powers he was able to make this development very effective. With robust health, he would doubtless have been a mental Colossus. His physiognomy shows that he was descended from a vigorous and long-lived ancestry. I do not know the circumstances of his birth, but I opine that some accidental circumstance in his prenatal life gave permanent feebleness to his physical powers. The greatest and most profound reasoners are those who have inherited a fine and nearly equal proportion of each of the five superior systems, all of superior power and vigor. All this their faces disclose. They also disclose which part of the reasoning process is dominant in cases of disparity between them. Comparison is that part of the intellect which leads one to see the various differences and distinctions in all mental schemes and conceptions; hence this faculty tends to criticism, analysis, explanation, analogy, and induction. It is especially the gift of those who study and investigate the grand and complex laws of Nature in astronomy and physics, yet it is of use in every vocation. FIG. 123.-LELAND STANFORD. (MECHANIC, GOV- Born in Watervleit, 1824. Conspicuous facial sign, Practical Reason, shown by the projecting superciliary ridges, where are grouped the signs for mechanical ability; shown also by the receding forehead. The law of the straight line and square governs this face. The key-note to this character is practicality. The domestic traits are well represented. The sense of Justice is strong, Firmness most decided; the full lower lip shows large Benevolence, and with such glandular development the faculties of Love of Home, of Country, and of Young must be also large. The signs for Self-esteem, Hospitality, Friendship, Amativeness, Alimentiveness, Pneumativeness, and Resistance are well defined. The nose is solid and broad, of proportionate length. In it the signs for Mental Imitation, Human Nature, Ideality, Sublimity, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are conspicuous. The mechanical faculties are dominant. The signs for Form, Size, Locality, Weight, Observation, Order, Time, Calculation, and Memory of Events are very pronounced. Language is most apparent. Prescience is large, Credenciveness is small, and Causality and Comparison excellent. This mind ranks utility above everything, yet has sufficient Ideality and Constructiveness. Another department of Comparison gives ability to criticise, arrange, and classify material substances in art, science, and literature. Humboldt, who, in his wonderful work, "The Kosmos,' showed his understanding of the vast chain of natural phenomena, had perhaps the most comprehensive mind of any man in any age. His Comparison and Causality were of immense power, and the signs for these traits are observed both in his nose and forehead. Linnæus, the eminent botanist, who gave to the world his great system of classification of plants and a precise nomenclature for the same, is another illustration of that comprehensiveness which results from a large development of Comparison and Causality. In works of this kind the mind must be able to spontaneously grasp the points of resemblance and dissimilarity, and thus by comparison assign to each object under observation its own true place and rank in Nature. Baron Cuvier, another of the world's mental Colossi, was able to build up an entire animal body from the inspection of a small bony fragment of the animal. Comparison takes cognizance of the mechanical principles involved in arts and architecture, in scientific and surgical instruments, and in the appliances and implements used in the physical sciences, such as the telescope, microscope, the telegraph, telephone, electrical machines, etc. One sort of reasoning deals with the truths. and methods of abstract reason on moral questions; another, with the concrete, or the principles involved in the operation of the sciences and arts. The more Conscientiousness there is combined with reason, the more just and truthful will be the deductions. A man with large reasoning powers and small Conscientiousness will be sophistical and enjoy reasoning from false premises quite as well as from a true foundation; indeed, he will not be well able to distinguish between the two. Thus, it is proven that Reason (one of the highest attributes of the human mind and one of the latest acquisitions of the human race) must have as a foundation the assistance of Conscientiousness, one of the earliest functions evolved in the human organism. Comparison is the natural ally and companion of Causality. Possessing high powers, it holds its position in accordance with its importance. In the nose, its associated signs show by their character what direction Comparison will take when influenced by their association. Veneration, the first of the high faculties whose signs are found upon the ridge of the nose, is one of the traits found only among developed people. If observed upon the physiognomy of a semi-civilized person it denotes a high grade of development in that individual, for among such races are found fine physiques as well as good physiognomies, thus showing their tendency to upward evolution. Veneration, the faculty which creates respect for all admirable things, gives to Causality a respectful and submissive nature, assisting it to bow to causes and laws discovered by this inquiring mind. Above the reasoning faculties, upon the ridge, we find the nasal signs for Executiveness and Self-will. These two mighty mental forces give all the assistance which investigation and discovery require for promulgating and defending those theories, facts, laws, and principles which Comparison and Causality have wrested from Nature's alembic. The philosopher, inventor, and discoverer must possess the elements of force and command to a certain degree in order that his theories and discoveries shall be thrust upon the world, for although the faggot and dungeon no longer threaten the bold speculator or daring inventor, yet self-will and self-assertion must be used by those whose efforts bring into existence knowledge which is revolutionary in its operation. I have sometimes been lost in admiration when reading of the efforts made by discoverers and inventors to compel the world to receive from their hands the principles in science, art, and mechanism to which under great sacrifices and amid mighty struggles they have given birth. Indeed, force of mind, originality, and invention are almost always accompanied by strength of body. The inventors, discoverers, philosophers, and originators of new theories, as a rule, have been men of strong physique, physical courage, and longevity. The portraits of Socrates, Aristotle, Bacon, Kepler, Voltaire, D'Alembert, Descartes, Condercet, Compte, David Hume, Charles Darwin, Benjamin Franklin, Martin Luther, Howe, John Locke, and the whole army of bold and original minds whose theories and works have blessed the world, disclose the fact that they were possessed of good muscular and visceral organizations. The signs in the nose for the breathing and circulatory functions, and for the stomach, are interwoven and closely related to mental signs and predicate mental powers, and hence it is that bold, ingenious, and original minds disclose strong, massive, and so-called "homely" features, viz., a large mouth, large high nose, full eyes, and broad cheeks and chin. The only accurate method of arriving at a knowledge of the sort or direction the reasoning power will take in a given physiognomy, is to apply the "basic principles of form." The squareshaped forehead and high, long, bony, square-cut nose disclose the capacity for science, morals, and a certain branch of mechanical laws. The rounding forehead and broad, high, and long, muscular nose, rounding at the point and full at Constructiveness, assure us that the mind will exert itself upon metaphysics, astronomy, abstract philosophy, and invention, while the same muscular nose, if relatively short, will disclose the sort of reason which is involved in art, music, the drama, and dramatic literature, as in fiction, plays, etc. There are, of course, variations and combinations of all these different lengths, heights, width, etc., of the nose, suited to the talents which each character expresses, yet all can be understood by the keen analyzer and observer. In discussing the faculty of Comparison, Professor Fowler observes as follows: Two organs of Comparison doubtless exist. The lower one, more appropriately connected with the physical perceptions, in comparing physical substances with each other and reasoning thereon; while the latter, combining more naturally with the moral faculties, reason from the physical to the moral world, compares ideas, criticises and discriminates between them, and imparts logical acumen.* Although Professor Fowler (who is a good observer) tells us that two "6 organs " of Comparison doubtless exist, he fails to locate them in the forehead. It is impossible to comprehend the kind of reason which a given individual will exhibit by an inspection of the small portion of the forehead, where he says Comparison is situated. Let any good observer examine "the middle of the upper part of the forehead," and endeavor by that alone to understand and describe the sort of reason which will be exhibited, and I predict it will be an utter failure; yet examination of the outline and size of the nose will reveal it. The signs in the nose, taken in connection with the quality, are unfailing indications. When these and the sign in the forehead, taken in connection with its form, are observed, a complete summing up of the characters in regard to the kind of reason present can be had, but where the nose has been injured the forehead can be observed, or when the forehead is covered recourse can be had to an inspection of the nose. Two distinct parts of the reasoning faculty must be used in order to complete the process. The cause of anything under observation must first be sought, and then it must be classified or relegated to its own division, according to the law of similar things. This is done by comparing it with others possessing the same appearance, form, quality, or characteristics. In this process discrimination performs a leading part. Thus it is that discrimination or reason is common sense practically applied. Where either of these two halves of the reasoning power are greatly lacking the judgment or estimate of a theory, idea, or thing will be partial or imperfect. The practical things of every-day life require the exercise of the reasoning powers quite as much as the investigation of the great and complex laws which regulate the solar system or which lie at the base of mechanical forces. Inductive reasoning assists the discovery and application of natural laws. This sort of reason is used by modern scientists, and herein lies the extreme practicability and accuracy of their methods. The ancient Greek and mediæval method was the deductive form, which reasons from generals to particulars from a premise assumed to a conclusion in accordance with this assump * Human Science, O. S Fowler, p. 1128. tion, regardless of whether the premise was based upon truth and observation of facts. The inductive method seeks to find a conclusion based upon the observation of a fact or a tangible object; hence, if its conclusions are in accord with its observation the whole is correct. Reason is particularly adapted to the discernment and elucidation of natural laws. It was designed that man should be master of these laws, else the law-seeking faculty would not have been given him, and, although daring inquirers into the truths of Nature have lived in all ages of the world, yet the force of superstitious unreason was sufficiently powerful to stifle and postpone for centuries the widespread dissemination of laws and principles which Galileo, Bruno, and Bacon dared to avow, and for which they suffered. The sort of Comparison which is used in the ordinary routine of daily life and in business is the same which the poet and orator use when engaged in giving vent to their thoughts by pen and voice. What makes it seem different is because it is combined with faculties different from those used in ordinary affairs. Ideality or imagination influences them. Mirthfulness and Wit, Constructiveness, Form, Size, and Language enable them to paint their illustrations of resemblances and differences in the forms of apt, mirthful, or witty simile, allegory, metaphor, or parable. Figures of speech result from an excess of Comparison, and all the great rhetoricians are indebted to this trait for their appropriate and convincing analogies, which often convince where argument fails. The philologist's labors are perfected through his ability to compare words, sentences, phrases, and languages. Comparison enables him to see incongruities and resemblances, and to generalize and classify the different parts of speech in diverse languages and dialects. The signs of this trait are large in the face of Noah Webster, compiler of the great "Unabridged Dictionary;" also in that of Mezzofanti, the linguist, who could express himself in fifty-six languages and was acquainted with sixty-four others. Comparison shines pre-eminent in the face of Bunyan, whose allegory of "The Pilgrim's Progress" has been translated into every civilized language. The portrait of Thomas Moore, the Irish poet, also exhibits it very largely. It was remarked that in his life of Sheridan "he made use of two thousand five hundred similes, besides metaphors and allegorical expressions.' It is this trait which gives the orator such convincing powers in setting figures of speech in "supposing a case," and when combined with the mechanical faculties the illustrations will be drawn from these sources, and in combination with Observation, Locality, |