The "Winchester Bushel," so called, of 215042 cubic inches capacity, is the Government bushel of the United States, and the legal bushel of each state having no special or statute bushel of its own. The standard Winchester bushel measure is a cylindrical vessel having an outside diameter of 19 inches, an inside diameter of 18 inches, and an inside depth of 8 inches. The standard "heaped" or "coal" bushel of England was this measure heaped to a true cone 6 inches high, the base being 19 inches, or equal to the outside diameter of the measure. Its ratio to the even bushel was, therefore, as 1.28, nearly, to 1. The present "Imperial measure of England has the same outside diameter and the same depth as the Winchester, and an internal diameter of 18.8 inches, and the same height of cone is retained for forming the heaped bushel. Its ratio, therefore, to the even bushel is a trifle less than was that of the Winchester. In the United States the "heaped bushel" is usually estimated at 5 even pecks, or as 1.25 to 1 of the standard even bushel, which, if taken as

* By enactment of the Legislature of the State of New York, this gallon ceased to be the legal gallon of that State, April 11, 1852; and the United States Government gallon, of 231 cubic inches capacity, was adopted in its stead.

the rule, requires a cone on the Winchester measure of 5.4 inches to equal the heaped Winchester bushel.

NOTE.-The Imperial bushel, mentioned above, is the present legal bushel of Great Britain; and the Imperial gallon, mentioned on the preceding page, is the present legal gallon of Great Britain, for all liquids. The gallon for liquids is the same as the gallon for dry measure. Eight Imperial gallons make one bushel. The subdivisions of the gallon and the bushel, and their denominations, are the same as in the Winchester measures. In Great Britain, in addition to the denominations of dry measure used in the United States, the

* This bushel ceased to be the legal bushel of this State April 11, 1852, and the United States Government bushel, of 2150 cubic inches capacity, was adopted as the legal

bushel in its stead.

This bushel is now, January, 1852, no longer the legal bushel of this State, and the standard Winchester bushel is adopted in its stead.

SECTION II.

MISCELLANEOUS FACTS, CALCULATIONS, AND PRACTICAL

MATHEMATICAL DATA.

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.

The specific gravity of a body is its weight relative to the weight of an equal bulk of pure water at the maximum density, (390.83, b. 30 in.) the water being taken as 1., a cubic foot of which weighs 1000 avoirdupois ounces, or 62 lbs. The specific gravity, therefore, of any body multiplied by 1000, or, which is the same thing, the decimal being carried to three places of figures, or thousands, as in the following TABLES, the whole taken as an integer equals the number of ounces in a cubic foot of the material: multiplied by 62.5, or considered an integer and divided by 16, it equals the number of pounds in a cubic foot; and multiplied by .036169, or taken as an integer and divided by 27648, it equals the decimal fraction of a pound per cubic inch; by which, it is readily seen, the specific gravity of a commodity being known, its weight per any given bulk is easily and accurately ascertained; as, also, its specific gravity, the weight and bulk being known. The weight of any one article relative to that of any other, is as its respective specific gravity to the specific gravity of the other.