Applicable Mathematics of Non-physical Phenomena

a₁ a₂ applications assume asymptotically b₁ b₂ become extinct biological association C₁ computed conjugate systems considered corresponding decrease denotes the number density deterministic differential equations diffusion equation dN₁ dt e₁ epidemic equal example exists exp zt expected value expression Feller finite fluctuations follows function G. H. Hardy growth coefficients Hence hypothesis increase infection infinite initial values integral curve interval K₁ K₂ Kolmogorov Lanchester limit logistic curve Lotka mathematical McKendrick mean values N₁ and N₂ negative number of individuals obtain original oscillations P₁ paper Pn(t population population density positive numbers predators prey probability probability theory problem Prs Ns R₁ result roots solution species tends statistical steady-state stochastic suppose tends to zero theorem theory tion Translators University of London v₁ variations Volterra x-force Y₁ Σ Σ