It is 10 inches long,

494

with a bill 1 inch. It is migratory, leaving the north in summer. It feeds on fish fry, crustaceans, etc., and in autumn it is fat and much prized for table.

YELLOW-METAL, yel'o-met-al, n. a sheathing alloy of copper and zinc: Muntz's metal.

is

YELLOW - PINE, yel'ō-pin, n. a North American tree of the genus Pinus, P. mitis or variabilis. The wood is compact and durable, and is universally employed in the countries where it grows for domestic purposes. It is also extensively exported to Britain and elsewhere. In Canada and Nova Scotia the name given to P. resinosa, and it is also applied to P. australis. [See PINE.] YELLOW-ROOT, yel'ō-rōōt, n. a plant of the genus Xanthorrhiza, the X. apiifolia. It is a small North American shrub having creeping roots of a yellow color, stalked pinnate or bipinnate leaves, and small dull purple flowers in axillary branched racemes. The bark of the root is intensely bitter, and is used in America as a tonic.

YELLOWS, yel'ōz, n. an inflammation of the liver, or a kind of jaundice which affects horses, cattle, and sheep, causing yellowness of the eyes. "His horse. raied with the yellows."-Shak.: a disease of peach-trees, little heard of except in America, where it destroys whole orchards in a few years.

YELLOW-SNAKE, yel'o-snāk, n. a large species of boa, common in Jamaica, the Chilabothrus inornatus. It is from 8 to 10 feet long, the head olive-green, the front part of the body covered with numerous black lines, while the hinder part is black, spotted with yellowish olive.

XYELLOW-THROAT, yel'ō-thrōt, n. a small North American singing bird of the genus Sylvia (S. Marilandica), a species of warbler.

YELP, yelp, v.i. to utter a sharp bark.

[A.S. gealp, a loud sound: Ice. gialpa, to make a noise, Ger. gelfern; prob. influenced by YELL.]

YEOMAN, yo'man, n. a man of common rank next below a gentleman: a man of small estate: an officer of the royal household. [Found in O. Fris. gaman, villager-ga, a village (Goth. gawi, Ger. gau), and MAN; cf. also Bavarian gäuman, a peasant.]

YEOMANRY, yō'man-ri, n. the collective body of yeomen or freeholders. YES, yes, adv. ay: a word of affirmation or consent. [A.S. gese-gea, yea, and se (for sie, si), let it be.]

YESTER, yes'ter, adj. relating to yesterday last. [A.S. gistran, yesterday; Ger. gestern; conn. with L. hesternus, Gr. chthes, Sans. hyas.] YESTERDAY, yes'ter-da, n. the day last past.

YÉSTERNIGHT, yes'ter-nīt, n. the night last past.

:

YET, yet, adv. in addition: besides: at the same time: up to the present time: hitherto even however.-conj. nevertheless however. [A.S. git, gita, from a root seen also in L. ja-m.] YEW, u, n. an evergreen tree, allied to the pine. [A.S. eow, iw; Ger. eibe, Ir. iubhar.] YEZDEGERDIAN, yez-de-ger'di-an, adj. a term applied to an era, dated from the overthrow of the Persian Empire, when Yezdegerd was defeated by the Arabians, in the eleventh year of the Hegira, A.D.

636.

YEZIDEE, yez'i-dē, n. a member of a small tribe of people bordering on the Eu

YOURSELF

phrates whose religion is said to be a mixture of the worship of the devil, with some of the doctrines of the Magi, Mohammedans, and Christians.

Y-FERE, i-fer', adv. in company or union: together.

O goodly golden chain! wherewith ufere

The vertues linked are in lovely wise.-Spenser. [Apparently from O. E. ifere, A.S. geféra, a companion.] YGDRASIL, YGGDRASILL, ig'dra-sil, n. RASILI in Scand. myth. the ash-tree which binds together heaven, earth, and hell. Its branches spread over the whole world and reach above the heavens. Its roots run in three directions: one to the Asa gods in heaven, one to the Frost-giants, and the third to the under-world. Under each root is a fountain of wonderful virtues. In the tree, which drops honey, sit an eagle, a squirrel, and four stags. At the root lies the serpent Nithhöggr gnawing it, while the squirrel Ratatöskr runs up and down to sow strife between the eagle at the top and the serpent at the

root.

YIELD, yeld, v.t. to resign: to grant to give out to produce: to allow.-v.i. to submit to comply with: to give place. -n. amount yielded product. [A.S. gildan, to pay; Goth. gildan, Ger. gelten, Ice. gjalda. See GUILD.]

YIELDING, yeld'ing, adj. inclined to give way or comply: compliant.-adv. YIELD'

INGLY.

YOKE, yōk, n. that which joins together: the frame of wood joining oxen for drawing any similar frame, as one for carrying pails: a mark of servitude: slavery: (B.) a pair or couple.-v.t. to put a yoke on: to join together to enslave. [A.S. ioc; Ger. joch; L. jugum, Gr. zygon. From the root of L. jungo, Sans. yudj. to join.]

YOKE-FELLOW,yōk'-fel'ō, YOKE-MATE, yōk'-māt, n. an associate: a mate or fellow.

YOLK, yōk, YELK, yelk, n. the yellow part of an egg. [A.Š. geolca-from root of A.S. geolo, E. YELLOW.]

YON, yon, YONDER, yon'der, adv. at a distance within view.-adj. being at a distance within view. [A.S. geon-d, thither, yonder; cog. with Ger. jen-er, that; the root being the pronominal stem ya.] YORE, yōr, n. in old time. [From A.S. geára, formerly, allied to gear, E. YEAR : or compounded of geo, formerly, and ær, E. ERE.]

YOU, u, pron. 2d pers. pron. pl., but also used as sing. [Orig. only an objective case; A.S. eow; O. Ger. iu, Ger. euch. See YE.]

YOUNG, yung, adj. not long born: in early life in the first part of growth: inexperienced.-n. the offspring of animals. [A.S. geong: Ger. jung; also conn. with L. juvenis, Sans. yuvan.]

YOUNGISH, yung'gish, adj. somewhat young. YOUNGLING, yung'ling, n. a young person or animal. [A.S. geong-ling; Ger. jüngling.]

YOUNGSTER, yung'ster, n. a young per son: a lad. [Orig. fem.; see -ster in list of Affixes.] YOUNKER, yung'ker, n. same as YOUNGSTER. [From Dut. jonker (from jonkheer, "young master" or "lord "), Ger. junker.

YOUR, ur, pron. poss. of You; belonging to you. [A.S. eower. See You.] YOURS, urz, pron. poss. of You, not followed by a noun. YOURSELF, ur-self', pron., your own self

or person.

YOUTH

X YOUTH, yooth, n. state of being young:

X

early life: a young person: young persons taken together. [A. S. geogudh, from the stem of YOUNG; Ger. jugend, Goth. junda.]

YOUTHFUL, yōōth'fool, adj. pertaining to youth or early life: young: suitable to youth: fresh: buoyant, vigorous.—adv. YOUTH FULLY.-n. YOUTH'FULNESS. XYUCCA, yuk'a, n. a large garden plant of the lily family, familiarly called Adam's needle, native to sub-tropical America. [W. Indian name.] YUFTS, yufts, n. a kind of Russia leather, which when well prepared is of good red color, soft and pinguid on the surface, and pleasant to the touch, with an agreeable peculiar odor. Simmonds. YUG, yug, YUGA, yoogʻa, n. one of the ages into which the Hindus divide the duration or existence of the world. [Sans. yuga, an age, from yuj, to join.] YULAN, yōo'lan, n. a beautiful flowering tree of China; the Magnolia Yulan, a tree of 30 or 40 feet in its native country, but, in European gardens, of not more than 12 feet.

YULE, yōōl, n. the Old English and still to some extent the Scotch and Northern English name for Christmas, or the feast of the nativity of our Saviour.

And at each pause they kiss: was never seen
such rule

In any place but here, at bonfire or at Yule.
-Drayton.

They bring me sorrow touch'd with joy,
The merry merry bells of Yule.-Tennyson.
[A.S. geol, giúl, iúl, geohol, Christmas,
the feast of the nativity, whence geôla,
the Yule month, December; Ice. jól,
originally a great festival lasting thirteen
days, and having its origin in heathen
times, afterwards applied to Christmas;
Dan. juul, Sw. jul. Of doubtful_origin,
but most commonly connected with
wheel, Ice. hjól, Dan. and Sw. hjul, as
being a feast originally celebrated at the
sun's wheeling or turning at midsummer
and midwinter, but the h of these words
is strongly against this. Skeat follow-
ing Fick connects it with E. yowl, yawl,
as referring to festive noise or outcry.
Jolly is from this word, coming to us.
through the French.]

ZACCHEAN, zak'ē-an, n. a follower of Zaccheus of Palestine, of the fourth cen tury, who taught that only private prayer was acceptable to God. His disciples, therefore, retired to a hill near Jerusalem for their devotions.

ZAFFRE, zaf'fer, n. impure oxide of cobalt the residuum of cobalt, after the sulphur, arsenic, and other volatile matters have been expelled by calcination. So that it is a gray or dark-gray oxide of cobalt, mixed with a portion of silica. When fused into a glass it is intensely blue, and is much used by enamellers and porcelain manufacturers as a blue color. [Fr. zafre, safre, saffre, Sp. zafre, probably of Arabic origin.] ZAIM, zä'im, n. a Turkish chief or leader. ZAIMET, zä'i-met, n. a Turkish name for an estate a district from which a zaim draws his revenue. ZAMANG, za-mang', n. a leguminous tree of Venezuela, the Pithecolobium Saman, the hemispherical head of one individual of which Humboldt describes as being 526 feet in circumference, its diameter

495

being 60 feet and the diameter of its trunk 9 feet.

ZANY, zā'ni, n. a merry-andrew: a buffoon. [Fr. zani-It. zani, a corr. of Giovanni, John. Cf. the use of the names JOHN and JACK.]

ZAX, zaks, n. an instrument used by slaters for cutting and dressing slates: a kind of hatchet with a sharp point on the poll for perforating the slate to receive the nail. [A.S. seax, Ice. sax, a knife or short sword; O. H. Ger. sahs.] ZAYAT, zä'yat, n. in Burmah, a public shed or portico for the accommodation of travellers, loungers, and worshippers, found in every Burmese village and attached to many pagodas. H. Yule. Z-CRANK, zee'-krangk, n. a peculiarlyshaped crank in the cylinder of some marine steam-engines, so named from its zigzag form. Simmonds.

ZEAL, zēl, n., boiling or passionate ardor for anything: enthusiasm. [L. zelusGr. zēlos, zēo, to boil. Cf. YEAST.] ZEALOT, zel'ot, n. one full of zeal: an enthusiast a fanatic. [Gr. zēlītēs—zēlos (see ZEAL).]

ZEALOUS, zel'us, adj. full of zeal: warmly engaged or ardent in anything.―adv. ZEAL'OUSLY.

ZEBRA, zebra, n. an animal of the horse

kind, beautifully striped. [Of African origin.]

ZEBU, zē bōō, n. a kind of ox with long ears and a hump on the shoulders, called also the Indian ox. [E. Indian name.] ZECHARIAH, zek-a-rī′a, n. the name of one of the books of the Bible, the work of one of the twelve minor prophets. Little is known of his history, and the obscurity of his style has much embarrassed the commentators on this book. ZECHIN, zek'in, n. a Venetian gold coin, worth about $2.25. [It. zecchino, Fr. sequin. See SEQUIN.] ZEMINDAR, zem-in-dar', n. Indian name for the landlords who pay the govern ment revenue, as distinguished from the ryots or actual cultivators of the soil. [From an Ar. word, sig. “land."] ZENANA, ze-nä'na, n. the name given to the portion of a house reserved exclusively for the females belonging to a family of good caste in India. [Per. zenanah, belonging to women, from zen, woman.] ZEND, zend, n. an ancient Iranian language, in which are composed the sacred writings of the Zoroastrians. It is a member of the Aryan family of languages, and very closely allied to Sanskrit, esp. the Sanskrit of the Vedas, by means of which, and by the help of comparative philology, it has been deciphered. Called also AVESTAN. A contracted name for the ZEND - AVESTA or sacred writings of Zoroaster. [From ZEND in ZEND-AVESTA.]

ZEND-AVESTA, zend-a-ves'ta, n. the collective name for the sacred writings of the Guebers or Parsees, ascribed to Zoroaster, and reverenced as a bible or sole rule of faith and practice. It consists of several divisions, of which the oldest is written in the primitive Zend language. It is often called the AVESTA. [This name seems to mean "commentary-text," or authorized text and commentary. The first portion of the name is now usually applied to the language in which the early portion of the work is written.] ZENDIK, zen'dik, n. this name is given in the East not only to disbelievers in revealed religion, but also to such as are accused of magical heresy. [Ar., an infidel, an atheist.]

ZINCOGRAPHY

ZENITH, zen'ith, n. the point of the heavens directly overhead: greatest height. [Fr., through It. zenit, from Ar. semt, short for semt-ur-rás, lit. " way of the head."] ZEPHYR, zef'ir, n. the west wind: a soft, gentle breeze. [Gr. zephyros — zophos, darkness, the dark quarter, the west.] ZERO, zē'ro, n. cipher : nothing: the point from which a thermometer is graduated. [Fr.—It.—Ar. sifr. [Doublet CIPHER.]

ZEST, zest,n. something that gives a relish: relish. [Fr. zeste, skin of an orange or lemon used to give a flavor; perh. from L. schistus-Gr. schistos, cleft, divided— schizo, to cleave.]

ZETA, zē'ta, n. a little closet or chamber. Applied by some writers to the room over the porch of a Christian church where the sexton or porter resided and kept the church documents. Britton. [L. zeta, for diæta, a chamber, a dwelling, from Gr. diaita, a way of living, mode of life, dwelling.]

ZETETIC, zē-tet'ik, adj. proceeding by inquiry: seeking.-THE ZETETIC_METHOD, in math. the method used in endeavoring to discover the value of unknown quantities or to find the solution of a problem. [Gr. zētētikos, from zēteō, to seek.] ZETETIC, zē-tet'ik, n. a seeker: a name adopted by some of the Pyrrhonists. ZETETICS, zē-tet'iks, n. a name given to that part of algebra which consists in the direct search after unknown quantities. ZETICULA, zē-tik'ū-la, n. a small withdrawing-room. [A dim. of zeta.] ZEUGLODON, zü'glo-don, n. an extinct genus of marine mammals, regarded by Huxley as intermediate between the true cetaceans and the carnivorous seals. The species had an elongated snout, conical incisors, and molar teeth with triangular serrated crowns, implanted in the jaws by two roots, each molar appearing to be formed of two separate teeth united at the crown (whence the generic name). They belong to the eocene and miocene, the best known species being Z. cetoides of the middle eocene of the United States, which attained a length of 70 feet. The first found remains were believed to be those of a reptile, and the name Basilosaurus was therefore given to them. [Gr. zeugle, the strap or loop of a yoke, and odous, odontos, a tooth, lit. yoke-tooth: so called from the peculiar form of its molar teeth.]

ZEUGLODONTIDÆ, zû-glo-don'ti-dē, n.pl. an extinct family of cetaceans, of which Zeuglodon is the type.

ZEUGMA, zug'ma, n. a figure in grammar in which two nouns are joined to a verb suitable to only one of them, but suggesting another verb suitable to the other noun; or in which an adjective is similarly used with two nouns. [Gr. zeugma, from zeugnymi, to join. See YOKE.] ZEUGMATIC, züg-mat'ik, adj. of or per

taining to the figure of speech zeugma ZEUS, zūs, n. in myth. the supreme divinity among the Greeks; the ruler of the other gods: generally treated as the equivalent of the Roman Jupiter. ZIGZAG, zig zag, adj. having short, sharp turns.-v.t. to form with short turns. [An imitative word; Fr. zig-zag, Ger. Zickzack.]

ZINC, zingk, n. a bluish-white metal, somewhat like tin. [Ger. zink, prob. allied to zinn, tin.]

ZINCOGRAPHY, zing-kog'ra-fi, n. art of printing from plates of zinc. [ZINC, and Gr. graphō, to write.]

ZIRCONIUM

ZIRCONIUM, zir-ko'ni-um, n. one of the rarer metals.

ZODIAC, zō'di-ak, n. an imaginary belt in the heavens, containing the twelve constellations, called signs of the zodiac.adj. ZODIACAL. [Lit. "the circle of animals," Gr. zōdiakos, of animals (kyklos, a circle) zodion, dim. of zōon, an animal, zao, to live.]

ZOILEAN, zō-i-lē'an, adj.relating to Zoilus, a severe critic; hence, a term applied to bitter, severe, or malignant criticism or critics. [See ZOILISM.]

66

ZOILISM, zō'il-izm, n. illiberal or carping criticism: unjust censure. Bring candid eyes unto the perusal of men's works, and let not zoilism or detraction blast any well- intended labors."- Sir T. Browne. [After Zoilus, a sophist and grammarian of Amphipolis, who criticised Homer, Plato, and Isocrates with exceeding severity.] ZOLLVEREIN, tsol'ver-in, n. the German commercial or customs union, founded about the year 1818, and afterwards greatly extended through the example and efforts of the government of Prussia. Its principal object was the establishment of a uniform rate of customs duties throughout the various states joining the union. The territories of the Zollverein now coincide with those of the new German Empire (with the notable exceptions of Hamburg and Bremen), and include Luxemburg. [Ger. zoll, toll, custom, duty, and verein, union or association.] ZOMBÓRUK, zombo-ruk, n. same as ZUMBOORUK. "A section of some eighteen or twenty camels... with zomboruks, or

496

swivel guns, mounted on their backs, and an artilleryman or two to each." W. H. Russell.

ZONE, zōn, n. a girdle: one of the five great belts into which the surface of the earth is divided. [L. zona-Gr. zōnē, a girdle-zōnnymi, tỏ gird; akin to JOIN, YOKE.]

ZONED, zōnd, adj. wearing a zone or girdle: having zones or concentric bands. ZOOLOGIST, zo-ol'o-jist, n. one versed in zoology.

ZOOLOGY, zo-ol'o-ji, n. that part of nat ural history which treats of animals.adj. ZOOLOG'ICAL.-adv. ZOOLOG'ICALLY. [Gr. zoon, an animal, and logos, a discourse.]

ZOOPHYTE, zo'o-fit, n. a term now applied to true polyps, as corals, etc. [Lit."animal-plant," Gr. zōophyton-zōon, an animal, phyton, a plant.] ZOROASTRIANISM, zor-ō-as'tri-an-izm, n. the national faith of ancient Persia, so named from its founder, Zoroaster. ZOUAVE, zōō-av or zwäv, n. a soldier belonging to the light infantry corps in the French army, organized in Algeria, and originally intended to be composed exclusively of a tribe of Kabyles, but which, having gradually changed its character, is now constituted almost exclusively of Frenchmen. These corps still, however, wear the picturesque dress, which consists of a loose, dark-blue jacket and waistcoat, baggy Turkish trousers, yellow leather leggings, white gaiters, a skyblue sash, and a red fez with yellow tassel. The few corps filled with Algerines still connected with the French army

ZYTHUM

are now known as Turcos. [Fr., from the name of a tribe inhabiting Algeria.] ZUCHETTO, tsōō-ket'tō, n. in the R. Cath. Ch. the skull-cap of an ecclesiastic covering the tonsure. A priest's is black, a bishop's purple, a cardinal's red, and the pope's white. [It. zucchetta, a small gourd, anything in the form of a gourd, from zucca, a gourd.]

ZULU, zōō'lōō or zoo-lōō', n. a member of a warlike branch of the Kafir race inhabiting a territory in South Africa situated on the coast of the Indian Ocean, immediately north of the British colony of Natal.

ZUMBOORUK, zoom-bōō'ruk, n. in the Orient, a small cannon supported by a swivelled rest on the back of a camel, whence it is fired.

ZYMOTIC, zī-mot'ik, adj. denoting all diseases, as cholera, typhus, etc., in which a poison works through the body like a ferment. [Gr., from zymōō, to ferment -zyme, leaven.]

ZYMURGY, zī'mer-ji, n. a name applied to that department of technological chemistry which treats of the scientific principles of wine-making, brewing, distilling, and the preparation of yeast and vinegar, in which processes fermentation plays the principal part. Watts. [Gr. zymē, a ferment, and ergon, work.]

ZYTHEPSARY, zi-thep'sa-ri, n. a brewery or brew-house. [Gr. zythos, a kind of beer, and hepsō, to boil.]

ZYTHUM, zi'thum, n. a kind of ancient malt beverage: a liquor made from malt and wheat. [L. zythum-Gr. zythos, a kind of beer.]

PREFIXES.

A-(A.S.) represents :

(1.) A.S. on, on, as abed (from M. E. on badde), among, about, a-fishing. (2.) A.S. and-, over against, close to, as along (from A.S. and-lang, i.e., over against in length). [Cog. with Goth. anda, Ger. ent-, ant-, L. ANTE-, Gr. ANTI- (which see).]

(3.) A.S. â-, out, out from, as in arise (from A.S. arisan, to rise out of or up), or sig. very," as in aghast. [Cog. with Ger. er-, Goth. us-, ur-.]

66

(4.) A.S. of, of, from, as in adown (from

A.S. of dune," from the height "), anew, akin; or from of-, intensive, as athirst. (5.) A.S. ge-, y-, as aware (from M. E. ywar -A.S. geweer), a-f-ford.

(6.) for at, old sign of inf., as ado. [From the Scand.]

A- (L. and Gr.) represents: (1.) L. AB-; (2.) L. AD-; (3.) L. Ex-, as in abash, amend; (4.) Gr. A- (for AN-). See these prefixes.

A-, AB-, ABS- (L.), away from, as avert, absolve, avaunt, abstract. [L. a, ab, abs (oldest form ap); cog. with Gr. APO-, Sans. apa, Ger. ab, E. OFF.] AD- (L.), to, at, as adhere, adapt. The d becomes assimilated to the following consonant, as in accede, affix, aggregate, allot, annex, approve, arrive, assign, attract. [L. ad; cog. with Sans. adhi, Goth. and E. at, Celt. ar-.] AMBI-, AMB- (L.), round about, both, as ambition, amputate, ambidexter. [L.; cog. with Gr. AMPHI-, Sans. abhi, around, O. Ger. umpi (Ger. um).] AMPHI-(Gr.), round about, both, as amphitheatre, amphibious. [Cog. with L. AMBI-, AMB-.]

AN- (A.S.), against, in return, as answer. [A.S. and-, Ger. ant-, Goth. and-.] AÑ-, A- (Gr.), not, without, as anarchy, atom, ambrosia. [Gr.; cog. with Sans. an-, a-, L. in-, E. UN-, IN-, not.] ANA-, AN- (Gr.), up, back, as analyze, anatomy, aneurism. [Cog. with Goth. ana, E. ON.]

ANTE- (L.), before, as antecedent, anticipate, ancestor (for L. ante-cessor). [L. ante, old form anti; conn. with ANTI-.] ANTI- (Gr.), opposite to, against, as antipathy, antipodes, antagonist. [Gr.; conn. with L. ANTE-, Sans. anti, facing, Ger. ant- in Antwort, E. an- (for and-) in ANSWER (see Dict.). Cf. A- (A.S.) (2.), above.]

APO- (Gr off, from, away, as apostle, aphelion? [Cog. with L. AB-.]

AT- (E.), near, as atone; against, as twit. [A.S. æt.]

AUTO- (Gr.), self, as autograph, autopsy. BE- (A.S.), by, before, beside, as behalf;

FF

intensive, as besprinkle; privative, as behead. [A form of By. See Dict.] BIS- (L.), twice, as biscuit, biennial. [Corr. of dvis, ablative of duo, two.] CATA-, CATH-, CAT- (Gr.), down, downwards, according to, as cataract, catholic, catechism. [Gr. kata.] CIRCUM-, CIRCU- (L.), round about, as circumscribe, circuit. [Properly accusative of circus, a circle. See CIRCLE in Dict.]

CIS- (L.), on this side, as cisalpine. [From the demons. stem ki-, which appears in COM-, CON- (L.), together, with, as conGr. e-kei, there, and the -c of L. hic, sic.] nect, cohere, collect, correct; often intensive, as commotion. [Com- is the old form of L. cum, with; cog. with Gr. syn, Sans. sam. The root, originally signifying" 'one," is seen in L. sim-ul, together, Gr. ham-a, together, E. simple (which see in Dict.).] CONTRA-, CONTRO-, COUNTER- (L.), against, as contradict, controvert, counteract. [L. contra (whence Fr. contre), from CON-, and -tra, from root tar, to cross, seen also in TRANS-.]

DE- (L., or Fr.-L.), down, from, away, occurs in words derived either directly from L., as deduce; or through the Fr. from L., in which case DE- represents either (1.) O. Fr. des-, from L. dis-, asunder, not, as in defeat (O. Fr. des-fait), or (2.) Fr.-L. de-, as describe [lit. "write down"], decompose.

DIA- (Gr.), two, through, as dialogue ["a conversation between two"], diameter. [Gr. dia (from dyo, two), sig. dividing into two, through.]

DIS (Gr.), two, twice, as dissyllable, dicotyledonous. [From dvis, from root of Two.]

DIS- (L.), in two, asunder, as dispart, differ, disperse; negative, as disrelish; privative, as dislodge. [Dis for dvis, from L. duo, Gr. dyo, Sans. dvi, Goth. and E. two. See Two in Dict.] DYS- (Gr.), ill, difficult, as dysentery, dyspepsy. [Cog. with Sans. dus, Goth. tus, Ger. zer-, A.S. To-, E. Two.] E-. See Ex-.

EC- or EX- (Gr.), out of, from, as ecstasy, exodus. [Gr. ex, cog. with L. ex, and Russian iz', out.]

EM-, EN- (Fr.-L.), in, into, as enlist; to make, as enlarge; before b and p, ENchanges to EM-, as embark. [Fr. en-L. in. See IN- (L.), in, into.]

EN- (Gr.), in, on, as energy, endemic, emphasis. [See IN in Dict.] ENTER- (Fr.), between, among, as 'entertain. [Fr. entre-L. INTER-.] EPI- (Gr.), on, as epitaph; during, as ephemeral. [Gr. epi; Sans. api, Ľ. OB–.]

ES (Fr. or Sp.-L.), out, as escape, esplanade. [O. Fr. or Sp. es-L. Ex-.] ESO- (Gr.), in, into, as esoteric. [From

Gr. eis, into, whose form was prob. orig. ens, a strengthened form of EN- (Gr.).] EU-(Gr.), well, as euphony, eulogy. [Gr.

eu, eus, good, for es-us, real, from root of Is (see Dict.).]

EX-or E- (L.), from, out of, as expel, eject, efflux. [Conn. with Gr. Ec- or Ex-.] EXO- (Gr.), outside, as exotic. [From ExEXTRA- (L.), on the outside, beyond, as (Gr.).] extramural, extraordinary. [Contr. of extera (parte being understood), ablative feminine of exterus, beyond, a compar. form, from Ex- (L.).]

FOR- (A.S.), through, thorough, away, so as to be non-existent, or to be destroyed, as forswear, forbid. [A.S. for; Ger. ver-, Goth. fra-, L. per-, Sans. para; conn. with FAR and FROM.]

FOR- (Fr.-L.), as in foreclose, forfeit. [Fr.-L. foris, lit. "out of doors," used in the sense of "outside," "beyond," "amiss."]

FORE (A.S.), before, as foretell. [A.S. fore; O. Ger. fora (Ger. vor), Goth. faura, L. PRO-.]

GAIN- (A.S.), against, as gainsay. [A.S. HEMI- (Gr.), half, as hemisphere. [Gr. ; gegn, gean. See AGAINST in Dict.] cog. with L. SEMI- Sans. sami-, O. Ger. sâmi-.]

HYPER- (Gr.), over, above, beyond, as hyperborean, hypercritical. [Cog. with SUPER- and OVER-.]

HYPO-, HYP- (Gr.), under, as hypotenuse.

[Cog. with L. SUB-, Goth. uf, Sans. upa.] I-, Y-, as in I-wis, yclept, hand-y-work. [A.S. ge-, sign of the past participle passive.]

IN- (L.), not, as infirm. Before p, the n changes to m, as impudent; before l, m, and r, it is assimilated to those consonants, as illegal, immature, irregular. [L.; cog. with Gr. AN-, E. UN-.] IN- (L.), in, into, as infuse, illumine, impel, irrigate. [See IN in Dict.]

IN- (A.S.), in, on, as income, inward; to make, as imbitter, lit. to put into a state of bitterness. [See IN in Dict.] INTER- (L.), in the midst of, between, as interval, intellect. [A compar. form, cog. with E. UNDER, and Sans. antar, within.]

INTRA- (L.), in the inside of, within, as intramural. [Contr. of intera, ablative feminine of interus, inward-INTER-.] INTRO- (L.), into, within, as introduce. [Contr. of intero, ablative masculine of interus-INTER-.]

JUXTA- (L.), near, as juxtaposition. [Superlative form, from root of L. ju(n)go, to join. See JOIN in Dict.]

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498

META-, MET- (Gr.), lit. "in the middle," hence with; after, as method (lit. way after); often implies change, as metamorphose, metonymy. [Gr. meta; cog. with A.S. mid, Goth. mith, Ger. mit; Sans. mithu, Zend mat.]

MIS- (A.S. and Scand.), wrong, ill, as misbehave, misdeed, mislead. [A.S. and Scand. mis-, Ger. miss-. Cf. Miss, v.t. in Dict.]

MIS- (Fr.-L.), as in mischief. [Fr. mis-, for O. Fr. mes-, from L. minus, less.] MONO-, MON-(Gr.), single, as monograph. [Gr. monos, alone.]

N-(A.S.), no, not, as never. [A.S. ne; cog. with O. Ger. and Goth. ni, L. ne, Sans. na.]

NE-(Gr.), not, as nepenthe; (L.) not, as nefarious, neuter. [Allied to E. No (see Dict.).]

NEC- (L.), not, as neglect, negative. [Contr. of neque, from ne, not, que, and.] NON- (L.), not, as nonsense, nonage. [From ne unum, not one. Cf. E. NOT in Dict.] OB-(L.), in the way of, against, as obstruct, omit, occur, offer, oppose, ostentation. [Cog. with Gr. epi, Sans. api.]

OFF (A.S.), off, from, away, as offshoot, offset. [A form of Or. Cf. A-, AB-, and see OF in Dict.]

ON- (A.S.), on, as onset, onlooker.
ON in Dict.]

[See

OUT-(A.S.), out, beyond, as outlaw, outbid. [A.S. ut. See OUT in Dict.] OVER- (A.S.), over, above, as overarch, overseer. [See OVER in Dict.] PAN- (Gr.), all, as panacea, pantheism. PARA-, PAR- (Gr.), beside, as parable; beyond, wrong, as paralyze. [Gr. para; akin to Sans. para, away, L. per-, and E. for- in forgive.] PENE (L.), almost, as peninsula. PER- (L.), through, as permit, pellucid, pollute; thoroughly, as perfect. perjure, perish, it is equivalent to E. for- in forswear (see FOR-, A.S.). [Akin to Gr. PARA-, beside, Sans. para, away, E. for-, Ger. ver-.]

In

PERI- (Gr.), round, as perimeter, periphrasis. [Gr. peri; Sans. peri, also allied to Gr. para.]

POL, POR- (L.), as pollute, portend. [From O. L. port-, towards.] POST- (L.), backwards, behind, after, as postpone.

POUR-, PUR- (Fr.-L.), as pourtray, purvey. [Fr.-L. PRO-.]

PRE- (L.), before, as predict, prefer. [L. proe, akin to L. pro.]

PRETER- (L.), beyond, as preterit, preternatural, pretermit. [L. præter-præ, | with comparative suffix -ter. See ALTER in Dict.]

PRO- (Gr.), before, as prologue, programme. [Gr. pro; cog. with L. PRO-, Sans. pra, E. FOR (prep.; see Dict.).] PRO- (L.), before, forth, forward, as project; instead of, from the idea of being before, as pronoun. [Cog. with PRO(Gr.), which see.]

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

SEMI- (L.), half, as semicircle. [L.; cog. with Gr. hemi.]

[Si,

SINE- (L.), without, as sinecure. demons. instrumental sig. "by that," and ne, not.]

SUB- (L.), under, from under, after, as subject, suspect, succeed, suffuse, suggest, summon, support, surprise, suspend, sojourn. [L. sub (which in O. Fr. became so-).]

SUBTER-(L.), under, as subterfuge. [From SUB-, and compar. suffix -ter, meaning SUPER-(L.), over, above, beyond, as supermotion. See TRANS-.] structure, supernatural. [L.; cog. with Sans. upari, Gr. hyper, Goth. ufar, E. OVER.]

SUPRA (L.), over, above, as supramundane. [Contr. of ablative fem. of superus, above, from SUPER-. Cf. SUPERIOR in Dict.]

end. [L. -andus, -endus, gerundial suffix.] -ANEOUS, belonging to, as extraneous. [L. -aneus.]

-ANT, ENT, adj. suffix, as repentant, patient; also sometimes denoting the agent, as sergeant, student, innocent. [L. -ans, -ant-is, or -ens, -ent-is, suffix of pr.p.] -AR, belonging to, as angular. [L. -ar-is, Sans. -ara.]

-AR, -ARD, -ART. See under -ER (marking the agent).

-AR, -ER, OR, noun suffixes, marking place where, as cellar, larder, manor [L. -arium]; denoting the agent, as vicar, treasurer, chancellor [L. -arius]. -ARD, intensive, as drunkard, coward. [Fr.-Ger. hart, E. HARD.] -ARY, noun suffix, marking place where, as seminary [L. -arium]; the agent, as secretary, antiquary [L. -arius]; with -an added, forming an adj. suffix, as unitari-an, agrari-an.

TO- (A.S.), asunder, as in to-brake. [A.S. to-, cog. with Gr. Dys- (which see); cf. DIS- (L.).]

TRANS- (L.), beyond, across, as transport, traverse. [From root tar, to cross; the same root occurs in INTER-, INTRO-, PRETER, RETRO, SUBTER-.]

U- (Gr.), no, not, as Utopia. [Gr. ou, not.] ULTRA- (L.), beyond, as ultramarine. [From ulter (stem of ulterior), ul- being from root of L. ille.]

UN-(A.S.), not, as unhappy, untruth; back, as untie. [Cog. with Gr. AN-, and L. IN(negative).]

UNDER- (A.S.), under, below, as underprop, undersell. [See UNDER in Dict.] UP- (A.S.), up, as uphill. [See UP in Dict.] VIS, VICE- (Fr.-L.), in place of, as viscount, viceroy. [Fr. vis-, from L. vice, instead of.]

-ABLE, adj. suffix, capable of, as portable, laughable. [L. -a-b-ili-s.]

-AC, adj. suffix, pertaining to, as elegiac; | also used as noun suffix, as maniac. [L, -acus, Gr. -akos.]

-ASTER, dim. and freq. (often implying contempt), as poetaster. [Fr. -astre (It. -astro)-L. -as-ter, from Aryan as-tar.] -ATE, verbal suffix, as navigate, permeate; adj., as desolate, delicate; noun, as legate, advocate. [Norm. Fr. -at, L. -atus, suffix of pa.p.]

-BLE. See -ABLE.

-BLE, -PLE, fold, as double, treble, quadruple. [L. -plus, lit. "full." -CE. See under -s, adverbial suffix. -CELLI, -CELLO, dim., as vermicelli, violoncello. [It., from L. -cu-lus. See under -I.]

-CH, dim., as blotch. [See -OCK.] -CLE, -CULE, dim., as in particle, animalcule, from L. cu-lus, which also gives (through It.) -CELLI, CELLO. See under -L.]

-CY, being, or state of being, as clemency. [Fr. -cie-L. -tia.]

-D, -T, or -ED, pa.t. suffix, as loved. The e in -ed is the connecting vowel, omitted when the verb ends in e. [A.S. -de, "did," from di-de, pa.t. of Do.]

-D, pa.p. suffix, as loved; in nouns (with passive meaning), as deed, seed; in adjs., as feathered, wicked, cold; in the form -TH (or -T), in abstract nouns and adjs., as death, flight, swift, (with euphonic -s-) du-s-t, bla-s-t. [Orig. -th, as in uncouth, and from the root of THE, THAT; seen also in the L. suffix -tu-s, as in no-tu-s, Sans. jna-ta-s, and in the Gr. suffix -to-s.] -DOM, dominion, power, as kingdom; state, as freedom; act, as martyrdom. [A.S. dom, judgment, dominion, Ger. -thum.]

-ACIOUS, full of, as audacious. [L. -ax, -acis.]

-ADE, noun suffix, as ecapade [Fr.-It.]; and as crusade, tornado [Sp. -ade, original form -ado].

age: marks place where, as vicarage. [Fr. -age, from L. -aticum.]

PUR-. See under POUR-.

RE-, RED- (L.), change of place or condi

tion, as in remove, reunion (an assemblage of things or persons formerly apart); hence, change of motion from one direction to the opposite = "back," again," as retract, resound, redeem. RETRO- (L.), back, backwards, as retrospect, retrograde. [From RE-, and the compar. suffix -ter.]]

SE- (L.), without, as secure; aside, as seduce. [Old form of SINE-.]

-AIN, -AN, -EN, -ON, noun suffixes, as villain, pagan, warden, surgeon. [L. -anus.]

-AL, adj. and noun suffix, as mortal, cardinal. [L. -alis.]

-AN, -AIN, -ANE, adj. suffix, as human, certain, humane. [L. -anus.]

battledoor. [Sp. -dor, L. -tor.] -ED, see -D.

-EE, one who or that which is (passive), as trustee, jubilee (Fr. -ée-L. -atus, of part. pass.); Pharisee, Sadducee [L. -œu-s.] -EER, -IER, one who, has frequentative meaning, as charioteer. [Fr. -er, -ier—L. arius.]

-EL, dim., as damsel. [See under -L.]
-EN, dim., as chicken, maiden. [A.S. -en.]
-EN, fem. suffix, now found only in vixen.

[A.S. -en, -n; Ger. -in, Gr. -ine, L. -ina.] -EN, made of, as wooden, leathern; orig. sig. belonging to, as heathen. [A.S., Goth. -en, -an, Ger. -en, ein, Sans. -um ; a genitive suffix, as in mine.]

-EN, pa. part, as woven, borne, sworn. [A.S. -n, -ne, -en; conn. with -ANT, -ENT.] -EN, pl. suffix, as oxen, kine (for ky-en). [A.S. -an (for -ans).]

-EN, to make, as whiten. [Orig. reflexive or passive.]