There is an old saying which states that "it takes a rogue to

catch a rogue." This is good physiognomical philosophy, for

one law of this science declares that "one is best enabled to judge of those principles in others which are strongest in himself," hence it is that in such characters as Fouchè, the Chief of Police under Napoleon, and Allan Pinkerton, a celebrated detective of Chicago, we observe the faculties of Secretiveness and Human Nature very large. It was these traits in combination with large Reason that enabled them to enter into the feelings and minds of the criminal classes, and so to understand and detect their criminal stratagems. The faculties of Human Nature and Secretiveness are both well defined in the physiognomies of habitual and successful criminals, while in the characters of hypocritical confidence-men we find a large share of Agreeability, which, added to the other two traits, enables them to get on the good side of their intended victims, by a plausible, persuasive, winning manner, and thus make them an easy prey. Secretiveness aids them in keeping their own plans secret, while agreeability assists them in singing that song of the crafty yet polite member of the useful Arachnida family:

"Will you walk into my parlor?' said the spider to the fly;
'Tis the prettiest little parlor that ever you did spy.''

And while this pleasing ditty is being sung by the confidenceoperator, a good physiognomist might be making out a physiognomical chart to present to him as a reward of merit for the fine exhibition of tact, industry, ingenuity, and agreeability displayed in the praiseworthy object (?) of getting an easy living by the mere exercise of his natural powers.

There is no better method of detecting these smooth and fluent conversationalists than by the rules of physiognomy. Ask them to let you feel their phrenological developments, and they would fly from you; but engage them in a short conversation, and while thus employed the entire character of a very secretive individual is laid bare, for, as before remarked, an excess of any trait makes a very decided impress upon the face and form, as well as upon the voice, the walk, the gestures, and general appearance.

Prudent, politic persons use the minimum of Secretiveness, and by wise evasions avoid the prying busybody, yet avoid telling falsehoods at the same time. In this instance, intellect, ingenuity, and truth work together to protect their interests, for all have concealments which are essential to their welfare and success, yet not necessarily dishonorable. The merchant must be able to conceal his methods from others, else they might take advantage of

them and so forestall him in his enterprises. The lawyer must conceal his clients' affairs and his own methods of procedure until matured. The professional man must use all honorable means to protect by secrecy the affairs of others which have been intrusted to his honor. Secrecy is both necessary and useful, and all wellbalanced characters must avail themselves of its powers. Its excess is, as I have shown, the resource of timid, weak, criminal, or immoral characters, and is exhibited by weak, thievish, skulking animals, the prototypes of their sneakish human brothers. Timid children, like timid animals, make use of Secretiveness to avoid dangers. Fear makes them cowardly. Parents can make them liars or truthful, according to the methods employed. A method which I adopted with my children seemed a very excellent way to cultivate truth, by substituting reward instead of penalties for disobedience of rules confessed. For example, I made some slight reward the incentive for the avowal of wrong-doing, such as breaking rules, destroying china, or accidental violations of decorum, etc. My children would bring to me quite readily a piece of broken china, and state how it occurred in the frankest manner possible. For this avowal I would always give a slight reward, at the same time expressing my sorrow at the loss and at the heedlessness which caused it. In this way I made it for the children's interest to be truthful, hence they were never afraid to tell the whole truth to me. Moral cowardice in children can be corrected by treating them in a friendly and confidential manner, thus robbing the confession of their little faults of the dread of penalties. Let children see that you believe in them, yet show by your manner that you suffer by their concealing their delinquencies when they commit them. Hold them up to a high standard of truth by example. Let them have confidence in their parents' integrity, and thus you will stimulate their imitation as well as principle. When children are too frank, show them how the family interests suffer by relating family matters which should not be detailed to strangers; also how silly it is to be constantly telling every thought as fast as it comes into the mind. Cultivate their morality by leading them to see how wrong it is to relate what has been told them in confidence. You will thus establish in early life a habit of prudent reticence which too frank and too transparent children need.

Large Secretiveness, combined with large Reason and Caution, makes men very adroit in concealing their real ideas and purposes. Such persons express themselves in a very politic and guarded manner, so much so as to mislead others through their lack of precision and directness. With small Conscientiousness combined,

they will invariably lie and cheat, first laying plans to cover up their tricks.

Where Secretiveness is about of an average degree the character will exhibit a prudent self-control, yet under provocation will free the mind and give others the benefit of thoughts in regard to them, but with large Cautiousness will hold back somewhat for fear of consequences. Those possessed of moderate Secretiveness are remarkably frank, and not afraid of showing their methods or of speaking their thoughts; they will not use much policy nor evade open expression; yet, with large Caution will look ahead, and are reasonably circumspect in their dealings and speech; with large Acquisitiveness and Conscientiousness, will speak and deal honorably and regard others with confidence; with Force added, are abrupt and speak out decidedly, and with Friendship large they are inclined to assist friends in business as well as socially.

There are very many curious ways in which Secretiveness is exhibited. Some with large Secretiveness will conceal many sides of their nature, as, for example, their love affairs or their sympathetic thoughts, yet will be open in matters pertaining to business or duty; they will defend the interests of morality and urge reforms in a very bold and vigorous manner, and so convey the idea that they are wanting in the softer traits. I once knew a very tender-hearted, sympathetic man, who, to conceal what he considered a weakness, always assumed a blunt, gruff, and abrupt manner of speech, and so earned for himself the name of the "grand growler grand growler" in his circle, yet I knew him to be more sympathetic and charitable than many softspoken men.

Secretiveness, when it assists men to be diplomatic, politic, judicious, and honorable, is an excellent quality, but when it leads to trickery, dishonesty, lying, and double-dealing it should be restrained. Where there is too much frankness, a too confiding spirit, it reacts upon the character and works injury; hence, prudence and circumspection should be cultivated. Remember that as long as life lasts you will have time enough to tell all that you know, but once having told a secret it cannot be recalled. Be free with friends, but guarded with strangers and indifferent acquaintances.

Take the poet's advice:

"Aye, free, off-han' your story tell,
When wi' a bosom crony,
But still keep something to yoursel'
Ye' scarcely tell to ony."-BUrns.

CAUTIOUSNESS.

Definition.-Vigilance, foresight, prudence, providence, anxiety, watchfulness, wariness, care-taking.

An excess is shown by melancholy, anguish, cowardice, irresolution, bashfulness, shyness, timidity, fright, over-anxiety, terror, suspicion, despair, nervousness, forebodings, fretting, and useless fears. It tends to sickness, disorders of the nerves and of the biliary system, to insanity and suicide.

A deficiency is characterized by rashness, boldness, assurance, impudence, audacity, and imprudent and injudicious language and conduct.

Facial and Bodily Signs.-Length and breadth of the nose is the sign for the highest degree of Caution. Length merely of the nose indicates that sort of Caution manifested by very timid human beings and animals. Long and thin ears, long and thin neck, and long and thin legs are also some of the bodily signs of Cautiousness.-.

DESCRIPTION OF CAUTIOUSNESS.-The most reliable facial sign of Cautiousness is shown by the length of the nose. Its location is admirably adapted to the preservation of the body, presiding as it does over all the functions of digestion and guarding the avenues of approach to the stomach by its keenness of scent, which soon detects qualities of food unsuited to the sustentation of the body. Not only does it act as sentinel to the stomach, but by virtue of its anatomical structure it guards the lungs from noxious vapors, gases, and all improper atmospheres. Its length assists in warming the air to a considerable degree before it strikes the lungs, while the vibrissæ, or small hairs with which the interior of the nostrils is furnished, prevent injurious particles from entering the lungs.

The fact of the length of the nose being the principal sign for Caution has been noted by other physiognomists. Dr. Cross observes on this subject that

The nasal apparatus is the porch of respiration and the sense of smell is the sentry; hence, it may be laid down as a general rule that atmospheric air is wholesome or unwholesome in proportion as its smell is agreeable or disagreeable. As odorous effluvia tend upward, so the nose comes to be percipient of substances entering the mouth, and it is found that food is wholesome or unwholesome in proportion as the smell is grateful or ungrateful. The sense of smell, therefore, is superintendent of the breath and assistant superintendent of the food. The nose, then, stands in a double relation,-in the relation of porch or sentinel to the lungs and in the relation of assistant sentinel to the stomach and assistant forager to the mouth.*

* An Attempt to Establish Physiognomy on Scientific Principles, John Cross, M.D., p. 215.

Short noses are not so efficient in guarding these functions as long noses. There are several reasons for this: In the first place, the nose is not only an indicator of animal organization, but it is likewise the chief facial exponent of intellect and of physical as well as of mental energy; hence, the longer, higher, and broader the nose, the more judgment and prudence will be displayed, for length and breadth of nose in man and beast is exhibited only by the most superior characters.

A nose which is high as well as long and broad is best

adapted to the function of
scent, for the reason that
the olfactory nerves have
room for greater expan-
sion, hence the nasal gan-
glion is
more powerful
than where its space is re-
stricted. Those races that
possess the broadest, high-
est, and longest
exhibit the most prudence,
foresight, and watchfulness,
and entertain as well the
broadest views of life and
its affairs. The Hebrews,
among the civilized races,
possess in a remarkable

noses

length and breadth of the nose. The law of the straight degree all these attributes.

line and curve governs this face. The development of Cautiousness as displayed in this countenance gives evidence of an astute and far-sighted character. The domestic traits are well defined and the intellectual of the first class. The signs for Firmness and Conscientiousness are of average size. Patriotism, Love of Home, Love of Young, Amativeness, and Benevolence are well manifested; while Human Nature, Ideality, Mental Imitation, Veneration, Executiveness, Selfwill, Observation, Language, Reason, Memory of

So far-sighted is their intellectual grasp, and so broad are their views of worldly affairs, that the majority of them are well provided with this world's goods, and beggars of their race I believe are wholly unknown. I have never seen or heard of one. They also possess all the physiological traits which accompany this formation, exhibiting predaceous energy, keenness of scent, and fondness for fine odors and flavors. They are good judges of food and immoderately addicted to the pleasures of the table. They also exhibit various mental traits which often accompany large Alimentiveness, viz., rapacity, love of domination, and marked social and domestic qualities.

Sublimity, Acquisitiveness, Constructiveness, Analysis

Events, and Intuition are very large. Altogether they form the portrait of a very capable executive, and judicious individual.

The same traits are characteristic of the carnivorous class of