symbolized, probably, a point of time so remote from his own day that he ceased to inquire further; and reposed from his labors in blissful ignorance, after having comprehended the vanity of human efforts to pierce that primordial gloom. If he did not, we do and with the less regret, because an expounder (who says he knows all about it) can be met with at every street-corner.

2d. From the unknown, then, in the supposed idea of a Chaldæan writer, proceeded three grand divisions of mankind; already distributed, at the age of the compilation of Xth Genesis, each one "after his tongue, in their lands, after their nations." It became necessary, for his chorographic and ethnic objects, to classify them. He saw they were apparently divided into three cuticular colors; just as the Egyptians before him had perceived the same thing, when they classified three, of the four human varieties known to them, by the colors red, yellow, and white.

3d. He gave to them, or adopted through preceding traditions, the three names "SheM KhaM and IaPheTt"; and called the nations within his horizon of knowledge by these terms, as much for convenience sake, as on account of their several and probable linguistic, physiological, geographical, and traditionary relationship to each other. The meaning which he attached to each of these proper names is utterly unknown; but modern lexicography speculates upon their acceptation as follows:

A. KhaM is the ancient name of Egypt; centre point of the populations which the writer of Xth Genesis classified as BeNI-KhaM, "sons of Ham;" and which we call Hamitic. In Hebrew, KhM means hot: but, in Arabic, while H&M has the same acceptation, KhàM signifies dark, swarthy: perfectly applicable to the peoples that this name embraces in Xth Genesis. The Egyptians designated themselves as the red race; wherefore, for Hamitic types, we adopt the red color.

B. SheM, in Hebrew, means name "par excellence." It is also supposed to possess the sense of left hand, in contrast to Yemen, the right; but this seems to be an "ex post facto" Arabian commentary. The Egyptians always gave shades of yellow to Shemitish races, in accordance with their cuticular color; and we adopt it for our classification.

C. IaPheTt. Such rabbinical explanations as "the man of the opening of the tent" belong to the domain of fable.

IAPETUS, son of Coelus and Terra, was the Titanic progenitor of Greeks in their ante-historical MUTHOI; the "audax genus Iapeti" is a symbolical periphrasis for white races; and an ancient Greek proverb, rov Iañerov xpeσßurepos, "elder than Iapetus," indicates that the sense in which Grecians used it corresponds to our saying "older than Adam." It is not impossible that the writer of Xth Genesis, in his anxiety to discover an ancestor for white families, asked some Greek traveller, who replied "Ianεros." To ourselves, as anciently to the Egyptians, these families are white.

We conclude in the language of D'Avezac-"Far from admitting that Genesis wished to make all the ramifications of the great human family descend from the unique NOAH, we would voluntarily sustain the thesis, that the genesiacal writer only wished to designate the three great branches of white races, individualized for us in the three types Greek, Egyptian, and Syriac; whose respective traditions have preserved athwart ages, as an indelible testimony of the veracity of Moses [or, only of that of the unknown writer of Xth Genesis], the names of Japheth, of Ham, and of Shem: but, without entering digressionally into a question so vast, let us hasten to say that, to our eyes, the Biblical texts are very disinterested upon any doubts arising from that [doubt] as to the unity or multiplicity of species in the human genus."

Section B.-OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANNEXED GENEALOGICAL TABLEAU OF THE "SONS OF NOAH."

So far as the authors' reading enables them to judge, here, for the first time since Xth Genesis was composed, are tabulated, in a true genealogical form, all the ethnic and geographical names contained in that ancient document.

After the foregoing analysis of each name under Section A,, the reader requires no prolix remarks to perceive the utility of our Tableau; which, at a glance, exhibits Father NuKh (Noah), and his three Sons his Grandsons, Great-grandsons, Great-great-grandsons, Great-great-great-grandsons, and Great-great-great-great-grandsons, according to their natural order. In this manner (the geography of the Hebrew Text being, once for all, defined,) it is to be hoped that science will be relieved from further discussion of main principles, whatever may be the light which future Oriental researches cannot fail to shed upon details.

Each Name is first displayed in the "square-letter" of the Hebrew Text, without the Masoretic points. Below it, in "Roman" capitals, is placed the conjectural vocalization of our modern, and colloquial, English imitation of ancient foreign words. Beneath is put, in 'Italics," the spelling of each name as printed in king James's version. This is followed, in "Gothic" letters, with the geographical attribution of the several cognomina, conformably to the results attained through our Section A. And finally, under every one, in common "Roman" type, is represented the probable country, nation, tribe, city, citizen, and personage historical or mythic, to which the authors' studies ascribe each name.

"Humanum est errare."

[The best parallel I have met with in ancient history of the conversion of symbolical and national names into personages, that might be assimilated to the Hebrew map in Genesis Xth, occurs in Tacitus. 657 Speaking of the Germans, he gives one of their antique mythes (which, during his time, was current among them) in explanation of their figurative origins and tripartite distribution into races. "Celebrant carminibus antiquis, quod unum apud illos memoriæ et annalium genus est, TUISCONEM deum, terrâ editum, et filium MANNUM originem gentis conditoresque. MANNO tres filios assignant e quorum nominibus proximi oceano Ingavones, medii Herminones, cæteris Istavones vocantur."

TUISCO is the god Mars. MANNUS the Latinized form of our word" Man," in German Mann: "ones," is the euphonizing suffix to the primitive words Ingæv, Hermin, Istæv.

The learned Zeuss 658 has shown that Ingav is the same as Yngvi, "noble ;" ancient title of the royal race of Sweden. Istæv, also meaning "illustrious," is traced in Astingi, royal race of the Visigoths and Vandals: and Hermin, in old Gothic airmun, meant "the mighty ones."

1. Hermin-ones, (in Pliny, Hermiones,) comprehended four tribes: the Suevi, Hermudiri, Chatti, and Cherusci. These clans occupied inland Germany.

2. Ingæv-ones. These embraced the Cimbri, the Teutones, and the "Chaucorum gentes;" inhabiting west and north-west Germany.

3. Istæv-ones - -as the Vindili of Pliny, included the Burgundiones, Varini, Carini, and Guttones. Their place was north-eastern Germany.

For our purpose of simple illustration, it is not essential to detail the geographical territories assigned to these names; which, mutilated and corrupted by Roman orthography, preserve as little relation to an ancient German pronunciation as the Indo-Germanic names of GoMER, MaGUG, &c., do in our authorized version after passing through Hebrew transcriptions, Septuagint corruptions, and the fabulous vocalizations of Jewish Rabbis of the Masora. What we are driving after becomes evident at once, so soon as we tabulate the genealogy of these tribes as we have done that of those in Xth Genesis.

It would be easy to carry this method of illustration, which classifies the mythical, the geographical, and the patronymic personifications of nations in their true historical order, through the traditions of different races all over the world. We content ourselves by indicating to fellow-students the utility of a simple process that has solved many a "vexata quæstio" encountered in our personal researches: especially when studying the Persian genealogies of Firdoosi's Shah-Nameh; as we hope to show elsewhere. — G. R. G.]

Section C.-OBSERVATIONS ON THE ACCOMPANYING "MAP OF THE WORLD."

1st. The parts in black indicate what the writer of Xth Genesis knew not those shaded represent where his knowledge decreases; it being unfair, no less than impossible, to define his information by a sharp line. Other explanations are given on the Map itself.

2d. The great alteration, which our results superinduce, is the prolongation of his geographical knowledge (hitherto unsuspected) along the whole of BARBARY, between the Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara desert. Former African delusions are curtailed at the First Cataract, Syene; southern extremity of the Egyptians, MiTsRIM, proper. The compiler of Xth Genesis knew nothing of "Ethiopia" above; nor is any austral land beyond Egypt mentioned by a single writer in the Old Testament; because Chub (Ezek. xxx. 5), GUB, conjectured by Bunsen, after Ewald, to be GNUB, Nubia, is an unnecessary effort when we can identify it with the Barbaresque Cobii of Ptolemy the geographer [supra, p. 515].