Construction Failure

adjacent aluminum anchor Anchorage architect beams bolts bottom bracing brick bridge building built cables caissons calcium chloride caused cement clay cofferdam collapsed columns completed concrete construction contractor corrosion cost covered cracks crete damage deck deflected diagonal engineer erection excavation expansion expansion joints factor of safety failed failure falsework fell fill floor formwork foundation ft high ft long ft² girders grillage grout gunite horizontal inspection installed joints joists layer load load transfer located masonry materials mortar normal percent piers piles pipe placed plates precast precast concrete pressure prestressed prestressed concrete protection reinforced concrete reinforcement repair replaced reported resistance result rock roof settlement shale shear shores shrinkage similar slab slide sloping soil spalling span strength stress structure subgrade surface tank tests thermal thick timber tion tower trusses tunnel vertical wall welded wind wires York