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CHIROLOGIST

GRAPHIC. [Gr. cheir, the hand, graphē, writing.]

CHIROLOGIST, ki-rol'o-jist, n. one who converses by signs with the hands. CHIROLOGY, ki-rol'o-ji, n. the art of discoursing with the hands or by signs as the deaf and dumb do. [Gr. cheir, the hand, logos, a discourse.] CHIROPODIST, ki-rop'o-dist, n. a hand and foot doctor: one who removes corns, bunions, warts, etc. [Gr. cheir, the hand, and pous, podos, the foot.] CHIROTONY, ki-rot'o-ni, n. imposition of hands in ordaining priests. [Gr. cheir, the hand, and teinō, to hold out.] CHIRP, cherp, CHIRRUP, chir'up, n. the sharp, shrill sound of certain birds and insects.-v.i. to make such a sound. [From the sound.] CHIRURGEON, ki-rur'jun, n. old form of SURGEON.-N. CHIRURGERY, now SURGERY.-adj. CHIRURGICAL, now SURGICAL. [Fr. chirurgien-Gr. cheirourgoscheir, the hand, ergon, a work.] CHISEL, chiz'el, n. a tool to cut or hollow out wood, stone, etc.-v.t. to cut, carve, etc. with a chisel:-pr.p. chis'elling; pa.p. chis'elled. [O. Fr. cisel-Low L. cisellus-L. sicilicula, dim. of sicilis, a sickle, from seco, to cut.]

CHIT, chit, n. a baby: a lively or pert young child. [A.S. cith, a young tender shoot.

CHITCHAT, chit'chat, n. chatting or idle talk: prattle. [A reduplication of CHAT.] CHIVALRESQUE, shival-resk, adj. pertaining to chivalry: chivalrous. "Some warrior in a chivalresque romance."-Miss Burney. [Fr. chevaleresque.] CHIVALRIC, shiv'al-rik, CHIVALROUS, shiv'al-rus, adj., pertaining to chivalry: bold: gallant.-adv. CHIVALROUSLY. CHIVALRY, shiv'al-ri, n. the usages and qualifications of chevaliers or knights: the system of knighthood: heroic adventures. [Fr. chevalerie-cheval-L. caballus, a horse. See CAVALRY.] CHLORAL, klō'ral, n. a strongly narcotic

substance obtained by the action of chlorine on alcohol. [Word formed by combining chlor- in chlorine, and al- in alcohol.]

CHLORALISM, klō'ral-izm, n. in med. a morbid state of the system arising from the incautious or habitual use of chloral. CHLORIC, klo'rik, adj., of or from chlorine. CHLORIDE, klō'rid, n. a compound of chlorine with some other substance, as potash, soda, etc. CHLORINE, klō'rin, n. a pale-green gas, with a disagreeable, suffocating odor. [Gr. chloros, pale-green.]

CHLORITE, klo'rīt, n. a soft mineral of a greenish color, with a soapy feeling when handled.

CHLOROFORM, klō'ro-form, n. a colorless

volatile liquid, much used to induce insensibility. [Orig. a compound of chlorine and formic acid; Gr. chloros, and formic acid, so called because orig. made from ants, L. formica, an ant.] CHLOROSIS, klor-o'sis, n. a medical name for green-sickness. [Gr. chlōros, palegreen.]

CHOCOLATE, chok'o-lāt, n. a kind of paste | made of the pounded seeds of the Cacao theobroma: a beverage made by dissolving this paste in hot water. [Sp. chocolate; from Mexican kakahuatl. See CACAO, COCOA.] CHEROGRYL, ke'rō-gril, n. a name of

the Hyrax syriacus or rock-rabbit. [Gr. choiros, a hog, and gryllos, a pig.] CHIEROPOTAMUS, ker-o-pot'a-mus, n. a genus of fossil ungulate quadrupeds of the group Suidæ, remains of which have been found in the gypsum beds of Mont

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martre, near Paris. [Gr. choiros, a hog, and potamos, a river.] CHOICE, chois, n. act or power of choosing the thing chosen: preference: the preferable or best part.-adj. worthy of being chosen : select. [Fr. choix-choisir; from root of CHOOSE.

CHOIR, kwir, n. a chorus or band of singers, especially those belonging to a church: the part of a church appropriated to the singers: the part of a cathedral separated from the nave by a rail or screen. [Fr. chœur-L. chorus - Gr. choros.]

CHOKE, chōk, v.t. to throttle to suffocate: to stop or obstruct.-v.i. to be choked or suffocated. [Ety. dub., prob. from the sound.]

CHOKE-DAMP, chōk'-damp, n. carbonic acid gas, so called by miners from its often causing suffocation.

CHOKEY, chōk'i, adj. 1, same as CHOKY; 2, inclined to choke: having a choking sensation in the throat. (Colloq.) "The allusion to his mother made Tom feel rather chokey."-T. Hughes.

CHOLER, koľ❜er, n. the bile: anger or irascibility, once supposed to arise from excess of bile. [O. Fr. cholere-L., Gr. cholera-Gr. chole, bile. Cf. E. GALL.] CHOLERA, kol'er-a, n. a disease characterized by bilious vomiting and purging. [Gr. cholera-chole, bile.] CHOLERAIC, kol-er-ā'ik, adj., of the nature of cholera.

CHOLERIC, kol'er-ik, adj. full of choler or anger: petulant.

CHOOSE, chōōz, v.t. to take one thing in preference to another: to select.-v.i. to will or determine :-pa.t. chose; pa.p. chōs'en. [A.S. ceosan; cog. with Dut. kiesen, Goth. kiusan, to choose, and akin to L. gustare, to taste.]

CHOP, chop, v.t. to cut with a sudden blow to cut into small pieces.-v.i. to shift suddenly, as the wind: - pr.p. chopp'ing; pa.p. chopped'. [From a Low-Ger. root found in Dut. kappen, also in Ger. kappen, to cut; cf. Gr. kopto, from a root skap, to cut.]

CHOP, chop, n. a piece chopped off, esp. of

meat.

CHOP, chop, v.t. to exchange or barter: to put one thing in place of another:pr.p. chopp'ing; pa.p. chopped'. [M.E. copen-O. Dut. koopen, to buy. Same root as CHEAP.]

CHOP, chop, n. the chap or jaw, generally used in pl. [See CHAPS.] CHOP-FALLEN, chop'-fawln, adj. (lit.) having the chop or lower jaw fallen down cast-down: dejected. CHOPPER, chop'er, n. one who or that which chops.

CHOPSTICKS, chop'stiks, n. two small sticks of wood, ivory, etc., used by the Chinese instead of a fork and knife. CHORAL, ko'ral, adj. belonging to a chorus or choir.-CHORAL SERVICE, a church service of song: said to be partly choral when only canticles, hymns, etc., are chanted or sung, and wholly choral when, in addition to these, the versicles, responses, etc., are chanted or sung. CHORD, kord, n. the string of a musical instrument: a combination of tones in harmony: (geom.) a straight line joining the extremities of an arc. [L. chorda -Gr. chorde, an intestine.] CHORISTER, kor'ist-er, n. a member of a choir.

CHORUS. kō'rus, n. a band of singers and dancers, esp. in the Greek plays: a company of singers: that which is sung by a chorus: the part of a song in which the company join the singer. [L. chorus -Gr. choros, orig. a dance in a ring.]

CHRONICLE

CHOSE, chōz, pa.t. and obs. pa.p. of CHOOSE.

CHOSEN, chōz'n, past participle of CHOOSE. CHOUGH, chuf, n. a kind of jackdaw which frequents rocky places and the sea-coast. [A.S. ceo from the cry of the bird--CAW.]

CHOUSE, chows, v.t. to defraud, cheat, or impose upon.-n. one easily cheated: a trick. [Turk. chiaus, a messenger or envoy. A chiaus sent to England in 1609 committed gross frauds upon the Turkish merchants resident in Britain; hence chouse, to act as this chiaus did, to defraud.]

CHRISM, krizm, n. consecrated or holy oil unction. [O. Fr. chresme, Fr. chrême -Gr. chrisma, from chriō, chrisō, to anoint.] CHRISMÁL, kriz'mal, adj., pertaining to chrism.

CHRIST, kriīst, n. the Anointed, the Messiah. [A.S. crist-Gr. Christos—chriō, chriso, to anoint.] CHRISTDOM, kris'dum, n. the rule or service of Christ, whose service is perfect freedom. (Rare.)

They know the grief of men without its wisdom; They sink in man's despair without its calm; Are slaves, without the liberty in Christdom. -E. B. Browning. CHRISTEN, kris'n, v.t. to baptize in the name of Christ: to give a name to. [A.S. cristnian, to make a Christian.] CHRISTENDOM, kris'n-dum, n. that part of the world in which Christianity is the received religion: the whole body of Christians. A.S. Cristendom-cristen, a Christian, dom, rule, sway.] CHRISTIAN, krist'yan, n. a follower of Christ.-adj. relating to Christ or his religion.-CHRISTIAN NAME, the name given when christened, as distinguished from the surname.-adjs. CHRIST'IANLIKE, CHRISTIANLY. [A.S. cristen-L. Christianus-Gr. Christos.] CHRISTIANIZE, krist'yan-iz, v.t. to make Christian to convert to Christianity. CHRISTIANITY, kris-ti-an'i-ti, n. the religion of Christ.

CHRISTMAS, kris'mas, n. an annual festival, orig. a mass, in memory of the birth of Christ, held on the 25th of December. [CHRIST and MASS.] CHRISTMAS-BOX, kris'mas-boks, n. a box containing Christmas presents: a Christmas gift.

CHRISTOLOGY, kris-tol'o-ji, n. that branch of theology which treats of the nature and person of Christ. [Gr. Christos, and logos, a discourse.] CHROMATIC, krō-mat'ik, adj. relating to colors: colored: (music) proceeding by semitones.-n.sing. CHROMATICS, the science of colors. [Gr. chromatikes-chroma, color.]

CHROME, krōm, CHROMIUM, krō'mi-um, n. a metal remarkable for the beautiful colors of its compounds.-adj. CHROM'IC. [Gr. chroma, color.] CHROMOPHOTOGRAPHY,

krō'mō-f ōtog'ra-fi, n. the art or process of producing colored photographic pictures. [See CHROMATYPE.] CHROMOTYPOGRAPHY, krō'mō-ti-pog'ra-fi, n. typography in colors: the art of printing with type in various colors. CHROMOXYLOGRAPHY, krō'mō-zi-log'ra-fi, n. the art or process of producing wood engravings in various colors. CHRONIC, kron'ik, CHRONICAL, kron'ikal, adj. lasting a long time of a disease, deep-seated or long-continued, as opp. to acute. [L. chronicus, Gr. chronikoschronos, time.]

CHRONICLE, kron'i-kl, n. a record of events in the order of time: a history.

i

CHRONOLOGY

v.t. to record in history.-n. CHRONICLER, a historian. CHRONOLOGY, kron-ol'o-ji, n. the science of dates.-adjs. CHRONOLOGIC, CHRONOLOG'ICAL.adv. CHRONOLOGʻICALLY.— ns. CHRONOLOGER, CHRONOLOGIST. [Gr. chronos, time, logos, a discourse.] CHRONOMETER, kron-om'e-ter, n. an instrument for measuring time: a watch. -adjs. CHRONOMETRIC, CHRONOMETRICAL. [Gr. chronos, and metron, a measure.]

CHRYSALIS, kris'a-lis, n. the form, often gold-colored, assumed by some insects before they become winged :—pl. CHRYSAL'IDES (i-dēz).-adj. CHRYS'ALID. [Gr. chrysallis-chrysos, gold.] CHRYSANILINE, kris-an'i-lin, n. a beautiful yellow coloring matter (C2H,,N) obtained as a secondary product in the preparation of rosaniline, and considered a splendid dye for silk and wool. Called also ANILINE YELLOW. [Gr. chrysos, gold, and E. aniline.]

CHRYSANTHEMUM, kris-an'the-mum, n. (lit.) gold-flower: a genus of composit plants to which belong the corn marig and ox-eye daisy. [Gr. chrysos, g anthemon, flower.]

CHRYSOLITE, kris'o-līt, n. a sto yellowish color. [Gr. chrysos, &

a stone.]

CHRYSOPHYLL, kris'ō-fil,
golden yellow coloring ma'
xanthophyll. [Gr. chr
phyllon, a leaf.]
CHRYSOPRASE, kris'o-pr
of chalcedony: (B.) a
stone, nature unknown
and prason, a leek.]
CHTHONOPHAGIA
CHTHONOPHAGY, the
eating cachexia Africa
chthonos, earth, and ph
DIRT-EATING.]

CHUB, chub, n. a smai.

[Ety. dub., but same root & CHUBBY, chub'i, adj. short plump.-n. CHUBB'INESS.

CHUCK, chuk, n. the call of a word of endearment.-v.i. to cal. hen. [From the sound-a varieɩ CLUCK.J

CHUCK, chuk, v.t. to strike gently, toss.-n. a slight blow. [Fr. choquer, jolt; allied to E. SHAKE.

CHUCKLE, chuk'l, v.t. to call, as a hen does her chickens: to caress.

CHUCKLE, chuk'l, v.i. to laugh in a quiet, suppressed manner, indicating derision or enjoyment. [See CHOKE.] CHUM, chum, n. à chamber-fellow. [Perh. a mutilation of COMRADE, or CHAMBERFELLOW.]

CHURCH, church, n. a house set apart for Christian worship: the whole body of Christians: the clergy: any particular sect or denomination of Christians.-v.t. to perform with any one the giving of thanks in church. [A.S. circe; Scot. kirk; Ger. kirche; all from Gr. kyriakon, belonging to the Lord-Kyrios, the Lord.]

CHURCHMAN, church'man, n. a clergyman or ecclesiastic: a member of the Church of England.

CHURCHWARDEN, church-wawr'den, n. an officer who represents the interests of a parish or church: a long clay-pipe. [CHURCH and WARDEN.]

CHURCHYARD, church'yärd, n. the yard round the church, where the dead are buried.

CHURL, churl, n. an ill-bred, surly fellow.

[A.S. ceorl, a countryman; Ice. karl, Ger. kerl, a man ; Scot. carl.]

CHURLISH, churl'ish, adj. rude: surly:

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ill-bred.-adv. CHURL'ISHLY.-n. CHURLISHNESS.

CHURN, churn, v.t. to shake violently, as cream when making butter.-n. a vessel in which cream is churned. [Ice. kirna, a churn, Dut. and Ger. kernen, to churn; akin to KERN-el; as if to extract the essence or best part.]

CHUSE, chōōz, v.t. a form of CHOOSE. CHYLE,' . a white fluid drawn from the for ile in the intestines.-adjs. CHYLA S, CHYL'OUS. [Fr.-Gr. chylos, ju heo, to pour.] CHYLJ the ' TION

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VE, kil-i-faktiv, adj. having > make chyle.-n. CHYLIFACLIFICATION. [L. chylus, and ke.]

, n. the pulp to which the iced in the stomach.-adj. Gr. chymos, from cheō.] ON, kim-i-fi-ka'shun, n. the formed into chyme. [L. io, to make.]

ISTRY, now CHEMIST,

CALA, si-ka'la, n. an r the sound it pro

Fr.], CICATRIX,

r over a wound

help the for

a wound

1. [F

ivati obacco fo

4 of tobacco

a little cigar: a o rolled in paper

air-like appendages on egetable body, or on an or animalcule.-adjs. CIL'ED, having cilia. [L. cilium, elids, eyelashes.]

sim'brik, adj. relating to the a tribe originally from the north

any.

R, sim'e-ter. See SCIMITAR. ERIAN, sim-e'ri-an, adj. relating to Cimmerii, a tribe fabled to have lived perpetual darkness: extremely dark. CNCHÓNA, sin-kō'na, n. the bark of a tree that grows in Peru, from which QUININE is extracted, a valuable medicine for ague: also called Peruvian bark. [Said to be so named from the Countess del Cinchon, but prob. from kinakina, the native word for bark.]

CINCTURE, singk'tūr, n. a girdle or belt: a moulding round a column.-adj. CINC'TURED, having a cincture. [L. cincturacingo, cinctus, to gird.]

CINDER, sin'der, n. the refuse of burned coals: anything charred by fire. [A.S. sinder, scoriæ, slag. The c instead of s is owing to Fr. cendre, a wholly unconnected word, which comes from L. cinis, cineris, ashes.]

CINDERY, sin'der-i, adj., like or composed of cinders.

CINERARY, sin'er-ar-i, adj. pertaining to ashes.

CIRCUMFLEX

CINERATION, sin-er-a'tion, n. the act of reducing to ashes. [L. cinis, cineris 1 CINNABAR, sin'a-bar, n. sulphuret cury, called vermilion when us pigment. [L. cinnabaris, Gr. ki a dye, known as dragon's bl Pers.] CINNAMON, sin'a-mon, n. tb ́ of a laurel in Ceylon. [L -Heb. kinnamon.] CINQUE, singk, n. ti CINQUE-FOIL, singk ed clover. [Fr. cing lium, Gr. phyllon, a CIPHER, si'fer, n. (ar any of the nine fig tle value: an int of a name: a v.i. to work a Fr. chiffre-A CIRCASSIAN, to Circassic Mount Cau CIRCEAN, fabled chang

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CIRCUL round a move rol

circulo, cir CIRCULATIC of moving i. returning th in a country. CIRCULATORY, lar circulating CIRCUMAMBIEN going round abo cum, about, am Gr. amphi, arou CIRCUMAMBULA v.i. to walk row AMBULATION. [I walk.]

CIRCUMCISE, serʼkum-sīz, í the fore-skin according to law. [L. circumcido, circu to cut.] CIRCUMCISION, ser-kum-si act of circumcising. CIRCUMFERENCE,

ser-kui the boundary-line of any round body: the line surrounding anything.-adj. CIRCUMFEREN'TIAL. [L. fero, to carry.] CIRCUMFLECT, ser'kum-flekt, v.t. to mark with a circumflex.

CIRCUMFLEX, ser'kum-fleks, n. an accent

CIRCUMFLUENT

(^) denoting a rising and falling of the voice on a vowel or syllable. [L. flecto, flexns, to bend.]

CIRCUMFLUENT, ser-kum'floo-ent, adj., flowing round about. [L. fluens, fluentis, flowing.]

CIRCUMFUSE, ser-kum-füz', v.t. to pour around.- -n. CIRCUMFU'SION. [L. fundo, fusus, to pour.] CIRCUMJACENT, ser-kum-jā'sent, adj., lying round bordering on every side. [L. jacens, lying-jaceo, to lie.] CIRCUMLOCUTION, ser-kum-lō-ku'shun, n., round-about speaking: a manner of expression in which more words are used than are necessary.-adj. CIRCUMLOC'UTORY. [L. loquor, locutus, to speak.] CIRCUMNAVIĜATE, ser-kum-nav'i-gāt, v.t. to sail round.-n. CIRCUMNAVIGA'TION. [See NAVIGATE.] CIRCUMNAVIGATOR, ser-kum-nav'i-gātor, n., one who sails round. CIRCUMNUTATE, ser-kum-nu'tāt, v.i. to nod or turn round: specifically, in bot. to move round in a more or less circular or elliptical path: said of the stem and other organs of a plant. "It will be shown that apparently every growing part of every plant is continually circumnutating, though often on a small scale." -Darwin. [L. circum, round, and nuto, freq. from nuo, to nod. See CIRCUMNUTATION.]

CIRCUMNUTATION, ser'kum-nu-ta'shon,

n. a nodding or inclining round about: specifically, in bot. the continuous motion of every part or organ of every plant, in which it describes irregular elliptical or oval figures; as, for instance, the apex of a stem, after pointing in one direction commonly moves back to the opposite side, not, however, returning along the same line. While describing such figures, the apex often travels in a zigzag line, or makes small subordinate loops or triangles. "On the whole, we❘ may at present conclude that increased growth first on one side, and then on the other, is a secondary effect, and that the increased turgescence of the cells, together with the extensibility of their walls is the primary cause of the movement of circumnutation."-Darwin. CIRCUMSCRIBE, ser-kum-skrīb', v.t. to draw a line round: to inclose within certain limits. [L. scribo, to write.] CIRCUMSCRIPTION, ser-kum-skrip'shun, n. limitation: the line that limits. CIRCUMSPECT, ser'kum-spekt, adj., looking round on all sides watchfully: cautious: prudent.-adv. CIR'CUMSPECTLY.n. CIR'CUMSPECTNESS. [L. specio, spectum, to look.] CIRCUMSPECTION, ser-kum-spek'shun, n. watchfulness: caution.

CIRCUMSTANCE, ser'kum-stans, n. something attendant upon another thing: an accident or event:-pl. the state of one's affairs. [L. stans, stantis, standing -sto, to stand.]

CIRCUMSTANTIAL, ser-kum-stan'shal, adj. consisting of details: minute.-adv. CIRCUMSTAN'TIALLY. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE, evidence not positive or direct, but which is gathered indirectly| from the circumstances of a case. CIRCUMSTANTIALS, ser-kum-stan'shals, n.pl. incidentals.

CIRCUMSTANTIATE, ser-kum-stan'shi-āt, v.t. to prove by circumstances: to describe exactly.

CIRCUMVALLATION, ser-kum-val-a'shun, n. a surrounding with a wall: a wall or fortification surrounding a town or fort. [L. vallum, an earthen rampart or wall.]

CIRCUMVENT, ser-kum-vent', v.t. to come

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CIRCUS, ser'kus, n. a circular building for the exhibition of games: a place for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship. [L. circus; cog. with Gr. kirkos, A.S. hring, a ring.]

CIRQUE-COUCHANT, sirk-kōō'shant, adj. lying coiled up. (Rare.) [Fr. cirque, a circus, and couchant, lying.]

He found a palpitating snake, Bright, and cirque-couchant in a dusky brake. -Keats.

CIRROUS, sir'us, adj., having a curl or tendril.

CIRRUS, sir'us, n. the highest form of cloud consisting of curling fibres: (bot.) a tendril: (zool.) any curled filament. [L., curled hair.]

CISALPINE, sis-alp'in or -alp'in, adj., on this side (to the Romans) of the Alps, that is, on the south side. [L. cis, on this side, and ALPINE.]

CIST, sist, n. a tomb consisting of a stone chest covered with stone slabs. [See CHEST, CYST.]

CISTERN, sis'tern, n. any receptacle for holding water or other liquid: a reservoir. [L. cisterna, from cista, a chest.] CIT, sit, n. shortened from citizen, and used as a term of contempt. [See CITIZEN.]

CITADEL, sit'a-del, n. a fortress in or near a city. [It. cittadella, dim. of città, a city. See CITY.]

CITATION, si-ta'shun, n. an official summons to appear: the act of quoting: the passage or name quoted.

CITE, sīt, v.t. to call or summon: to sum

mon to answer in court: to quote: to name. [L. cito, to call, intensive of cico, cio, to make to go, to rouse.] CITHERN, sith'ern, CITTERŃ, sit′ern, n. a musical instrument like the guitar. [A.S. cytere-L. cithara-Gr. kithara. A doublet of GUITAR.]

CITIZEN, sit'i-zen, n. an inhabitant of a city: a member of a state: a townsman: a freeman.-n. CITIZENSHIP, the rights of a citizen. [M.E. citesein-O. Fr. citeain. See CITY.]

CITIZENRY, sit'i-zen-ri, n. the inhabitants of a city, as opposed to country people, or to the military, etc.: townspeople. "No Spanish soldiery nor citizenry, showed the least disposition to join him."-Carlyle.

CITRON, sit'run, n. the fruit of the citrontree, resembling a lemon; also, same as CITRON-WATER. "Drinking citron with his Grace."-Miscellanies by Swift, Pope, and Arbuthnot. [Fr.-L. citrus--Gr. kitron, a citron.]

CITY, sit'i, n. a large town: a town with a corporation. [Fr. cité, a city-L. civitas, the state-civis, a citizen; akin to L. quies, quiet, E. HIVE and HOME.] CIVES, sivz, n. a plant of the leek and onion genus growing in tufts. [Fr. cive -L. capa, an onion.]

CIVET, siv'et, n. a perfume obtained from the civet or civet-cat, a small carnivorous animal of N. Africa. [Fr. civetteAr. zabad.]

CIVIC, siv'ik, adj. pertaining to a city or a citizen. [L. civicus-civis.]

CIVIL, siv'il, adj. pertaining to the community: having the refinement of citybred people: polite: commercial, not military lay, not ecclesiastical.-CIVIL

CLAM-SHELL

ENGINEER, one who plans railways, docks, etc., as opp. to a military engineer, or to a mechanical engineer, who makes machines, etc.-CIVIL LIST, now embraces only the expenses of the sovereign's household.-ČIVIL SERVICE, the paid service of the State, in so far as it is not military or naval.-CIVIL-SUITED, suited or attired like a civilian or citizen, as opp. to the gay dresses of courtiers, etc.

CIVIL WAR, a war between citizens of the same state.—adv. CIV'ILLY. [L. civilis-civis.]

CIVILIAN, siv-il'yan, n. a professor or student of civil law (not canon law): one engaged in civil as distinguished from military and other pursuits.

CIVILITY, siv-il'i-ti, n. good-breeding: politeness.

CIVILIZATION, siv-il-i-za'shun,n. the state of being civilized.

CIVILIZE, siv'il-īz, v.t. to reclaim from barbarism to instruct in arts and refinements.

CLACK, klak, v.i. to make a sudden sharp noise as by striking.-n. a sharp sudden sound frequently repeated. [From the sound.]

CLAD, klad, pa.t. and pa.p. of CLOTHE. CLAIM, klām, v.t. to call for: to demand as a right.-n. a demand for something supposed due: right or ground for demanding the thing claimed. [O. Fr. claimer-L. clamo, to call out, from calo, cog. with Gr. kaleō, to call.] CLAIMABLE, klām'a-bl, adj. that may be claimed.

CLAIMANT, klām'ant, n. one who makes a claim. CLAIRVOYANCE, klar-voi'ans, n. the alleged power of seeing things not present to the senses. [Fr.-clair-L. clarus, clear, and Fr. voir-L. video, to see.] CLAIRVOYANT, klar-voi'ant, n. one who professes clairvoyance.

CLAM, klam, v.t. to clog with sticky matter-pr.p. clamm'ing; pa.p. clammed'. [A.S.clam, clay; a variety of lam, LOAM.]

CLAM, klam, n. a common shell-fish.-As HAPPY AS A CLAM, a common expression in those parts of the U. S. coast where clams are found. CLAM, klam, n. the state or quality of having or conveying a cold, moist, viscous feeling: clamminess. " Corruption, and the clam of death."-Carlyle. CLAMANT, klam'ant, adj., calling aloud or earnestly. CLAM-BAKË, klam'-bāk, n. an out-door feast, customary on exceptionally joyful occasions in the New England States, at which huge quantities of clams are baked in improvised ovens of stone and weeds.

CLAMBER, klam'ber, v.i. to climb with difficulty, grasping with the hands and feet. [From root of CLUMP; cf. Ger. klammern-klemmen, to squeeze or hold

tightly.]

CLAMMY, klam'i, adj. sticky: moist and adhesive.-n. CLAMM'INESS.

CLAMOR, klam'or, n. a loud continuous outcry uproar.-v.i. to cry aloud in demand: to make a loud continuous outcry.-v.i. to salute with clamor. [L clamor.]

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CLAN

mouth the patent lock on a mail bag. (Amer.)

CLAN, klan, n. a tribe or collection of families subject to a single chieftain, bearing the same surname, and supposed to have a common ancestor a clique, sect, or body of persons. [Gael. clann, Ir. clann or cland, offspring, tribe.] CLANDESTINE, klan-des'tin, adj., concealed or hidden: private: unlawful: sly.-adv. CLANDESTINELY. [L. clandestinus-clam, secretly, from root kal, seen also in celo, to conceal.] CLANG, klang, v.i. to produce a sharp, ringing sound.-v.t. to cause to clang.a sharp, ringing sound, like that made by metallic substances struck together. [L. clango; Ger. klang: formed from the Sound.]

-n.

CLANGOR, klang'gur, n. a clang: a sharp, shrill, harsh sound. [L. clangor.] CLANK, klangk, n. a sharp sound, less prolonged than a clang, such as is made by a chain.-v.t. or v.i. to make or cause a clank.

CLANNISH, klan'ish, adj. closely united like the members of a clan.-adv. CLANN'ISHLY.-N. CLANN'ISHNESS. CLANSHIP, klan'ship, n. association of families under a chieftain. CLANSMAN, klanz'man, n. a member of a clan.

CLAP, klap, n. the noise made by the sudden striking together of two things, as the hands: a sudden act or motion: a burst of sound.-v.t. to strike together so as to make a noise: to thrust or drive together suddenly: to applaud with the hands.-v.i. to strike the hands together: to strike together with noise-pr.p. clapp'ing; pa.p. clapped', [Ice. klappa, to pat; Dut. and Ger. klappen: formed from the sound.]

CLAPBOARD, klap'bōrd,n. a narrow, thin, planed board used for siding on houses, and so placed as to overlap the one below it. (Amer.)

CLAPPER, klap'er, n., one who claps: that which claps, as the tongue of a bell. CLAP-STICK, klap'stik, n. a kind of wooden rattle or clapper used in raising an alarm or the like. "He was not disturbed by the watchman's rappers or clap-sticks."-Southey. CLAP-TRAP, klap'-trap, n. a trick to gain applause.

CLARE-OBSCURE, klār'-ob-skūr', CHIARO-OSCURO, ki-är'ō-os-kōō'rō, n. clear-obscure: light and shade in painting. [Fr. clair-L. clarus, clear, and Fr. obscur-L. obscurus, obscure; It. chiaro, clear, oscuro, obscure.]

CLARET, klar'et, n. orig. applied to wines

of a light or clear red color, but now used, generally, for the dark-red wines of Bordeaux. [Fr. clairet— clair — L. clarus, clear.]

CLARIFIER, klar'i-fi-er, n. that which clarifies or purifies.

[Fr.

CLARIFY, klar'i-fi, v.t. to make clear.v.i. to become clear :-pr.p. clar'ifying; pa.p. clar'ified.-n. CLARIFICA'TION. [L. clarus, clear, and facio, to make.] CLARION, klar'i-on, n. a kind of trumpet whose note is clear and shrill. clairon-clair, clear.] CLARIONET, klar'i-on-et, CLARINET, klar'i-net, n. a wind instrument of music, sounded by means of a reed fixed to the mouthpiece. [Fr. clarinette, dim. of clairon.]

CLASH, klash, n. a loud noise, such as is caused by the striking together of weapons: opposition: contradiction.-v.i. to dash noisily together: to meet in opposition to act in a contrary direction.

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-v.t. to strike noisily against. [Formed from the sound, like Ger. and Sw. klatsch.] CLASP, klasp, n. a hook for fastening: an embrace.-v.t. to fasten with a clasp: to inclose and hold in the hand or arms: to embrace to twine round. [M.E. clapse, from the root of A.S. clyppan, to embrace. See CLIP.]

CLASPER, klasp'er, n., that which clasps: the tendril of a plant. CLASP-KNIFE, klasp'-nif, n. a knife, the blade of which is clasped by, or folds into, the handle.

CLASS, klas, n. a rank or order of persons or things: a number of students or scholars who are taught together: a scientific division or arrangement.-v.t. to form into a class or classes; to arrange methodically. [Fr. classe-L. classis, orig. a rank or order of the Roman people when called together, from a root, kal-, seen in L. calare, clamare, to call, Gr. kaleō, klēsis.]

CLASSIC, klas'ik, CLASSICAL, klas'ik-al, adj. of the highest class or rank, esp. in literature: originally and chiefly used of the best Greek and Roman writers: (as opp. to romantic) like in style to the authors of Greece and Rome: chaste: refined.-CLASS'ICS, n.pl. Greek, Roman, and modern writers of the first rank, or their works.-adv. CLASS'ICALLY. CLASSICALITY, klas-ik-al'i-ti, CLASSICALNESS, klas'ik-al-nes, n. the quality of being classical.

n.

CLASSIFICATION, klas-i-fi-ka'shun, act of forming into classes. CLASSIFY, klas'i-fi, v.t. to make or form into classes: to arrange :-pr.p. class'ifying; pa.p. class'ified. [L. classis, and CLASSMAN, klas'man, n. one who has facio, to make.] gained honors of a certain class at the Oxford examinations: opp. to passman. CLASTIC, klas'tik, adj. relating to what may be taken to pieces; as, clastic anatomy, the art of putting together or taking apart the pieces of a manikin. [Gr. klastos, broken.]

CLATTER, klat'er, n. a repeated confused rattling noise: a repetition of abrupt, sharp sounds. -v.i. to make rattling sounds to rattle with the tongue: to talk fast and idly.-v.t. to strike so as to produce a rattling. [Acc. to Skeat, clatter-clacker, a freq. of CLACK.] CLAUSE, klawz, n. a sentence or part of a sentence: an article or part of a contract, will, etc. [Fr. clause-L. clausus -claudo, to shut, inclose.] CLAVE, klāv CLEAVE. CLAVICLE, klav'i-kl, n. the collar-bone, so called from its resemblance to a Roman key. [Fr. clavicule-L. clavicula, dim. of clavis, a key.] CLAVICULAR, kla-vik'u-lar, adj. pertaining to the clavicle.

- did cleave-past tense of

CLAW, klaw, n. the hooked nail of a beast or bird the whole foot of an animal with hooked nails: anything like a claw. -v.t. to scratch or tear as with the claws or nails to tickle. [A.S. clawu; cog. with Ger. klaue: akin to CLEAVE, to stick or hold on.]

CLAY, kla, n. a tenacious ductile earth: earth in general.-v.t. to purify with clay, as sugar. [A.S. clæg; cog. with Dan. klæg, Dut. klai, Ger. klei; conn. with CLAG, CLOG, CLEW, L. gluten, Gr. glia, glue; and GLUE.] CLAYBANK, klā'bangk, adj. denoting the color most common to a bank of clay. (Amer.)

CLAYEY, klā'i, adj. consisting of or like clay.

CLAYMORE, klā'mōr, n. a large sword

CLERGY

formerly used by the Scottish Highland ers. [Gael. claidheamh-mor-Gael. and Ir. claidheamh, sword, and mor, great: cf. L. gladius, a sword.]

CLEAN, klen, adj. free from stain or whatever defiles: pure: guiltless: neat. -adv. quite: entirely cleverly.-v.t. to make clean, or free from dirt.-n. CLEAN'NESS. [A.S. clone; W., Gael. glan, shine, polish; Ger. klein, small.] CLEANLY, klen'li, adj. clean in habits or person: pure: neat.-adv. in a cleanly manner.-n. CLEAN'LINESS. CLEANSE, klenz, v.t. to make clean or

pure.

L.

CLEAR, klēr, adj. pure, bright, undimmed : free from obstruction or difficulty: plain, distinct without blemish, defect, drawback, or diminution: conspicuous.-adv. in a clear manner: plainly: wholly: quite.-v.t. to make clear: to free from obscurity, obstruction, or guilt: to free, acquit, or vindicate: to leap, or pass by or over to make profit.-v.i. to become clear to grow free, bright, or transparent. n. CLEAR'NESS. [Fr. clair clarus, clear, loud.] CLEARANCE, klēr'ans, n., act of clearing: a certificate that a ship has been cleared at the custom-house-that is, has satisfied all demands and procured permission to sail. CLEARING, kler'ing, n. a tract of land cleared of wood, etc., for cultivation. CLEARING, kler'ing, n. a method by which banks and railway companies clear or arrange certain affairs which mutually concern them. CLEARINGHOUSE, a place where such clearing business is done. CLEARLY, klēr'li, adv., in a clear manner : distinctly.

CLEAVAGE, klēvāj, n. act or manner of cleaving or splitting.

CLEAVE, klev, v.t. to divide, to split: to separate with violence. v.i. to part asunder to crack-pr.p. cleav'ing; pa.t. clove or cleft; pa.p. clov'en or cleft. [A.S. cleofan; cog. with Ger. klieben.]

CLEAVE, klēv, v.i. to stick or adhere to unite-pr.p. cleav'ing; pa.t. cleaved' or

clave; pa.p. cleaved'. [A.S. clifian; cog. with Ger. kleben, Dut. kleven. See CLAY.] CLEAVER, klev'er, n. the person or thing that cleaves: a butcher's chopper. CLEF, klef, n. a character in music which determines the key or position on the scale of the notes that follow it. [Fr., from L. clavis, the root of which is seen also in L. claudere, to shut, Gr. kleis, a key.]

CLEFT, kleft, in B., CLIFT, n. an opening made by cleaving or splitting: a crack, fissure, or chink.

CLEMATIS, klem'a tis, n. a creeping plant, called also virgin's bower and traveller's joy. [Low L.-Gr. klēmatis— klēma, a twig.]

CLEMENCY, klem'en-si, n. the quality of being clement: mildness: readiness to forgive.

CLEMENT, klem'ent, adj. mild: gentle : kind merciful.-adv. CLEM'ENTLY. [Fr. -L. clemens.]

CLENCH, klensh. Same as CLINCH. CLEPSYDRA, klep'si-dra, n. an instru ment used by the Greeks and Romans for measuring time by the trickling of water, as if by stealth, through a very small orifice. [L.-Gr. klepsydra-klepto, klepsō, to steal, hydōr, water.] CLERGY, kler'ji, n. the body of ministers of religion: persons connected with the clerical profession or the religious orders. "I found the clergy in general persons of moderate minds and decorous man

CLERGYMAN

ners; I include the seculars and regulars | of both sexes."-Burke. [Fr. clergé-Low L. clericia; from Late L. clericus, Gr. klērikos, from Gr. klēros, a lot, then the clergy; because the Lord was the lot or inheritance of the Levites (Deut. xviii. 2), or because the church was the inheritance of the Lord (1 Peter v. 3), the name being thence applied to the clergy.] CLERGYMAN, kler'ji-man, n. one of the clergy, a man regularly ordained to preach the gospel, and administer its ordinances. CLERGY WOMAN, kler'ji-woom'an, n. a woman connected with the clergy or belonging to a clergyman's family. "From the clergywomen of Windham down to the charwomen the question was discussed."-Mrs. Oliphant. CLERIC, kler'ik, CLERICAL, kler'ik-al, adj. belonging to the clergy: pertaining to a clerk or writer.

CLERK, klerk, n. (orig.) a clergyman or priest: a scholar one who reads the responses in the English Church service: in common use, one employed as a writer or assistant in an office.-n. CLERK'SHIP. [A.S. clerc, a priest-Late L. clericus. See CLERGY.]

CLERUCHIAL, klē-rōō'ki-al, adj. pertaining to a kind of colonial land settlement (called a klērouchia) in ancient Greece, by which a number of citizens obtained an allotment of land in a foreign country while still retaining all the privileges of citizens in their own state, where they might continue to reside. [Gr. klērouchia -klēros, a lot, and echo, to have.] CLEVER, klev'er, adj. able or dexterous: ingenious skillfully done; also, goodnatured, obliging (Amer.).-adv. CLEV'ERLY.-n. CLEV'ERNESS. [Ety. dub.] CLEW, klōō, n. a ball of thread, or the thread in it: a thread that guides through a labyrinth: anything that solves a mystery: the corner of a sail. -v.t. to truss or tie up sails to the yards. [A.S. cliwe; prob. akin to L. glomus, a ball of thread, and globus, a sphere, from root of CLEAVE, to adhere. See GLOBE.] CLICK, klik, n. a short, sharp clack or sound anything that makes such a sound, as a small piece of iron falling into a notched wheel.-v.i. to make a light, sharp sound. [Dim. of CLACK.] CLIENT, klient, n. one who employs a lawyer: a dependent.-n. CLIENTSHIP. [Fr.-L. cliens, for cluens, one who hears or listens (to advice), from clueo, to hear.] CLIFF, klif, n. a high steep rock: the steep side of a mountain. [Perh. akin to CLIMB.]

CLIFT. Same as CLEFT.

CLIFTY, klif'ti, adj. applied to a river on the banks of which limestone cliffs abound. (Amer.)

CLIMACTERIC, klim-ak'ter-ik or klim-akter'ik, n. a critical period in human life, in which some great bodily change is supposed to take place, esp. the grand climacteric or sixty-third year.-adjs. CLIMACTERIC, CLIMACTER'IC, CLIMACTER'ICAL. [Gr. klimaktēr-klimax, a ladder.] CLIMATE, klī'māt, n. the condition of a country or place with regard to temperature, moisture, etc. [Fr.-L. clima, climatis-Gr. klima, klimatos, slopeklino, to make to slope, akin to E. LEAN.] CLIMATIC, kli-mat'ik, CLIMATICAL, klimatik-al, adj. relating to, or limited by a climate.

CLIMATIZE, klī'ma-tiz, v.t. or v.i. See ACCLIMATIZE.

CLIMATOLOGY, kli-ma-tol'o-ji, n., the science of climates, or an investigation of the causes on which the climate of a place depends. [Gr. klima, and logos, discourse.]

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CLIMAX, klî'maks, n. in Rhetoric, the arranging of the particulars of a portion of discourse so as to rise in strength to the last. [Gr. klimax, a ladder or staircase-from klino, to slope.]

CLIMB, klim, v.i. or v.t. to ascend or mount up by clutching with the hands and feet; to ascend with difficulty. [A.S. climban; Ger. klimmen; conn. with CLAMBER and CLEAVE, to stick.] CLIME, klim, n. a country, region, tract. [A variety of CLIMATE.] CLINCH, klinsh, v.t. to fasten or rivet a nail to grasp tightly: to settle or confirm. [Causal form of klink, to strike smartly; Dut. and Ger. klinken, to rivet a bolt.]

CLINCHER, klinsh'er, n. one that clinches; a decisive argument.

CLING, kling, v.i. to adhere or stick close by winding round: to adhere in interest or affection:-pa.t. and pa.p. clung. [A.S. clingan, to shrivel up, to draw together.]

CLINIC, klin'ik, CLINICAL, klin'ik-al, adj. pertaining to a bed: (med.) applied to instruction given in hospitals at the bedside of the patient. [Gr. klinikoskline, a bed, from klinō, to recline.] CLINK, klingk, n. a ringing sound made by the striking together of sounding bodies.-v.t. to cause to make a ringing sound.-v.i. to ring or jingle. [A form of CLICK and CLANK.]

CLINKER, klink'er, n. the cinder or slag formed in furnaces: brick burned so hard that, when struck, it makes a sharp and ringing sound.

CLIP, klip, v.t. to cut by making the blades of shears meet: to cut off: formerly, to debase the coin by cutting off the edges to give a blow to (Amer.):pr.p. clipp'ing; pa.p. clipped'. [From the root of Ice. klippa, to cut, and allied to A.S. clyppan, to embrace, to draw closely.]

CLIP, klip, n. the thing clipped off, as the wool that has been shorn off sheep: also a blow.

CLIPPER, klip'er, n., one that clips: a sharp-built, fast-sailing vessel. CLIPPING, klip'ing, n. the act of cutting, esp. debasing coin by cutting off the edges: the thing clipped off.

CLIQUE, klek, n. a group of persons in union for a purpose: a party or faction: a gang:--used generally in a bad sense. [Fr., prob. from root of click, and so―a noisy conclave.]

CLOAK, CLOKE, klōk, n. a loose outer garment: a covering: that which conceals a disguise, pretext.-v.t. to clothe with a cloak: to cover: to conceal. [Old Fr. cloque-Low L. cloca, a bell, also a horseman's cape, because bell-shaped, from root of CLOCK.]

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CLOCK, klok, n. a machine for measuring time, and which marks the time by the position of its "hands upon the dialplate, or by the striking of a hammer on a bell. [Word widely diffused, as A.S. clucga, Gael. clog, Ger. glocke, Fr. cloche. and all-a bell; the root is doubtful.] CLOCKMUTCH, klok'mutch, n. a woman's cap composed of three pieces-a straight centre one from the forehead to the neck, with two side-pieces. [D. klapmuts, a night-cap. Amer.]

CLOCKWORK, klok'wurk, n. the works or machinery of a clock: machinery like that of a clock.

CLOD, klod, n. a thick round mass or lump, that cleaves or sticks together, especially of earth or turf: the ground: a stupid fellow: a bait used in fishing for eels, and consisting of a bunch of lobworms strung on to stout worsted [see

CLOSURE

n.

a

CLOD-FISHING]:- pr.p. clodd'ing; pa.p. clodd'ed. [A later form of CLOT.] CLOD - FISHING, klod'-fish-ing, method of catching eels by means of a clod or bait of lobworms strung on worsted. The fisher allows this bait to sink to the bottom of the stream, and when he feels an eel tugging he raises the bait without a jerk from the water, and if successful he will find the eel has its teeth so entangled in the worsted as to be unable to let go. CLODHOPPER, klod'hop-er, n. a countryman: a peasant: a dolt. [CLOD and HOPPER.]

CLODHOPPING, klod'hop-ing, adj. like a clodhopper: loutish: boorish: heavy treading, as one accustomed to walking on ploughed land. "What a mercy you are shod with velvet, Jane! a clodhopping messenger would never do at this juncture."-Charlotte Bronte. CLODPATE, klod'pāt, CLODPOLL, klod'pōl, n. one with a head like a clod, a stupid fellow. [CLOD and PATE, POLL.] CLOG, klog, v.t. to accumulate in a mass and cause a stoppage: to obstruct: to encumber :- - pr.p. clogg ing; pa.p. clogged'. n. anything hindering motion: an obstruction: a shoe with a wooden sole. [Akin to Scot. clag, to cover with mud, claggy, sticky; from root of CLAY.]

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CLOISTER, klois'ter, n. a covered arcade forming part of a monastic or collegiate establishment: a place of religious retirement, a monastery or nunnery.-v.t. to confine in a cloister: to confine within walls. [O. Fr. cloistre, Fr. cloître (A.S. clauster) L. claustrum-claudo, clausum, to close, to shut.]

CLOISTERAL, klois'ter-al, CLOISTRAL, klois'tral, old form CLAUSTRAL, klaws'tral, adj. pertaining to or confined to a cloister; secluded.

CLOISTERED, klois'terd, adj. dwelling in cloisters solitary : : retired from the world. CLOMB, klōm, old past tense of CLIMB. CLOSE, klōs, adj., shut up: with no opening: confined, unventilated: narrow: near, in time or place: compact: crowded: hidden: reserved: crafty.-adv. in a close manner: nearly: densely.-n. an inclosed place: a small inclosed field: a narrow passage of a street.-adv. CLOSE'LY.-n. CLOSE'NESS. [Fr. clos, shut-pa.p. of clore, from L. claudere, clausus, to shut.] CLOSE, klōz, v.t. to make close to draw together and unite to finish.-v.i. to grow together: to come to an end.-n. the manner or time of closing: a pause or stop: the end. CLOSET, kloz'et, n. a small private room: a recess off a room.-v.t. to shut up in, or take into a closet: to conceal :-pr.p. clos'eting; pa.p. clos'eted. [O. Fr. closet, dim. of clos. See CLOSE.] CLOSE-TIME, klōs'-tim, n. a certain season of the year during which it is unlawful for any person to catch or kill winged game and certain kinds of fish. "He had shot. . . some young wild-ducks, as, though close-time was then unknown, the broods of grouse were yet too young for the sportsman.' Sir W. Scott. They came on a wicked old gentleman breaking the laws of his country, and catching perch in close-time out of a punt."-H. Kingsley.

66

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CLOSURE, klōz'ür, n. the act of closing: that which closes: specifically, the bringing or putting an end to a debate so as to proceed immediately to vote on a question or measure in a deliberative assembly, as a parliment, by the decision of a competent authority, as the president, or

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