Compensation for Losses from the 9/11 AttacksThe terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, caused tremendous loss of life, property, and income, and the resulting response from public and private organizations was unprecedented. This monograph examines the benefits received by those who were killed or seriously injured on 9/11 and the benefits provided to individuals and businesses in New York City that suffered losses from the attack on the World Trade Center. The authors examine the performance of the compensation system--insurance, tort, government programs, and charity--in responding to the losses stemming from 9/11. |
Contents
Introduction | 1 |
The Policy Problem | 2 |
Organization of This Report | 3 |
The Compensation System Terminology and Research Methods | 5 |
Goals for a Compensation System | 6 |
Types of Loss | 7 |
Property Damage | 8 |
Victim Groups | 9 |
Source of Benefits | 74 |
Tort | 75 |
Charity | 78 |
Summary of Benefits for Residents of Lower Manhattan | 79 |
Assessment of Benefits for Residents of Lower Manhattan | 81 |
Efficiency Issues | 82 |
Benefits for Workers in New York City Economically Affected by the Attack on the World Trade Center | 85 |
Source of Benefits | 87 |
Benefits Terminology | 10 |
Research Methods and Limitations of Analysis | 11 |
Benefits for Those Who Died or Were Seriously Injured in the September 11 Attacks | 15 |
Insurance | 16 |
Tort | 18 |
Government Programs | 20 |
Charity | 28 |
Summary of Benefits for Civilians Who Were Killed or Seriously Injured | 31 |
Benefits for Emergency Responders Who Were Killed or Seriously Injured | 42 |
Tort | 43 |
Charity | 46 |
Summary of Benefits for Emergency Responders Who Were Killed or Seriously Injured | 47 |
Assessment of Benefits for Emergency Responders Who Were Killed or Seriously Injured | 48 |
Benefits for Those with Emotional Injuries and Injuries Due to Environmental Exposure | 51 |
Insurance | 53 |
Tort | 54 |
Government Programs | 56 |
Charity | 58 |
Summary of Benefits for Those Who Were Injured from Environmental Exposure | 59 |
Assessment of Benefits for Those Who Were Injured from Environmental Exposure | 60 |
Benefits for Those in New York City Who Suffered Emotional Injuries | 64 |
Insurance | 65 |
Tort | 66 |
Charity | 68 |
Summary of Benefits for Those Who Suffered Emotional Injuries | 69 |
Benefits for Residents of Lower Manhattan | 73 |
Charity | 95 |
Summary of Benefits for New York City Workers Economically Affected by the Attack | 98 |
Assessment of Benefits for New York City Workers Economically Affected by the Attack | 99 |
Efficiency Issues | 101 |
Benefits for New York City Businesses Affected by the Attack on the World Trade Center | 103 |
Source of Benefits | 105 |
Insurance | 106 |
Tort | 108 |
Charity | 121 |
Summary of Benefits for Businesses Affected by the Attack | 125 |
Assessment of Benefits for Businesses Affected by the Attack | 126 |
Efficiency Issues | 128 |
Total Quantified Benefits and Issues for the Future | 131 |
Summary of Benefits by Type of Loss | 134 |
Summary of Benefits by Compensation Mechanism | 135 |
Issues to Address in Designing Systems to Compensate Losses from Future Terrorist Attacks | 140 |
Issues Related to Personal Injury | 141 |
Issues Regarding the Role of and Coordination Among the Four Compensation Mechanisms | 142 |
Setting Priorities | 144 |
Overview of the Four Compensation Mechanisms | 145 |
Affiliations of Those Interviewed for This Study | 151 |
Charitable Programs for Emergency Responders | 153 |
Map of Lower Manhattan | 157 |
Summary of Benefits | 159 |
References | 161 |
Common terms and phrases
Accounting Office American Red Cross amount approximately average benefits provided Canal Street Chambers Street Chapter charities civilians cleanup compensation system corrective justice costs dead and seriously death deceased disaster distributed economic loss eligible emergency responders Empire State Development employees environmental exposures equity estimated events of 9/11 families FDNY FEMA FEMA's filed Four Compensation Mechanisms government programs Grant Program Income loss insurance payments interviewed killed or seriously liability Lower Manhattan Lower Manhattan Development McKinsey McKinsey & Company mental health million noneconomic losses percent personal injury policies property damage received Red Cross Residents of Lower revitalization Seessel September 11 attacks September 11th Fund seriously injured small businesses south of Canal Summary of Benefits terrorist attack tort system U.S. Department U.S. Environmental Protection U.S. Federal Emergency U.S. General Accounting unemployment benefits VCF awards Victim Compensation Fund victim groups World Trade Center York City York City Partnership
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