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ETTLERS in a new country are in-
compelled tempo-

S
rary or log-houfes, as their firft thelter
against the inclemencies of the weather:
theie houfes are run up in a few days,
and at a small expence. Although their
appearance is very uncouth, they make
a very good shift, as they are warm and
dry. They are inade by logs croffing
each other, and filling the interitices
with clay. Their windows are generally
fmall, and ilide in a frame: whilft the
fire-place is an immenfe opening, in
which, when neceffary, moft enormous
fires are burnt The chimney is of clay,
and the house covered with bark. They
generally contain two rooms on the firit
floor, and a loft which is, or may be,
divided into two apartments. Some of
them have a cellar, and mott a kitchen,
adjoining the house, built in the fame
manner, and with the fame materials.
Ia thefe a new fetter spends his art two
or three years; and if they contain not
as much splendour, I heftate not to fay,
they poffels as much happiness, fecured
on republican fimplicity and manly in-
dependence, the result of fuccesful ap-
plication, and often even as much ici-
ence, as your more lofty palaces. After
having cleared as much land as the far-
mer deems neceffary, his firft object is
to build his barn, ftalles, &c.; and here
lies his vanity,-indiferent to the look
of his houfe, whilft his table is plenti-
fully fapplied, he will ftretch his purfe-
ftrings to the utmost to have his out-
houses the best pollible: when that is
accomplished, he has time to think about
his dwelling-houfe, but that is with him
a very fecondary confideration to his
barn. The permanent houfes at pre-
fent in Trumbull are all frame-build-
ings, roomy and commodious. At Po-
land, where we entered this county
(Trumbull), there were already 84 fa-
mikes fettled; and 12 more, having pur-
chafed land in the township, were daily
expected. Five of the fettlers had
built their barns and frame-houses, and
the inhabitants generally appeared to
have fubdued most of the inconveniences
of a new country.

Leaving Poland on the 20th of May, we entered Boardman, not fettled, the propustor refusing to fell at the prefent

price of land: thence to Caulfield, in which were 70 refident families; we faw feveral refpectable frame-houfes, particularly that of General Wandsworth's, the commander of the militia of the ftate of Ohio, which is a very excellent the ve

teran enjoys domeftic happiness, amidst improvement directed by his own taste, and now nearly perfected by his own judgment.

Leaving Caulfield, we paffed through Ellfwood, which had but fix families, and Mather, entirely unfettled; and ar rived the fame evening at Deerfield.

Each township in Trumbull being a fquare of five miles, has a road from eatt to weft; which, in the centre of the township, is croffed by another road, running from north to fouth. The farmhoufes are generally placed about 100 yards from the road, fo that the paffenger fees every houfe as he palles along. In the front of the houfe there is futfcient room for entrance, on each fide of which are planted peach and apple or chards; and at the back is the kitchengarden: this is the common, though not the invariable diftribution, of the property nearest home. The roads were very bad; and in fome places the horfes would plunge up to their bellies in mud, formed by the rotting of the roots of trees, in a very rich marrowy foil. The white pine, or (as it was by fome called) the fatin wood, is very abundant in every part of Trumbull: this gigantic tree fes ftraight as an arrow for 60 feet, without a brancn, and finooth as a maft; after which it fupports an enormous head, the extreme point of which is from 100 to 130 feet above the surface of the earth. The oaks, chefnuts, &c. &c. alfo grow to a prodigious height.

The roads, though now bad, will rapidly improve, as the land gets cleared, and admits the fun and air: besides, one half of the state-taxes are applied to make new and improve old roads, and to erect bridges. The only tax known in the ftate of Ohio is a land-tax, which is raifed in the following manner :-The land is divided into three claffes, and defignated firft, fecond, and third quality of land; the first is taxed 40 cents the hundred acres, the fecond 60, and the third clafs pays annually 80 cents for every hundred acres. As this is the only tax paid, and as half of it goes into the public treafury, and the other half is applied in each county for the purpofes

1

above

above specified, I imagine an Englishman land for ten years, during which period will not deem the tax very oppreffive.

Being myfelf unwell, our party_ftaid the whole of the 21st of May at Deerfield, where our accommodations were bad; but we made out with fried chickens and egg-nog (made with whiskey, a vaft many eggs, maple fugar, and milk), the fried ham not being eatable. The Beevor is navigable for fmall craft up to Deerfield, and its banks were covered with beautiful flowers, and will, I think, one day with the feats of men of tafte. Along the Beevor, and the Ohio, and Milippi, the timber of this county has already been fent to New Orleans, where it is in high repute. The whole of the county is, I think, better adapted for grafs than grain: however, the oak lands are confidered well adapted for corn; whilft the grazier moft anxiously feeks for the beach, maple, and hickory.

Although two dollars may be confidered as the market price for wild lands in Trumbull, yet particular circumftances will advance the price, especially neighbouring population and improvement. We looked at a tract of fine land on the Beevor, covered with most luxuriant grafs and lofty timber, beautifully receding from the river, and confifting of 5,700 acres, which was for fale, and for which was required three dollars per acre; but more, if fold in farms, would be demanded. By a farm is always meant

160 acres.

I think no part of the eattern divifion of the county is fo beautiful as Deerfield; it is a poft-town, and has an office; it had alfo 26 families, one public fchool, a faw and grift mill; and is a very thriving fettlement.

he pays no rent, but engages to lay down, and leave at the expiration of his leafe, 10 acres of orchard, 10 of meadow (meaning either land near or diftant from water in grafs), and 10 in finall grain or maize. The tenant moreover · convenants to leave a houfe on the land, worth at least 100 dollars. It is calcu lated, that one year's crop will pay for clearing and fencing it. Girdling, which is the most common mode of getting rid of the trees, cofts one dollar the day, and the quantity girdled ought to be half an acre; or laborers can be had for 10 dollars a week, who will completely clear one acre of ground. Where the land is girdled, a fair crop of maize averages from 40 to 60 bushels an acre; generally fpeaking, there is no underwood in thefe forefts.

As the Indians had been fummoned to meet at Cleveland on the 1ft of June, we propofed fpending a part of the intermediate time with our friends at Warren, and in vifiting thofe parts of the county which border on the lake. Warren is the prefent refidence of Judge P———, who has cleared a confiderable piece of land, and laid out a garden with much tafte. With the amiable family of this refpectable man we taid fome days, and by him were informed, that the British agents were ufing all their influence to prevent a meeting of the Indians at Cleveland, and that there was great reafon to fear they would fruftrate the defign. I received other information, which was individually mortifying: expecting to meet numerous bo-~ dies of Indians, I had procured, and brought with me, fome vaccine matter, On the 22d we left Deerfield, paffed with the hope of inducing them to fubthrough the unfettled townships of Pal-mit to inoculation; but I was now told, myra, Boardman, and two others not yet named, for Warren, the county-town of Trumbull. In this journey of 22 miles, we rode along many fine groves of wild cherries and crabs, though fomewhat inconvenienced by the effects of the waters of Deerfield, which holding in folution confiderable quantities of neutral falts, are both very unpleasant and purgative to ftrangers. In that township we alto faw lime-fione, free-itone, white flint, coal, allum, and fome maffes of faltpetre. Although the greater part of the inhabitants in Trumbull are proprietors of the foil on which they live, yet there are fome tenants; the mode of renting is as follows: tenant leafes the

that, if they came, the very mention of fuch a defign would immediately diffolve the affembly; that their dread of the fmall-pox was extreme, and that it would not be in my power, or that of any other man, to induce them to fubmit to vaccination. I therefore determined to divide the matter as well as I could: part I gave to a medical man in Warren; part to fome of the moft refpectable in-habitants in the county; and with the reft I inoculated feveral individuals, in

By British traders are here meant Canadian traders, who had long fmuggled through the Indian territories into those of the United States.

various

various townflips in Trumbull. Having thus introduced vaccination among the inhabitants on Lake Erie, I may be permitted to ftate the pleafure I felt on my return, to know that all them I inoculated, as well as those who were under the care of my friends, went through the difeafe with that milduets that diftinguithes this great discovery. I truit, fince I left that part of the United States, the advantages ariling from its introduction have been followed up, and that no neglect has occationed an inability to continue

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the readers of your Magazine to recent
mitances of perfons who had died at
great ages; and, as I conceive an annual
notice of the fubject may be the means
of gradually collecting much information,
relating to this neglected, though cer-
tainly not uninterefting branch of inquiry,
I fubjoin a litt of the inftances which have
occurred during the year 1806, requesting
fuch additional particulars refpecting any
of them, as your correfpondents may be
able to furnish.
Ages.

100 Ann Dixon, Fenwick Hall
100 Margaret Barrow, Holker
100 Mr. Hornidge, Gloucester
100 John Bell, Moorhoofe
100 Mrs. Battie, Throftle Neft
100 Mary Gregory, Briftol
100 Mrs. Crifp, Lodden, Norfolk
100 Mary Evans, Ofweftry
100 Samuel Griffiths, Kennarth
100 Andrew Frafer, Ifle of Sky
101 Margaret Shirwin, Kirkby
101 Thomas Willy, Buckland St. Mary
101 Margaret Tate, South Shields
101 J. Moore, Newcastle
101 Mrs. Galey, Norwich

101 Mrs. Hainmond, Horndean

102 Sarah Chafe, Polruan

102 Ann John, Llandelog

103 Maria Terefa Twift, Birmingham
103 John Potts, Edlingham
103 Samuel Anitey, Colefhill

104 Sarah Fisher, Knutsford
104 Mary Lazell, Colcheter
104 Mrs. Hunt, Limerick
104 Gayner Thomas, Capel Cerig
104 John Turner, Eventhorpe
105 Elizabeth Spencer, Fareham
105 Mrs. Lawrence, Lincola
105 Janet Cormack, Whitehill, N.B.
105 Mary Biggs, Thornbury
105 Robert Sheriffs, Uday
106 Anne Griffiths, Hereford
106 John Hunter, Efh, Durham
106 John Shortal, Ireland
107 John Benbow, Northwood
107 Sufan Paxman, Great Glenham
107 Jofiah Freeman, Reading, America
107 John Stubings, Breccles, Norfolk
107 William Marchant, Liverpool
107 Sarah Parris, Jamaica
111 Ann Strounge, Elthain
112 Mary Farmer, Sunderland
113 Mrs. Roope, Thurfton, Norfolk
114 John Blakeney, Skibbereen
120 Sarah O'Leary, Ireland
125 Mr. Creek, Thurlow, Suffolk
181 John Tucker, Itchen Ferry
134 Catherine Lopez, Jamaica.

Of the above forty-eight perfons, nineteen were inales, and twenty-nine females, of the latter, only one is mentioned as not having been married: forty were at the time of their deceafe, inhabitants of England and Wales; two of Scotland, three of Ireland, and three of other countries.

Of above half the number nothing more is recorded, than the mere name and age, and the particulars given refpecting the others, are fo few and unitportant, that they fupply very little additional infor mation on the fubject. Although it is probable that nearly the whole number in the lift were perfous who had been married, only fixteen are mentioned as fuch; of thefe Mrs. Gayner Thomas had fourteen children, William Marchant was the father of nineteen children, and Samuel Griffiths the father of twenty-five children.

As inftances of fuch great age, although more numerous than is commonly fufpected, bear a very fmall proportion to the whole population of the country, it would appear highly improbable, if longevity entirely depended on the natural conftitution of the individual, that fuch perfons fhould happen to meet with hufbands or wives of conftitutions equally durable; yet in the above lift there are four inftances in which this appears to have been the cafe. Andrew Frafer had

been

been married to one wife nearly seventy years, and has left her behind him; John Shortal has left a widow in her one hundred and fecond year; John Hunter has left a widow aged ninety-two; and William Marchant, a widow, in her ninetyninth year. This certainly fhews that the fituation and mode of living of the parties must have materially contributed to their long life.

It is not probable that long life can be attained by any other means than fuch as promote health and vigour, and confequently qualify the individual the better to enjoy existence, nor would it be at all defirable under other circumftances; but it is almost invariably found, that perfons who do attain to very great age, poffefs their powers of body and mind, during the latter years of their life, in a greater degree of vigour than most who die at the more common periods of duration. Thus in the above lift, defective as the accounts are from which it is formed, there are ten perfons mentioned as having retained the enjoyment of all their faculties to the last. Your's, &c. January 12th, 1807.

J. J. G. N.B. Permit me to take this opportunity of thanking Mr. W. Singleton for the particulars refpecting W. Welsh, inferted in vol. 31. p. 296.

For the Monthly Magazine. OBSERVATIONS on the WRITINGS of HIS TORIANS of all AGES and COUNTRIES, chiefly with a VIEW to the ACCURACY of their MILITARY DESCRIPTIONS, and their KNOWLEDGE of the ART of war. By GENERAL ANDREOSSI.

HE Memoirs of BUSSY RABUTIN

very fenfible Memoir, defcriptive of the general principles of the art of war, which he exemplifies very fuccefsfully in the narrative of his four campaigns. His fentiments on the war between the Emperor and the Turks, from 1661 to 1664, are truly edifying; as well on account of the high authority he quotes, as from the fcarcity of information on Turkish tactics. At that time two-thirds of their infantry were armed with pikes, and the remainder loaded with mutkets fo unwieldy that they were obliged to rest the barrels on pronged fupporters. His warlike manoeuvres are as unrefined as his inftruments of war; and, confequently, ufelefs fince the difcovery of fire-arms and bayonets. Still, with all thefe defects, his manner is admirable; he leaves nothing undefined, but gives us notes on every paragraph, drawn up with great judgment, and containing maxims highly ufeful in their application, ever. to the prefent day.

FEUQUIERES unites precept with example. His is the work of a man well verfed in the myfteries of war, as well theoretically as experimentally; he eftablithes maxins on various military operations; examines into the duties of all ranks of officers refpectively; defcribes marches and the neceffaries indifpenfable for the occafion; the manner of fubfifting troops; pursues the track of an army through every poffible fituation; and pafling from this theory to actual fervice, he prefents us with a critical review of battles, at that time modern. The feverity of his cenfures, fometimes arifing from a difpofition naturally morofe, and fometimes without even that pretext, has procured him the name of The Arif

T every of incerity zotlus generals.
and candour. Ile makes us very fully
acquainted with the Belgic wars carried
on by Henry II. and Charles V.

BRANTOME is very intelligent in his opinions on the exifting war-fyftem of his day, and the state of our armies.

BOIVIN appears to be an excellent record of the French expeditions in Italy, from 1550 to 1561.

ROHAN, author of the Finished Captain, fhews us, that the tactics of the ancients are capable of unfolding much ufeful instruction to modern profeffors. His memoir on La Valteline may be fet down as a very perfect topography of that mountainous country.

Of foreigners, the celebrated MONTECUCULLI ranks high as the author of a

even been accused of intentional mifreprefentation, folely to indulge his illnatured propenfity. Still, generally speaking, the profound reafoning with which he expounds the art of war, entitle him to rank among the foremost of those who have undertaken this arduous taik.

We can only exprefs our regret that Marshal DE TURENNE'S Memoirs are fo fhort.

BERWICK'S Memoirs are written with judgment and correctnefs; and are, on the whole, very inftructive, particularly fo, indeed, during the period of his command. He is the first writer who has given us any perfect ideas on the defen live fyftem of the Alps du Dauphiné.

In the Memoirs of the Marilal DE

NOAILLES,

NOAILLES, we are introduced to all the great perfonages of Europe. Thefe characters are well drawn, and are followed by a curious infight to the war of 1741. The ftyle is pure and cor

rect.

Marthal DE SAXE, whom the King of Pruilia furnamed the Profeffor, or head of all the generals in Europe, has written, under the modeft title of Contemplations, a confummate treatife on the art of war. This work difcovers entirely new ideas on the fubject, refulting from a vigorous mind, and profound obfervation. It is his opinion, that every Citizen, of whatever rank, fhould ferve for five years; that their clothing thould be regulated by the feafons; and that the infantry fhould be drawn by means of numerical tables. His maxims for the formation of a line of battle have been adopted; and the whole of his difcullion on cavalry movements are judicious and improving. He compofes his legions of battalion, light infantry, and cavalry troops; arms part of his infantry with pikes; and contends, that fire-arms, as the most deftructive, fhould only be reforted to when not in motion. His chapter on difcipline deferves every poffible attention; he reprobates a continued line of defence, as being difficult to protect, and recommends out-works; afferts that regular battle fhould never be given, unlefs under evident advantages; that firmifhing is more haraffing to the enemy, and lefs fatal to the party; but when a general engagement takes place, he is decidedly for purfuing the enemy to the lalt extremity, inftead of being fupinely fatisfied with gaining the field.

The Memoirs of our Civil Wars are completely defcriptive; but they should be read with caution. The leaders of popular factions, however illuftrious, cannot efcape the cenfure of adding fuel to the flames of difcord.

SULLY'S Memoirs of Henry IV. illuftrate the character of thofe difaftrous times, and difplay the native vigour of that great prince, who, in the conquest of his kingdom, difplayed all the talents of an experienced warrior.

Cardinal DE RETZ's works are an unrivalled production of hiftorical talent and a knowledge of mankind.

The genial warmth of Louis XIVth's court, which foftered every rifing genius, extended its influence to the military, wh zeziouily laboured for the improvement of that fcience. Men were no longer fatisfied with an ingenuous detail MOSTHLY MAG., No. 154.

of events fimply fet forth; an intimate acquaintance with antiquity now became effential to their hiftorical records.

At the moment of dawning improvement, the PRINCE of NASSAU reitored to light models of ancient warfare, which indolence had buried in oblivion.

GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS did the like; and the fucceffes of those two great men became an additional motive, with other nations, to study and compare ancient with modern tactics.

Towards the feventeenth century, the works of FOLARD contributed materially to aflift this investigation. He contended, against violent oppofition, for the excellence of an extended and wellformed line of battle, fupported by steadinets in the troops. Thefe difputes, by arouting a general enquiry into the merits of the queftion, naturally gave birth to many theoretical difquifitions; whence may be faid to have fprung that multitude of volumes on the art of war, which were written at a time when the practice was least understood.

It was the principle of Folard, that an army drawn up in line of battle, on an open plain, fhould be protected in the centre, and on the flanks, by columns; or that fuch part of the line as led to the attack fhould be fo fupported; and, that this doctrine might have the air of being founded on the practice of the ancients, he made many comments on thofe paffages of Polybius, where he maintains his fyftem, partly by phyfical arguments founded on the natural connection between caufes and effects, and partly by experience. He traces the formation of columns to the Greek and Roman fchools; he details their manoeuvres; explains that fuperiority of tactics' which had fo long given them the reputa tion of being our masters; he affimilates our practice with their victories; and enforces thefe long digreffions by very able and ufeful obfervations. He was the founder of a new military fchool, and foon had numberless fcholars.

A fceptic, however, from a remote part of Holland, and then a fubaltern officer, whofe name is CHARLES GUISCHARD, UNdertook to fubvert the school of Folard, by contending that his fyftem was all a ro mance; that he affected to drefs up chimerical objects in the garb of antiquity, without even understanding the language of the authorities he cited; that fuch ig norance led him to mireprefent the actions defcribed by Polybius; that his manoeuvres were falfely tranflated; and

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