Egyptian type, which we shall endeavor to render more obvious through lithographs that are genuine fac-similes of stamps made, on the monuments themselves, by the hand of Lepsius, at Berlin.

Meanwhile, it is worthy of notice, that, in the ratio of our descent from the sculptures of the IVth dynasty, through the Old Empire, our conventionally-termed "Chaldaic" type supplants the Nilotic to such an extent, that, under the New Empire, and among the aristocracy of the land, it almost entirely supersedes the African type of incipient times. The admixture, in these later ages, of such Asiatic blood, may be due to the so-called Hyksos; who commenced, even before the time of MENES, intruding upon, and settling in Egypt. Alliances and intermixtures of races, similar to those seen at the present day, have operated among nations in all ages, and everywhere that men and women have encountered each other on our planet.

Four instances may be consulted in Lepsius's Denkmäler, of Egyptian monarchs who have left at the copper-mines of Mt. Sinai, on Stela, inscribed with hieroglyphical legends, their bas-relief effigies; representing each king in the act of braining certain foreigners: whose pointed beards, aquiline noses, and other Semitish characteristics, combine with the Arabian locality to identify them as Arabs. We give entire (Fig. 119, A) a specimen of the earliest Tablets-"NUM-SHUFU

FIG. 119.215

C

A

66

stunning an Arab-barbarian ;" and the head of another smitten by SENUFRU;" both kings of the IVth dynasty, during the thirty-fourth century B. C.

The other two examples (by us not copied) are identical in style, but a little posterior in age; one being of the reign of king SHORE, (or Resho) in the Vth, and the other of MERIRA-PEPI, in the VIth dynasty. A fifth example might be cited of the IVth, but it is of the same SENUFRU mentioned above.216

Here then are represented Egyptian Pharaohs striking Asiaties; and here, we are informed epistolarily by Chev. Lepsius, is the remotest monumental evidence of two distinct types of man; although, an analytical comparison of such antipodean languages as the ancient Chinese with the old Egyptian, of the Atlantic Berber with the Medic of DARIUS's inscriptions, of the Hindoo Pali with the Hebrew of HABBAKUK, and a dozen others we might name, would result in establishing for each of these distinct tongues such an enormous and independent antiquity, as to leave not a shadow of doubt that all primitive African and Asiatic races existed, from the Cape of Good Hope to China, as far back as the foundation of the Egyptian Empire, and long before. It is in the IVth Memphite dynasty, however, that we find the oldest sculptural representations of man now extant in the world.

In the above figures two primordial types, one Asiatic and the other Egyptian, stand conspicuous. If then, as before asserted, two races of man existed simultaneously during the IVth dynasty, in sufficient numbers to be at war with each other, their prototypes must have lived before the foundation of the Empire, or far earlier than 4000 years B. C. If two types of mankind were coetaneous, it follows that all other Asiatic and African races found in the subsequent XIIth dynasty must have been also in existence contemporaneously with those of the IVth, as well as with all the aboriginal races of America, Europe, Oceanica, Mongolia-in short, with every species of mankind throughout the entire globe.

CHAPTER VI.

AFRICAN TYPES.

OUR preceding chapters have established that the so-called Caucasian types may be traced upwards from the present day, in an infinite variety of primitive forms, through every historical record, and yet farther back through the petroglyphs of Egypt (where we lose them, in the medieval darkness of the earliest recorded people, some 3500 years before Christ), not as a few stray individuals, but as populous nations, possessing distinct physical features and separate national characteristics. We now turn to the African types, not simply because they present an opposite extreme from the Caucasian, but mainly because, from their early communication with Egypt, much detail, in respect to their physical characters, has been preserved in the catacombs and on the monuments.

In our general remarks on species, we have shown that no classification of races yet put forth has any foundation whatever in nature; and that, after several thousands of years of migrations of races and comminglings of types, all attempts at following them up to their original birth-places must, from the absence of historic annals of those primordial times, and in the present state of knowledge, be utterly hopeless. This remark applies with quite as much force to Negroes as to Caucasians: for Africa first exhibits herself, from one extreme to the other, covered with dark-skinned races of various shades, and possessing endless physical characters, which, being distinct, we must regard as primitive, until it can be shown that causes exist capable of transforming one type into another. The Negroes may be traced on the monuments of Egypt, with certainty, as nations, back to the XIIth dynasty, about 2300 years B. c.: and it cannot be assumed that they were not then as old as any other race of our geological epoch.

In order to develop our ideas more clearly, we propose to take a rapid glance at the population of Africa. We shall show, that not only is that vast continent inhabited by types quite as varied as those of Europe or Asia, but that there exists a regular gradation, from the Cape of Good Hope to the Isthmus of Suez, of which the Hottentot and Bushman form the lowest, and the Egyptian and Berber types the highest links;

that all these gradations of African man are indigenous to the soil; and that no historical times have existed when the same gradations were not.

When we compare the continent of Africa with the other great divisions of the world, it is apparent that it forms a striking contrast in every particular. Its whole physical geography, its climates, its populations, its faunæ, its floræ, &c., are all peculiar. Upon examination of maps of Europe, Asia, and America, we see indeed, in each continent, great diversities of climate, soil, elevations of surface, and other phenomena; still no natural barriers exist so insurmountable as to prevent the migrations and comminglings of races, and consequent confusion of tongues and types: but in Africa the case is quite different. Here stand obstructions, fixed by nature, which man in early times had no means of overcoming. Not only from the time of Menes, the first of the Pharaohs, to that of Moses, but from the latter epoch to that of Christ, Africa, south of the Equator, was as much a terra incognita to the inhabitants of Europe, Asia, Egypt, and, the Barbary States, as certain interior parts of that continent are to us at the present day. We know that, long after the Christian era, the nautical skill necessary for exploring expeditions, no less than for the transportation of emigrants to those distant latitudes, was wanting; and we have only to turn to any standard work (RITTER's, for instance) on Ancient Geography, to be satisfied of these facts. It is equally certain that what is now termed "Central Africa" could not have been reached by caravan from the Mediterranean coast, before the introduction of camels from Asia, through Egypt, into Barbary. The epoch of this animal's introduction is now known to antedate the Christian era but a century or two. It is contended, by the advocates of a common origin for mankind, that this African continent was first populated by Asiatic emigrants into Egypt; that these immigrants passed on, step by step, gradually changing their physical organizations, under climatic influences, until the whole continent, from the Mediterranean to the Cape of Good Hope, was peopled by the various tribes we now behold scattered over that enormous space. But such an hypothesis can hardly be maintained, in the face of the fact asserted by Lepsius, and familiar to all Egyptologists, that Negro and other races already existed in Northern Africa, on the Upper Nile, 2300 years B. C. existed, we repeat, in despite of natural barriers which could not have been passed by any means previously known; and, moreover, that all truly African races have, from the earliest epochas, spoken languages radically distinct from every Asiatic tongue. Linguistic researches have established that, prior to the introduction of Asiatic elements into the Lower Valley of the Nile, the speech of

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the ante-monumental Egyptians could have borne no affinity towards the latter. Lepsius, Birch, and De Rougé - our highest philological authorities in this question-coincide in the main principle, that the lexicology deduced from the earliest hieroglyphics exhibits two elements: viz., a primary, or African; and a secondary, or Asiatic, superimposed upon the former. It is also certain that, Syro-Arabian engraftments being deducted from the present Nubian and the Berber vernaculars spoken above and westward of Egypt, these languages are as purely African now as must have been the idiom uttered by the Egyptian ancestry of those who raised the pyramids of the IVth dynasty, 5300 years ago.

Such are the results of archæology, applied by that school of Egyptian philologists which alone is competent to decide upon the language of the hieroglyphics. They harmonize with the physiological conclusions we have reached through monumental iconography. But, requesting the critical reader to accompany us upon a map of the African continent, such as those contained in the Physical Atlases of Berghaus, or Johnston, we propose commencing at the Cape of Good Hope, and following the African races from Table Rock to the MediOur limits do not permit a detailed analysis, nor is such necessary, as the few prominent facts we shall present are quite sufficient for the purpose in hand, and will at once be admitted by every reader who is at all competent to pursue this discussion.

terranean.

What is now called Cape Colony lies between 30° and 35° of south latitude. It rises, as you recede from the coast, into high tablelands and mountains, and possesses a comparatively temperate and agreeable climate; nevertheless, it is here that we find the lowest and most beastly specimens of mankind: viz., the Hottentot and the Bushman. The latter, in particular, are but little removed, both in moral and physical characters, from the orang-outan. They are not black, but of a yellowish-brown (tallow-colored, as the French term them), with woolly heads, diminutive statures, small ill-shapen crania, very projecting mouths, prognathous faces, and badly formed bodies; in short, they are described by travellers as bearing a strong resemblance to the monkey tribe. They possess many anatomical peculiarities, known to physiologists if not recapitulated here. LICHTENSTEIN, one of our best authorities, in describing this race, says:

"Their common objects of pursuit are serpents, lizards, ants, and grasshoppers. They will remain whole days without drinking; as a substitute, they chew succulent plants: they do not eat salt. They have no fixed habitation, but sleep in holes in the ground or under the branches of trees. They are short, lean, and, in appearance, weak in their limbs; yet are capable of bearing much fatigue. Their sight is acute, but their taste, smell, and feeling, are feeble. They do not form large societies, but wander about in families."