The two divisions which are made by anatomists are termed the "Voluntary" and the "Involuntary." The voluntary muscles are those which are moved by the will and are the muscles involved in motion, such as the muscles of the arms, legs, trunk, and face. These are moved whenever the individual desires, and are the muscles of motion. The involuntary muscles are those which move automatically and are not controlled by the will or wish of man. These muscles are the large organs of the viscera, composed of fibrous material, and are moved by inward motions produced by the circulation of the air and the periodic movements of the heart, and the involuntary contractions of the stomach in digestion; hence the heart, lungs, and stomach are involuntary muscles, together with the valves of the veins and the several septums of the heart and other organs. The muscles of the larynx belong to a mixed class. In the production of sound they are wholly under the control of the will and are then voluntary; but in deglutition and respiration they are spasmodic and automatic, and are then involuntary.

A minute description of all these combinations is unnecessary for the general reader. Those who design becoming teachers and examiners can refer to the rules laid down for the "Basic Principles of Form," and apply those principles to the combination which they have under consideration. After learning the sort of character exhibited by the straight, the crooked, the round, the thin, the long muscles, etc., he can, upon observing any given combination in a character, make such observations upon it as the basic rules of Form declare to be correct.

The combination of muscles which are most commonly exhibited are the short and round, and the long and thin; yet they are sometimes found mingled in just the opposite manner, and then they point to characteristics easily understood by those who learn the principles upon which they act and the kind of character which each simple uncombined sort discloses. Those with short and round muscles have relatively broad and short figures, with thick chests, broad shoulders, thick neck; low, broad heads, and particularly broad above the ears; the joints small and well covered: the fingers tapering and nails oval; the feet short and thick, with high instep; the forehead broad and rounding outwardly at the sides and rising in an almost straight line from the eyebrows upward. The face is round or oval, checks full, nose round, eyes large and convex, chin often dimpled, hands and feet small, and the limbs short, round, and tapering. The functions most active in this class are those of digestion, circulation, and motion, and the heart, lungs, and stomach are strong and large. The mental constitution dis

inclines to study, for love of motion here works against close application to books.

The predominance of the vital organs, as shown by the strong development and action of the muscular organs, the heart, the lungs, the stomach, the reproductive system, and veins, gives great muscular strength, love of eating and drinking, social enjoyments, athletics, music, dancing, etc., and love of the opposite sex, animals and children. This type of character is inclined to commercial business and speculation, contracting, brokerage, and all classes of trades which bring in the social element and allow of motion without hard labor. The noted Jim Fisk, of Erie Railroad notoriety, is a good specimen of this class. Those with a good brain development in combination will exhibit capacity for surgery and military life. Napoleon I illustrates this combination. The army includes many surgeons of this build.

Where the muscles are of the long and thin type, the character has less of the aggressive and more of the sentimental cast, owing to the fact that the internal viscera are relatively less round and the motor muscles longer and thinner than in the former class. This difference in muscular structure shows in the face in several ways. The face is relatively long and the chin oval. The nose is higher, thinner, and longer than with the former, the cheeks not so full and round, and the eye, although as large and round, not as convex or full as the above. The affectional and intuitional traits are well developed; yet the sentiment of love of the opposite sex and of children will exhibit itself in a more refined manner, and the commercial instinct will not be so pronounced as with the former. The head rather high and narrow, the limbs and body long, the joints, knuckles, etc., appear rather prominent, the bones of the fingers pronounced, and the body lithe and flexible. Mentally, this build will have capacity for some form of art, will enjoy domestic ties and possess true conjugal feeling, sincere friendship, and, with a suitable brain-formation, will be inclined to languages, belles-lettres, and metaphysical studies.

These two different and distinct formations are so often met with and so thoroughly described as to make it quite easy for the reader to give the delineation correctly. Where certain variations are observed, as, for example, if the combination presented should be round and long, some of the characteristics common to each of these forms will be present; or, if the combination should present the thin and short type, or the crooked and round, or the thin and crooked, which is rare, the reader has only to apply the general law governing the two distinct forms of muscle.

The many and varied expressions of the human face are due

to the action of a great number of muscles; there are found in the face thirty-six pairs and two single muscles, and in the body more than five hundred. The eye contains more muscles, more active ones, and those which express more thought, than those of any other part of the body; hence the eye, being a mass of muscles, is the facial exponent of the muscular system. When we desire to know the muscular development of an individual, we can safely trust to the eye for our knowledge. The larger, more convex, and deeper colored the eye, the greater the degree of strength in the muscular system. Small or depressed eyes with sunken orbits always denote less muscular power than large full eyes, and palecolored eyes indicate less vigor than well-colored ones. A comparison of the eyes of all muscular animals is one proof of this statement. Examine the eyes of the deer tribes, the gazelle, springbok, hare, rabbit, etc. In all these creatures the muscular predominates over the osseous or bony system. The bull is an example of great muscular power, as well as the bull-dog, and both have great convex eyes. Light-colored eyes do not denote as much vigor of the muscles as dark eyes, but this branch of the subject will be considered under the head of Color.

All eminent artists, actors, singers, musicians and sculptors are endowed with a fine quality of muscle. Observation of their physiognomies will reveal the fact that they have large bright eyes. The nature of their professions requires a fine as well as strong muscular system. Inasmuch as all parts of the organism involved in the production and reception of tone or sound are in the muscular system, it follows logically that we should look to that department of the body for capacity in this direction. The vocal cords, the larynx, the tongue, the lips, as well as the ear, are all engaged in the production and reception of tone or sound. In artistic works, such as acting, painting, and sculpture, the muscle must be in excess in order to take command of the bones; hence we find that nearly all artists are round-built persons. They are lithe and elastic like muscle itself.

In speaking of artists as muscular persons, it might seem to the unobservant that this is incorrect, since a muscular person is usually thought of as being developed like an athlete or blacksmith. Now, size of muscle is not the only indication of power, for we know that horses training for racing are exercised with a view of decreasing the size of the muscles in order to make them more dense and firm; in short, to improve their quality. Quality is the dominating principle all through Nature.

Many large men are weaker than some much inferior in size. It is the inherited quality which first gives superior power; after

ward exercise must keep up the natural tone and vigor of the system. The muscles of a dwarf might dominate his bony system, I should then classify him among muscular men.

Observation of the faces and forms of all eminent artists will give all the proof needed on this point. It will be seen that they possess large, wide-open eyes with arched eyebrows, the bones small at the joints and the fingers tapering-every part and member disclosing a rounder appearance than where the bony system predominates. For when Nature creates an artist the hands and feet are those of an artist, and agree with the shape of the head, the face, and body; all alike are artistic, and the physiognomist is able to discern this character in the hands and fingers, in the shape of the finger-nails, as well as in the features of the face and roundness of the body.

The following description of the various powers of the muscles in the human organism will give some idea of the mechanical and artistic principles included in the action of the muscular system. The human body combines within itself almost all the principles of natural mechanical forces; for instance, the arch in the thorax, shoulder, and hip; the different lever powers in the action of the muscles upon the bones, one principle of which is well illustrated in the action of the biceps muscle in flexing the arm; so, also, in the flexors generally, namely, that in which the force is applied between the weight and the fulcrum. Second, the action of the triceps muscles on the ulna in extending the forearm is an instance of a lever power where the fulcrum is between the force and the weight. Third, the example of a lever applied to a weight between the fulcrum and the force may be seen in the action of the abductus magnus muscle of the thigh in abducting the femur. The different joints are well illustrated in the ball-and-socket joint in the hip and shoulder; the hinge-joint in the elbow, ankle, and knee. We have also joints with lateral motions as well as with flexion and extension, in the wrist; a joint with a gliding motion, as in the temporo-maxillary and sterno-clavicular articulations. Then we have the mixed joints, as in the articulation of the sacrum to the iliac bones in the vertebræ, and in the immovable joints, such as the sutures, etc. We have also the different principles of valves in the heart and veins, and in the pylorus between the stomach and the duodenum, and the representation of a pulley in the action of the superior oblique muscle in rotating the eye.

These are some of the mechanical forces which inhere in and regulate the several parts of the muscular system; other principles will be shown in other systems of the body as we reach them in their proper order.

The action of the muscular system gives ability for artistic, emotional, literary, religious, and executive effort. The faculties that have signs located in this division and that depend mainly upon the muscles for their power, are the following, viz., Cautiousness, Sanativeness, Force, Resistance, Secretiveness, Imitation, Sublimity, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Self-will, Credenciveness, Prescience, Observation, Memory of Events, Weight, Calculation, Locality, Music, and Language.

Magnetism is a force belonging exclusively to the muscular system. The most magnetic orators and those persons endowed with power to heal through magnetism are very muscular, and have either size or fine quality of the muscles or both combined. The animals that exhibit magnetic power are also muscular. I suppose that the mineral constituents of muscle must be those which create magnetism. But this branch of science—histologyis yet in its infancy, and it is hoped that further experiment will give us more accurate demonstration of the laws and principles governing animal magnetism and its uses.

From the preceding exhibit of the varied powers of muscular action, it will be seen that this system belongs to the Architectural Division of the organization, and, in combination with the osseous or bony system, which will next be treated of, constitutes the building powers and capacities of man. Individuals in whom these two systems are well defined are constructive, often artistic. religious, emotional, and amative, and, with a suitable brain in combination, excel in literature as novelists, actors, dramatic writers, etc. Many highly emotionally-religious persons are found to be endowed with a fine quality of muscle. It does not follow that they are moral, also. Emotion in excess is opposed to morality; yet at the same time it assists ardor, zeal, faith, and imagination. In those races that exhibit the most Credenciveness-that is to say, the most faith and belief-there will be found the predominance of the muscular over the bony system, as, for example, in the Hebrew, the Turk, the Persian, the Arabian, the Mongol, the Celt, and the Hindoo; and what is true of races applies with equal force to individuals. Those in whom this system predominates are apt to be contrary (not obstinate), changeable, and shifting in moods and tempers, affectionate and amative, with plenty of physical courage, adepts in commercial life and in mystic religions, preferring one in which faith is a leading principle. They make good companions in marriage, as domesticity is one of their ruling tastes, are also social, fond of gay, sportive companions and athletic pursuits, enjoy bathing and swimming and liquid foods, such as soups, milk, soda, lemonade, etc. However, they should