Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870–1914During the period 1870-1914, the Atlantic was a broad highway for migration. Unchecked by government restrictions, wars, or economic depressions, and aided by the new technologies of steamships and railroads, millions of people uprooted their lives and set off for new lands. Americans understand this story as a great saga of immigrants and assimilation of people drawn to the United States as to the promised land of opportunity. But what lay behind this great migration? And how unique was the American experience? To answer these questions, Walter Nugent looks at this massive movement of people from both sides of the Atlantic. Tracing the migrations of more than a dozen national groups from Europe to the four major New World receiving countries - Argentina, Brazil, Canada, and the United States - Nugent discovers a complex story of crossings and recrossings, of tens of millions of human experiences and decisions. Nugent follows the migrants who left rural Europe for American mines and factories, but he also compares the experiences of Europeans on the very different frontiers of settlement at the far reaches of the four receiving countries. And he discusses the migration of women, not only wives and mothers within migrating families but also individuals seeking a new life on their own. Nugent asks important questions about American uniqueness in the context of transatlantic migration history and about the validity of widely held theories of development. He finds that the history of the great migrations is more complex and subtle than these theories. His superb synthesis broadens the scope and clarifies the details of a fascinating story of enormous social and demographic change. |
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Contents
The Atlantic Region in the Late Nineteenth Century | 11 |
Crude Death Rates by Country 18701914 | 14 |
Crude Birth Rates by Country 18701914 | 20 |
General Patterns and Motives | 27 |
Introduction | 41 |
Intercontinental Emigration in Proportion to National | 43 |
Destinations of Irish Emigrants 18761920 | 51 |
Overseas Destinations of Scandinavian Emigrants 18691914 | 57 |
Introduction | 111 |
Brazil | 122 |
Canada | 136 |
Sources of Canadian Immigration 18711915 | 139 |
United States of America | 149 |
Net Migration to the United States by Decade | 150 |
Return Migrants of 1908 as Percentage of Incoming Migrants | 160 |
Modernization Transition and Exceptionalism | 163 |
Discrepancies between | 65 |
Ethnic Distribution of East European Migrants | 88 |
Italy | 95 |
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agricultural American areas Argentina arrived Atlantic Australia Austria-Hungary became began birth rates Brazil Brazilian Bremen Britain British Buenos Aires Burgdörfer Canada Canadian census cities colonies Cortes Conde death rates decade decline demographic early East European economic emigration Empire England-Wales ethnic Europe farm fazendas females Ferenczi and Willcox fertility figures foreign-born France frontier Fundação Getulio Vargas Galicia German Giorgio Mortara groups Hamburg Historical Statistics History Hvidt Ibid immigration included industrial International Migrations Ireland Irish Italians Italy Jewish Jews labor labor-seeking land living male Marschalck million modernization mortality National Norman North America numbers overseas pampas passenger Paulo peasants percent period planters Poles population Portuguese prairie provinces railroad recruited return migration Rio de Janeiro Runblom rural Russia São Paulo city Scandinavians settlement ships Slovaks Social Society South southern Spain Spanish steamship Sweden tion transatlantic migration United University Press urban Volga Germans West West Prussia women workers World York young