Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure : Executive Summary

abrupt accelerating Adapted addition already analysis approaches areas assessment Atlantic atmosphere biological carbon Centre century challenges climate change coastal complex concentration consequences critical cycle decades demand dynamics Earth System functioning Earth System science Earth's environment economic ecosystems effects energy environment environmental example extreme Figure fires Flux forcings forests functioning future gases global change global environment human activities hydrological IGBP impacts important increasing Institute integrated interactions International land leading limits loss major marine million models natural nitrogen occur ocean operate past patterns period physical planet planetary population potential present processes production Project questions range recently record reduced regional responses result scale scenarios scientific shows significant simulations societies Source stresses studies surface sustainability temperature terrestrial threshold tion trigger understanding University variability vegetation warming