a secondary cause. The faculties derived from the development and functional action of these organs are Conscientiousness, Firmness, Digestion, Bibativeness, Love of Young, Benevolence, Selfesteem, Friendship, Amativeness, Mirthfulness, Approbativeness, Economy, Hospitality, Love of Home and of Country.

The vegetative system shows all the functions and faculties which are dominant in childhood, and the physiognomies of all children, if they are healthy, exhibit a larger development of these signs than of other divisions where the signs of the Mechanical, Artistic, and Mathematical powers are located.

The three grand natural divisions of the face, by the very order of their arrangement and locality, indicate the order of progressive growth and development of the body and mind. First, the vegetative system, which is supreme in childhood; afterward, the mechanical faculties assert their dawning powers just in the ratio that the bones and muscles strengthen; and when children commence to understand the use and management of material substances, they can become expert in light manual labor, both artistic and mechanical. Later in life, the brain becomes more mature and pure abstract reason dominates all the previous developments, and mechanical calculation serves also to assist mental processes.

The faculty of Conscientiousness is located in the chemical or underlying system, proving conclusively that morality commences in the physical basis,-just where it should, to be of the greatest value to the organism. If a cultivated and quickened moral sense were brought to bear upon all the faculties and functions of this division of the human organism, many of the sins and evils affecting the human family would be unknown. A judicious mingling of this system with a suitable proportion of the other systems of the organism creates health and happiness; how to accomplish this result will be shown as we proceed to investigate the science of physiognomy. This system constitutes the chemical division of the body and mind; the faculties set in action by its laws are mainly chemical in their operation.

ARCHITECTURAL DIVISION.

THE THORACIC SYSTEM.

The thoracic system is located in the highest portion of the trunk, and contains the organs of respiration and circulation, the heart and lungs, as well as the liver, which is an active agent in purifying the blood that has been created by the assimilation of nutriment in the intestines and glands. The blood is poured into the heart through the thoracic duct; from the heart it is carried to

the lungs by the pulmonary artery. This system therefore includes the heart, liver, and lungs, together with the several ducts, veins, arteries, and tubes comprised in its action. These physical functions give rise to the following faculties: Pneumativeness, Hope, Analysis, and Color, and exert an influence upon Human Nature, Imitation, and Sublimity.

The Architectural Division has three subdivisions. One is composed of the heart, liver, and lungs; the second, of the muscles, including the stomach, which is a muscular organ; and the third, the osseous or bony system. Each of these organ systems originate a different class of mental efforts.

The outward facial sign for the lungs is, of course, the nostrils, as it is through these organs that we are enabled to respire. The

facial sign for the heart is also the nostrils, as well as bright color of the complexion. The heart and lungs being correlated organs, they mutually condition each other; hence large nostrils are indicative of good heart and lung power. A predominance of the thoracic system is known by large rounding chest, wide nostrils, rather high cheek-bones, full throat, bright eyes, and elastic step, while the abdomen and brain are comparatively small. The greyhound is a fine illustration of this system, also the various deer tribes. This system in its highest manifestation shows that the aëration of the blood is performed. on a large scale, inducing buoyancy of spirits, quickness and clearness of apprehension, ambition, hope, and progressive mentality. It causes the individual to be cheerful, happy and pure-minded, owing to the large quantity of oxygen taken into the system and the purifying effect which a large heart, liver, and lungs give to the whole organism.

History abounds in the record of men with large thoracic development and small brains, who have made of life a brilliant success, but it is almost void of those possessed of small lungs and large brains. Pioneers, discoverers, warriors, orators, and aggressive people in thought and action the world over will be found within this class. Where this system is well marked, the individual will be fond of outdoor sports and pursuits, quick at apprehending everything perceived, and as quick to drop it. This

peculiarity causes them to excel in pioneering and geographical discovery, and in all pursuits where great activity and constant motion is required.

Children of this formation of body are restless, eager, and apt, but dislike close and continuous study and dull routine and drudgery, and will run from it if pressed too closely. This class will make better students later in life, and study better after thirty years of age, yet will pick up and store away thousands of useful facts, apparently without effort, in childhood. They will excel in outdoor pursuits and enjoy outdoor labor even in early life. It is cruel to compel them to study closely and continuously in youth. The study of the sciences is natural to them. This class of persons (with a suitable brain system in addition) can become botanists, orchardists, navigators, naturalists, stock-breeders, geologists, hygienists, and succeed in similar occupations. By following these pursuits, their health, happiness, and usefulness will be promoted.

People of this type make cheerful and safe companions, for, as their organisms are filled with the oxygen and ozone of the atmosphere, their moral sense and purity of mind are stronger than in weaker developments of the thoracic system. They are also, as a rule, high-minded, filled with noble and philanthropic ideas, or ambitious to hold prominent and distinguished positions in society.

Persons with large lungs become poisoned with noxious air sooner than do those with small lungs. The reason of this is owing to the greater quantity of bad air which is inhaled in a given time. A large development of the thoracic system engenders a cheerful, sportive, ardent, courageous, and magnanimous disposition, and those who inherit and conserve this system will retain their youthful feeling and vivacity to an advanced age; hence it is that we find in the countenances of many aged persons a fine complexion, skin of a fine, soft texture, and but few wrinkles, as compared with others who do not possess as large a development of the thorax.

Among the eminent persons who have been endowed with a fine thoracic system, I may mention Julius Cæsar, Cicero, Wellington, Cromwell, Bonaparte, Patrick Henry, William Pitt, Henry Clay, and many other well-known warriors and orators.

The diseases which assail this system are acute and inflammatory, such as pneumonia, pleurisy, cerebral and pulmonary consumption, rupture of the heart, hypertrophy of the left ventricle of the heart, and inflammation of the lungs. These disorders are caused by the intense activity of this system. It is a law of human nature that we love to use most our strongest faculties.

Hence, those persons possessing a large thoracic system are apt to be too energetic, and to consume their vital forces by undue use of them. Such persons should avoid exciting scenes and all kinds of commotions in which the emotions take a leading part. They should live on some simple vegetable diet, sleep much, and pursue a steady unexciting occupation.

Those who inherit a feeble development of the thorax should live in hilly regions, engage in walking, running, boating, horseback exercise, and gymnastics, especially those which develop the upper part of the body. It is a circumstance worth noting that all the high-flying birds have larger lungs relatively than those that remain in marshes and fly low. The bones of the former are permeated with air-cells which contain air, and thus their flight is assisted by their frame being lightened by this peculiarity of

construction.

All those races of men and animals that inhabit mountainous regions have larger thoracic systems than those who dwell in the plains. Naturalists tell us that fishes inhabiting mountain streams have larger air-vessels than those found in other waters, and the reason of it is that the atmosphere in those regions is rarer or more attenuated, hence the lungs are compelled to respire more in order to get the same quantity of air. Persons with small or weak lungs will find it advantageous to inhale the atmosphere of the hills, because it induces activity of the lungs and heart, and this causes a demand for more blood. The appetite, under the stimulus of this atmosphere will call for more food, the digestive processes will derive more nourishment from the aliment consumed, and thus the entire system will become invigorated by the improved quantity and quality of the air, while the lungs will be compelled to greater activity; and, as use increases capacity, many persons who have inherited weak lungs have been benefited and almost renewed by early change from low to higher altitudes. Thus much will capacity for and a full supply of pure air do for the individual. A system of ventilation for public buildings and homes is the greatest necessity of the present age. We cannot expect pureminded, noble characters to thrive and expand in close, ill-smelling, noxious dwellings. If we desire moral men and women, and those who are truly religious, our systems of drainage, sewerage, ventilation, and water supply will have to be amended before such result can be secured; for any system of Theology or Ethics which does not include Natural Law as its ruling principle will create no improved types of the human family, and will only succeed in producing a class of theoretic sentimentalists, without the power to be either pure-minded, noble, or truly religious. Fresh air, pure

water, bathing, hygienic diet, and self-control, used according to law, contain all the fundamental principles of true religion, and will advance civilization to grander heights of purity, morality, and truth than all the dogmatic theories of centuries. Pure water and pure air are the first necessities of life, and must be obtained if a fine development of the thoracic system is desired.

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM.

The next system in the order of development or evolution is the Muscular. It is in the Architectural Division, and assists formative effort of every kind whatsoever, whether literary, artistic, mechanical, or in the rebuilding of the human race. In analyzing the salient points of features

of the Muscular System and Form, we must make a distinction between muscle and fat, as these two classes of tissues create and exhibit two distinct and opposite kinds of character. The predominance of the Muscular System is known by a rather broad form, with well-developed muscles and tendons; quick, elastic step; shoulders broad in proportion to the body; rather low or high and rounding forehead; the nose rather short and broad; full convex eye;

FIG. 9.-HERR FLEISCHMAN.
(GERMAN ARTIST.)

Muscular System supreme.

round, short ears; short, thick neck, with a tendency to develop long, perpendicular wrinkles on the face.

Writers of works on physiology and anatomy arrange the muscles into two general divisions, viz, the voluntary and the involuntary; but scientific physiognomy finds it necessary to take cognizance of and describe every formation which the muscles may assume, in the outward conformation of the human body. The six classes of muscles which we are obliged to take into consideration in the reading of character are as follow: