Reformist Voices of Islam: Mediating Islam and Modernity

accept According active Ahmad approach Arab argues Ayatullah become believes called century challenge civil clerics concept concerned conservative considered contemporary context countries critical cultural democracy democratic discourse discussed early economic emergence equality especially establishment European example faith freedom goal groups hadith historical human rights Ibid ideas ideology ijtihad important influence Institute intellectual interpretation Iran Iranian Islamic Islamic law issues justice leaders liberal living maintains Marxism means methodology modern movement Muhammad Muslim noted organization party philosophy policies political position practices Press principles problems progress Prophet questions Qur’an reading reason reflected reform reformist discourse reformist thinkers regarding religion religious represented response role rule scholars secular Shariati social society sources spiritual thinking thought traditional understanding University values West Western women