number; to mechanics, mathematics, and geometry. In short, it is a basic faculty upon which many other faculties depend for assistance to carry forward their peculiar operations. Observation gives the capacity to comprehend everything in Nature as a separate and distinct entity, and is required in literature as well as in the mechanic arts. Navigators and discoverers find it most useful, as it enables them to retain an accurate memory of the forms, colors, and related positions of scenes visited and countries explored. It is useful to the linguist, and aids him in the acquirement of language, by enabling the student to comprehend the separate and individual parts of speech, as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and interjections, and shows him the relationship they bear to each other in combination. A man who possesses large Observation never loses a moment's time, for, place him where you will he employs himself with storing his mind with whatever surrounds him, and when needed he extracts from the photographic studio in his mind the forms, colors, relations, and positions of all the objects which he has laid away for use. This looking faculty is a fine one for a traveler to possess. A real good looker will bring back from a short excursion more accurate information than a mere gazer will gather while making the "grand tour." Children should not only be encouraged to look at all that attracts their attention, but should be trained to describe what they have seen, thus assisting and testing the accuracy of their observations. Their questions should be answered with reason and truth, and, unless they talk for the sake of listening to their own voices, should not be suppressed, except in cases where they are making themselves conspicuous at the expense of politeness and the comfort of those present. Historians need to be good observers of what transpires in government and the affairs of the nation, as well as lovers of truthful statement, and observation of this sort should characterize all who undertake to treat of such matters for the edification of posterity by writing records. The difference between the historical writings of Voltaire and those of John William Draper, for example, illustrates and corroborates the principles of scientific physiognomy, as exhibited by their physiognomies. Voltaire's face shows a lack of keen and accurate observation, but sparkles with wit and imagination. His historical works reflect all the beauties of his face in youth; they are brilliant and entertaining, but inaccurate; while Draper's histories and his other works are like his face-truthful, orderly, solid, accurate, and highly interesting, as any one will admit who has read his "History of the United States," "The Intellectual Development of Europe," or the "Conflict between Science and Religion," any one of which is nearly as charming and delightful in style and more accurate in detail than any of Voltaire's historical works. Voltaire's histories of Charles XII and Peter the Great, although brilliant and entertaining, are not held up as models of truth and exactness. In analyzing the grade or quality of Observation found in different persons, great attention must be paid to the peculiar expression of the eye. In the portraits of all the great naturalists, discoverers, scientists, mechanicians, and inventors the eyes seem to be looking fixedly and intelligently at some object; there is a knowing look in them which the painter and the camera have happily caught. The habit of fixed and intelligent attention which these classes of persons have practiced for years is transferred to their physiognomy, and is most noticeable in and about the eye and eyebrow, more particularly in the bright, alert, keen, intelligent expression of the eye. This is a most remarkable circumstance, and one which explains a great deal. The face is connected with all the nerves of the special senses as well as with the nerves leading to all of the important visceral structures, hence is capable of expressing and expounding all the permanent as well as temporary feelings and conditions existing or active at every period, as well as those which have existed for any considerable length of time. Now, in the physiognomies of those classes that do not depend upon accurate observation for the foundation of their pursuits no such expression is visible. If we compare the portraits and countenances of the former classes with the faces and portraits of singers, instrumentalists, poets, athletes, acrobats, elocutionists, and commercialists, generally, we shall find that the earnest, penetrating, thoughtful gaze of the former is absent in the latter. The explanation is not far to seek. The most observing classes are obliged by the very nature of their pursuits (which is a search after and an application of the laws of Nature) to be as nearly true to Nature in their actions and descriptions as the human senses will permit, for the senses are the avenues through which the world comes into the human mind. The more observation a man possesses, the more of the world will he conquer and own. A blind man is almost shut out from the world of form, and entirely so from a knowledge of color. The deaf lose entirely the harmonies of music and the power which vocal expression brings. A man whose practical and observing faculties are greatly deficient has less of this world's knowledge than he who has them in a large measure; he is consequently thrown back upon what he hears instead of what may be seen and known by accurate sight. This class of persons are bound to become superstitious and believers of all sorts of fantastic dogmas, while the observant person uses his God-given senses and relies upon his power for seeing and judging for himself. The only way which we have in this material and mundane sphere of becoming cognizant of truths as they exist and appear is by the use of our senses primarily and of our reason and conscientiousness finally. It is rational to infer that the stronger and more perfect these faculties are, the more perfect will be our knowledge of truths. It becomes our duty, then, under this logic, to endeavor to build up our bodies by an application of the best principles of hygiene, for, the more perfect and normal the body, the better equipped will it be for the work of life. The mediæval method of degrading the body by filth, fasting, fear, and flagellation, in order to create a saint or seer, will not conduce to a noble manhood and womanhood, suited to the work of redeeming and civilizing the world; and as useful men and women are needed for this purpose, and as visionaries are incapable of aiding these efforts, we must therefore reverse the old-time methods and strive to improve the race by design and law. The cultivation of the faculty of Observation is one of the best steps toward a knowledge of truth. The habit of accurate and patient observation cannot be overestimated. The celebrated Newton once remarked, "If I have made any discoveries, it was owing more to patient attention than to any other talent." The great minds of all ages bear testimony to the fact that the capacity for close and continual observation is the main factor in the lives of the great geniuses that have arisen and dazzled the world. Every town and hamlet in the country possesses a lazy genius, who imagines himself destined to astound the world by the greatness of his natural powers, and yet who is never heard of outside of a limited circle, for the reason that he lacks patient observation or industry. There are scores of "mute, inglorious Miltons" of whom the world never hears. In the animal kingdom it is found that those that possess the best power of attention are the most teachable. The elephant, with his small, accurate, mechanical eye, can see and pick up with his proboscis a cambric needle. Even butterflies have been tamed and taught to come at man's call; they also possess most decided observation of colors, as do bees also, with great taste for bright ones.* And with the talent of close observation used in way-finding by beasts and birds no man of the highest powers can compare. The homing" faculty of the pigeon is far better devei oped in it than the sense of locality is in man, while the *Mind in the Lower Animals, J. L. Lindsay, M.D., vol. i, p. 61. observation of dogs leads them to understand not only the meaning of man's language in phrases, and their own name when called, but they are observant of and understand Looks, facial expression, countenance-changes, the character of the eye, actions or movements, with gestures and gesticulations; natural voice-sounds and their varied tones or intonations; artificial, musical, and other sounds, such as those made upon or by the bell-gong, horn, whistle, pipe, bagpipe, lute, drum, or bugle. They understand comments and remarks when they themselves are spoken of, also proper names of persons, places, and things; signals of eye, look, action, including those which are called secret, which are preconcerted by and between and understood only by the animal and its master.* I might fill a volume devoted to illustrations of animal observation, proving that in common with man the highest types of each class are those which possess superior powers of Observation. and capacity for continued attention. The cultivation of this faculty has been commenced on a scientific basis in the past few years by the kindergarten system of object-teaching, which not only instructs children in the knowledge of geometrical forms, but also assists the color-sense by a use of all the chromatic hues. The latter feature is most useful and should be taught to boys especially, inasmuch as they inherit less of the color-sense than females, owing, doubtless, to the fact that they make little use of color in the majority of masculine pursuits, also to that other and sad fact-the great use of tobacco by men, which vitiates the action of the glands to that degree that the colors are not eliminated from the food nor taken into the system by the lungs as readily as by those who are not the victims of this vice. This inferiority of the color-sense has become a distinctively sex-type, and is transmitted from father to son rather than from father to daughter, so surely do our deeds follow us and live after us. We are immortal in more senses than one. Observation has its own especial memory and recollects best the class of objects which most attract the attention. These vary in different individuals, as, for example, one in witnessing a scientific experiment will be impressed with certain parts and be able to explain them clearly, while another will be attracted by other features of the experiment and describe them best. MEMORY OF EVENTS. "Why should I write this down that's riveted, Definition. The capacity for remembering historical, political, social, domestic, and all passing events; adapted to the memorizing * Mind in the Lower Animals, J. L. Lindsay, M.D., vol. i, pp. 346, 347. of news of all sorts, such as public measures, scientific theories, experiments, and neighborhood gossip, facts, occurrences, and actions, and of events as they transpire from time to time. An excess need not be guarded against. A man cannot know too much, provided his knowledge be accurate and he can apply it practically. A deficiency causes one to be unready, unintelligent, and unreliable as to facts and occurrences. Facial and Bodily Signs.-A general fullness of the upper and middle portions of the forehead is the facial record of large Memory of Events, together with a broad and vigorous muscular and visceral organization. The last are secondary and subordinate signs, but necessary as establishing a sure foundation for that strength and vigor which creates and sustains sound and strong mental action. DESCRIPTION OF MEMORY.-Memory of Events is a portion of the general memory and is devoted exclusively to the accumulation of that class of knowledge which is named in the above definition. Each faculty and sense has its own special memory, and each depends for its power upon, first, the natural or inherited quality, and, secondly, upon the normal, healthful, and vigorous condition of the body. There is no special faculty devoted to Memory. The ancient metaphysicians treated the Memory of Events as if it were the entire memory, not taking into account the sense-memories of sight, sound, taste, scent, and sensation, but always referred to "Memory" as if it were a single and complete faculty and seated and centred in the brain, where, indeed, the phrenologists finally located every single, individual power of the mind. It is the mission of scientific physiognomy, aided by evolution, anatomy, physiology, and cognate sciences, to unload this poor, overtaxed organ, and restore to its own rightful domain each one of the misplaced functions and faculties, and so relieve the overburdened skull of the weight of that which was never in it, except in the fancy of half-fledged scientists. I shall now commence an analysis of the Memory devoted to the acquisition of historical knowledge,-that is to say, of events as they transpire, including in this comprehensive term all the current and passing events and occurrences of every-day life, leaving until later the discussion of the other departments of Memory, such as the memories of scent, form, size, color, words, tones, etc. The automatic action of Memory of all the intellectual faculties shows it to be related to the muscular as well as to the nervous systems, for muscles exhibit automatism and nerves |