THE DOCTRINES CONCERNING THE CHURCH AND ITS MEANS OF GRACE, CON- CERNING SAINTS, IMAGES, THE SACRIFICE OF THE MASS, and purgatory. § 262. Trinitarians and Antitrinitarians...... 263. The Systematic Development of the Doctrine concerning God, together with its Mystical and Speculative Aspects...... 264. Creation and Preservation of the World. Providence and Government of the THE AGE OF CRITICISM, OR SPECULATION, AND OF THE ANTAG- ONISM BETWEEN FAITH AND KNOWLEDGE, PHILOSOPHY AND CHRISTIANITY, REASON AND REVELATION; 279. The Philosophy of Kant. Rationalism and Supernaturalism. 280. Modern Speculative Philosophy. Fichte. Schelling.. 281. Herder and Jacobi. De Wette and Schleiermacher..... 282. Attempts at Restoration. Practical Piety and Modern Theology.. 285. The Protestant Church and Doctrine out of Germany. 285, a. [Theology in England in the Eighteenth Century.]...... THIRD PERIOD. THE AGE OF SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY (CONTINUED). THIRD DIVISION. ANTHROPOLOGY. GENERAL DEFINITIONS. THE Greek church adhered to the opinions of the earlier fathers, which were collected and more fully developed by John Damascenus.* He, as well as most of the Western theologians, adopted the current twofold division into body and soul. While John Scotus Erigena regarded the bodily constitution of man, and even his condition as a creature, as a result of sin,' John of Damascus and the disciples of the school of St. Victor, recognized in the union of the soul with the body a higher purpose of God, and a moral lesson for man.' The theory designated as Creatianism, which had contested the victory with Traducianism during the preceding period, was now more precisely defined.* The psychological views of the mystics stood in a close relation with their entire system, founded upon subjective experience; and at all events, it had a greater tendency to lead into the depths of religious contemplation, than the subtleties of the scholastics, which had rather to do with what is external." 1 On the one hand, cosmology was introduced into the doctrine of creation; on the other, both psychology and physiology were introduced into anthropology. With respect to the last two, theologians founded their notions especially upon the physics of Aristotle. Thus John Damascenus, De Fide Orthod. ii. 12-28, treated of the four temperaments (humoribus, xvuois) of man, as corresponding to the four elements of the world; of the various faculties of the soul, etc. He everywhere retained the principal definitions |