d'Arc. Paris. 1830. 8vo.

3 L'Ystoire de li Normant, et la Chronique de Robert Viscard, par Aimé, Moine du Mons Cassin.

Roger had taken an active part in the siege of Bari, in spring, 1071. He was now assisted by his brother at the succeeding siege of Palermo. The Norman army was transported in fifty ships, from which songs and warlike music resounded over the waves of the Mediterranean. Thus surrounded by heroes from Normandy, and even from England, Robert Wiscard and Roger at last encompassed by land and by water this strongly fortified city, and the Normans, storming the walls on the morning of the 10th of July, 1071, Palermo, el Khalassa, the favorite city of the Arabs, surrendered to the victorious brothers.

Robert directing, during the following years, the full force of his arms against the Greek empire, only a few Norman warriors remained in Sicily with Roger, who had been invested with the island as vassal of his brother, with the title of Great Count, while Robert proclaimed himself Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily; and this division of the Norman power caused the war in Sicily to be protracted for many years. By the alliance of the Arabs with their allies of the same religion in Barbary, who undertook different expeditions from the coast of Africa to their support, they defended themselves in the southern parts of Sicily as late as the year 1090, when they were expelled from Butera (Abuthur) and Noto, (Natis,) the last possessions they held in the island."

NOTES.

A. L. K.

If I make him stay at Rouen and live there for a long time, he will not be able to speak Danish, for nobody speaks that language there, if I want him to be at a school where Danish is taught. They know only the Romance, (French language ;) but at Bajeux there are many who speak only Danish, and therefore, Count Boton, I wish you will take him with you and instruct him in all knowledge

This is partly the case, too, with a modern work

Publiés pour la première fois par M. Champollion Figeac. Paris. 1835. Svo. This Chronicle, written in the Romanic language, and published by Champollion Figeac, is a translation of the original of Father Aimé, which is supposed to be lost.

4 Sismondi, Histoire des Républiques Italiennes, i. 233. Leo, Geschichte des Italienischen Staaten, i. 360.

5 Scrofani, della dominazione degli Stranieri in Sicilia, Parigi, 1824, p. 107, seq. Martorana, Noticie Storiche dei Saraceni Siciliani, Palermo, 1832, i. 27, seq. Stürve, Handelzüge der Araber, s. 79. v. Hammer, Laüderverwaltung unter dem Chaligate, s. 67. The Norwegian hero Harald Haardraade, who participated in the first expedition of the Normans to the island, found "that Sicily was a very rich country, defended by large and strong castles." Fornmanna Sögur, vi. 148.

5 This year is adopted by Lupus Protospata, apud Maratori, Scr. Rev. Italie, v. 41, and the anonymous chronicler of Bari, ap. Murat. v. 148. Pagi, (Critica, iv. 90,) considers it exact, and his opinion is followed by the modern authors. It is nevertheless very uncertain, like all the chronological dates of the early Norman wars in Italy. Chron. Cassin. ap. Murat. v 55, places the expedition in the year 1000; the exact Leo Ostiensis, ap. Murat, iv. 362, in

the year 1002; and the Chron. Saxon. ap. Bouquet, x. 330, in the year 1014. According to Depping the first Normans made their appearance in Italy toward the close of the tenth century, but he may mistake them for the Väringer, (Barajgoi,) the Northmen serving as a body-guard to the Greek Emperors at staufen, vol. i. 566. Constantinople; Raumer, History of the Hohen

Leo Osten, ap. Murat, iv. 363. Aimé, l'Ystoire de li Normant, publ. par Champollion Figeac, p. 15. Odericus Vit. ap. Duchesne, p. 472.

8 With these Normans, or with the Salernitan embassy, arrived in Normandy John the Little, an Italian by birth, and a famous physician. The acquaintance of the Normans with the learned men of Salerno essentially benefited the study of medicine in Normandy Depping, p. 463. Malaterra, apud Murat. v. 519. Falconry not being 9 Accipitrium exercitio aptissima, says Jeffrey mentioned in Sicily before the arrival of the Normans, we may suppose them to have introduced that exercise on the island, as the Longobards formerly had done in northern Italy; vide Hager, Gemälde von Palermo. Berlin. 1799. S. 44 10 Aimé, l'Ystoire de li Normant, p. 9. Fazello, Storia di Sicilia, ii. 525.

11 Drengotus. Danish, den gode Dreng, i. e. the good boy.

12 Several places in Normandy are named after Mount Gargano; vide Amélie Bosquet, La Nor

mandie Romanesque et Merveilleuse, Paris and Rouen, 1845, 8vo, p. 194.

13 Guil. Apul. ap. Murat. v. 254: 2f V. Raumer says, that William, Drogo and Humfrey were the first who sailed to Apulia. History of the Hohenstaufen, i. 566.

66

14 Already De Thou praises the inhabitants of Dieppe, penes quos præcipua rei nauticæ gloriæ semper fuit," and Louis XIV. in a letter-patent calls them "les plus expérimentés pilotes et les plus habiles et hardis navigateurs de l'Europe." In more modern times it has often been commented on, that the most distinguished Admirals of France have always been of Norman descent; vide les Français peints par Eux-mêmes, Province, Paris, 1841, ii. 124. It has been asserted that Norman navigators had established a colony on the coast of Africa

as early as 1364, and discovered America in 1488; vide Estanselin, Recherches sur les voyages et découvertes des Navigateurs Normands, Paris, 1832, 8vo, and Vitet, Histoire des anciennes Villes de France, Paris, 1833, 8vo, vol. ii. Certain it is at least, that only Normans can have introduced the earliest foreign (Scandinavian) naval expressions into the French language, such as for instance, esquif, boulines, raalinges, gardinges, haler, sigler, sterman, and the like; vide Jal, Archæologie Navale, i. 172-189. Vareblanc, La France aux temps des Croisades, Paris, 1844, i. 108.

15 Aimé, l'Ystoire de li Normant, p. 17.

37 Omnes conveniunt et bis sex nobiliores, quos genus et gravitas morum decorabat et ætas, elegere duces. Guil. Apul. p. 1 255.

38 Die festivitatis St. Benedicti. Leo Ost. p. 359. 39 Aimé, p. 45. Capefigue (Essai sur les Invasions

17 Oderic. Vit. ap. Duchesne, p. 472.

18 Guil. Gemmet. ap. Duchesne, p. 283.

19 Rodulph. Glaber, ap. Bouquet, x. 25. Guil. Apul. ap. Murat. v.254. These inhospitable mountaineers of St. Bernard and the valley of Aosta may perhaps have been Saracens; vide Reinaud, Histoire des Invasions des Sarrazins en France, Paris, 1836, p. 195. The passage of St. Bernard is to this day closed by a gate and walls at St. Remi, between the Hospice of the Augustine monks and the city of Aoste, and the present Piedmontese gens-d'armes are nearly as rude and covetous as were the ancient Saracens.

20 Aimé, l'Ystoire de li Normant, pp. 17-31. cfr Luden Geschichte des Teutschen Volkes, vii. 465

478.

21 Guil. Gemmet, ap. Duchesne, p. 284. Alberic. Monach. ap. Bouquet, xi. 393. The traditions of the North make Harald Haardraade, a few years later, slay a dragon in Constantinople, (Myklegard,) and Albericus Monachus makes him smothera lion within his naked arms; vid. Cronhalm Väringarne, pp 95-98.

22 Vibert. ap Murat. iii. 297. Arnulph, Mediolan. ap. Murat. iv 13, 21, characterizes them as "atrociores Græcis, Saracenis ferociores, impiissimi;" and Leo Ostiensis, (apud Murat. iv. 363,) relating a dispute between a Norman warrior and the fishermen of the convent of Monte Casino, says, ut sunt ad rapinam avidi, ad invadenda aliena bona inexplebiliter anxii.

23 The environs of Cotentin are among those regions of Normandy where the Danish language was longest preserved. Estrap in the writings of the Scand. Society.

24 Diversarum regionum et principum curias perlustrans. Gaufr. Malaterra, p. 559.

25 Aprum miræ enormitatis, quem singlare dicunt. Gaufr. Malat. id. loc.

26 In curia principis decem milites sub se habens. Gaufr. Malat. id. loc.

27 Besides his twelve sons Tancred had three daughters, who afterwards, with their mother Fredesenda, went to Italy. Gaufr. Malat. p. 550. 28 Tazello, Storia di Sicilia, ii. 532.

29 Quasi nova gentis militiam abhorrentes. Gaufr. Malat. p. 251.

30 Zonar, ed. Paris, ii. 237. Cedren, ed. Paris, ii.

741.

31 The chronicles being misled by the Arabic word "Alcade," (al Kadé,) call this Arabic leader Arcadius, and modern historians have taken up this erroneous name; vide Raumer, History of the Hohenstaufen, i. 562. Aimé seems to have understood the meaning of the word," Archadie," c'est prince et docteur de la loi. Chronique de Robert Viscard, p. 268.

32 Gaufr. Malater. p. 251, has Sexaginta millia. Aimé, Chronique, p. 268.

33 Ardoin is called "Servicial de St. Ambroise," by Aimé, l'Ystoire de li Normant, p. 41. De famulis S. Ambrosii, Leo Ost. p. 383.

34 In the details Cedrenus ii. 755, and Guil. Apul p. 255, do not coincide with Leo Ost. p. 338, and

chronicle, according to which the Normans rode throughout all Italy, chanting the ballads of Roland and Olivier. The oldest national airs of Sicily with rhymed measures, have likewise been ascribed to them; vide Münter, Travels in the Two Sicilies, vol ii. 313.

40 The "Torre di Maniace," which he built at Syracuse, still remains to this day as a memorial of his Sicilian campaign.

41 Cedren, ii. 155.

42 Nudo pugno. Gauf. Malat. p. 552.

43 According to Jeffrey Malaterra, p. 552, the Greeks were commanded by a general having the barbarous name Annus; but Cedrenus calling him Mixando Aoxεiavós, it appears to be without any doubt, that the text in Muratori, Duce Anno, duce exercitus, ought to be corrected to Duceano, duce exercitus.

44 Quartano febris typo laborabat. Gaufr. Malat p. 552. 45 Et appella la nome de Dieu. Chronique de Rob. Visc p. 272. Dex aïe, (Gud hjolpe, i. e.God help,) was the battle cry of the Normans. Wace, Roman de Rou, pub. par Pluquet, i. 133, ii. 327.

46 Among these troops were northern mercena50, and Manichæans, whose religious opinions are ries, (Väringer, Barajgoi,) mentioned by Aimé, p. described by Guil. Apul. p. 256.

47 Thus Guil. Apul. p. 257, is generally understood, although his expressions, sublimant protinus illum omnes animi, might signify that the Normans lifted Argyros on a stone in the middle of the assembly. According to Gautier d'Arc, William Bras-de-Fer, and after Gibbon, Robert Wiscard were likewise elected, being lifted high on a buckler; but no evidence is found in the sources.

48 The son of Ascelin, Richard, with a large retinue, joined his father soon after acquiring these territories. Aimé describes Richard as a brave and tall knight, and says that when he mounted on horseback,petit s'en faillois, que li pié ne féroient à terre. L'Ystoire, p. 67.

49 Castella ex villis ædificare cœperunt, quibus ex locorum vocabulis nomen indiderunt. Chron. Vulturn. ap. Murat ii. 2, 371.

50 Pro numero comitum bis sex statuere plateas, atque domus comitum totidem fabricantur in urbe. Guil. Apul. p. 256. Afterwards the nobles often held assemblies in Malfi. Galanti, Nuova Descrizione delle due Sicilie, i. 122.

5 Against this opinion has been adduced Guil. Apul. p. 261, where he says that Humfrey, at his death, made Robert Wiscard "Rector terrarum suarum et genita_tutor puerilis, quem vetat ælas rectorem fieri." But this only refers to the county proper of Humfrey, his sons afterwards waging war against Robert solely with the hope of obtaining the restitution of their father's territory.

52 Pugnat utraque manu, nec lancea cassa, nec ensis
Cassus erat, quocunque manu deducere vellet
Ter dejectus equo, ter viribus ipse resumptis
Major in arma redit: stimulos furor ipse ministrat.
William Apulus, ii. p. 270.

53 Anna Comnena i. 10. Ed. Bonn, i. 50. The Italian Normans for a long time afterwards preserved

their northern appearance. Bohemund, one of the heroes of the first crusade, is described by Anna Comnena as being of gigantic stature, with the finest red and white complexion, light blue eyes, (το βλέμμα γλαυκόν,) and yellow locks hanging down over his ears. Á Danish traveller has remarked that an old picture is still to be found in the monastery of San Trinità delle Care, which represents Roger, the Norman King, with long, yellow curls. Travels in Normandy, by Prof. Estrup, p. 58, 152.

54 Quodam vespere dapifer, qui omni domui suæ perderat, requisivit ab ipso, quid in crastinum comesturi erant ipse vel milites sui, dicens se neque victum neque pretium ad emendum habere. Gaufr. Malat. p. 553.

55 Wiscard is the Icelandic Viskr, the now obsolete English Wiseacre. Cognomen Viscardus erat quia calliditatis. Non Cicero tanta fuit nec versutus Ulysses, says Guil. Apul. p. 260.

66 Gyrant to dama premièrement Viscart et lui dist: O Viscart! pourquoi vas ça et la? Pren ma tante, soror de mon père, pour moillier, et je serai ton chevalier; et vendra auvec toi pour acquester Calabre et anvec moi ij.c. chevaliers. Aimé, Ystorie de li Normant, p. 76.

57 Ut Normanorum vetare cadavera mos est. Guil. Apul. p. 261. In the North, likewise, the corpse, particularly among the rich, was placed in a coffin, enveloped in a waxed shroud. Petersen Danmartes, Historie; Hedenold, iii. 162.

58 Robert Ware, Dudo St. Quintin, Benedict of St. More, and William of Jumièges; vide P. E. Müller, Om Saxosy Snorres Kilder. s. 270.

50 Matthai Taris Historia Anglicana, ed. Wats, p. 488.

60 Wilken Geschichte der Kreuzzüge, ii. 332.

61 This they did not before their departing brothers had given the promise, that when the sons of Serlon and Alverade afterwards should go to Italy, they would there be invested with feudal estates by their uncles. According to this promise, the younger Serlon, the son of the older knight of that name, went to Sicily, where he fell in battle against the Saracens on a rock, the corrupt name of which, rocca di Sarno, still recalls his memory to this day. Gautier d'Arc, Histoire des Conquêtes des Normands, p. 281.

62 Gauf. Malat. p. 552.

63 Albufeda, Annales Islamisi, ed. Adl. iii. 229. Leo, History of the Italian States, i. 459.

22

64 Novairi ap. Gregor. Rer. Arab. ampl. collect. p.

65 Non portoit ne escui, ni haubert. Chron. de Rob. Visc. p. 219.

66 Et la part de sus chaïen terre, et la part de souz non chaï si tost, et fu portée de li pré; et avieingne que ce soit toit cose à croire, toutes fois se doit croire. Chron. de Rob. Visc. p. 229.

67 Solemnitatem quandam præstolibantur, quem Mauri singules annis domibus duodecim diebus celebrabant. Hist. Leb. Messan. p. 615.

68 Nostri denique tantammodo Germandos et Galeas, Sicilienses vero, et Gattos, et Golafros, et Dromundos habebant. Gaufr. Malat. p. 561. By Galeas is probably understood galleys; the other names are unknown, except the dromons, which often are mentioned as a particular kind of vessels, not only in Southern, but likewise in Northern sources. (Icelandic, dromundar.) Heimskringla, iii 353. 69 Gaufr. Malat. p. 250.

70 In ripa fluminis, quod lingua eorum Guedeta dicitur, quod Latine resolutum fluminis paludes interpretur. Gaufr. Malat. p. 563.

VOL. I. NO. VI. NEW SERIES.

39

73 Les braz ploiez et la teste enclinée. Aimé, P'Ystoire de li Normant, p. 157.

73 The Saracens of Sicily, at an early period, were familiar with the manufacture of silk stuffs, and renowned for their weaving. The Italian words ricamo and ricamare are of Arabian origin, (vide Diez. Gram. der Romanishen Sprachen, i. 59.) The excellency of their workmanship is proved by remains still extant, among which is the mantle ornamented with Arabic inscriptions, and worn in the middle ages by the German emperors at their coronation. It is still preserved at Nurnberg; vide Hammer, Länderverwaltung unter dem Chalifato, s. 68. Among the relics of King Canute, the Saint of Denmark, (in Odense, 1086,) was found some fragments of a silken shroud, which has been supposed to be of Greek workmanship; but it seems more probable that it was manufactured by the Saracens of Sicily. At least it is remarkable and interesting, that at the opening of the sepulchre of Frederick II. in Palermo, in the year 1781, the pall, about the Arabic origin of which no doubt exists, was lined with a double row of pearls, and along the border were on both sides eagles, elegantly embroidered by couples, turning their little beaks against each other. (Hager, Gemälde von Palermo, s. 41.) This being the same pattern with the silken shroud found among the relics of King Knud, both appear to have been of Saracenic origin; vide Gregorio, Discorsi intorno alla Sicilia, Palermo, 1821, ii. 1-89.

74 The Arabic cities in Sicily have generally the prefix Calata or Calta, as Calatafimi, Caltagirone, while the Norman castles may be recognized by the termination burgo; vide Tardia, Descrizione della Sicilia di Scherif el Idris, pp. 19, 23, and Gregorio Considerazioni, i. 44.

75 Gaufr. Malat., 558. In Normandy the new married couple are still called bru and bru-man, bride and bride-man, which latter, "brudmand," is heard in the Island Tyen, in Denmark, insteadof brudgom, (bridegroom;) vide Venedey, Reise und Rasttage in des Normandie, Leipzig, 1838, ii. 153, and Les Français peints par eux-mêmes, Province, ii. 143.

76 Moribus et lingua, quoscumque venire videbant (Normanii) informant propria, gens officiatur ut una. Guil Ap. 255. Nevertheless, declared Count Henry, the uncle of King William the Secoad, in a later period, that he did not understand the Norman tongue. "Francorum se linguam ignorare, quæ maxime necessaria esset in curia." Hugo Falcaud, ap. Murat. vii. 321.

77 Fist lors de laingne et diverses générations de trébue. Chron. de Rob. Visc. p. 293.

78 Alessandro di Meo, Apparato Chronologio,

p. 79.

79 Vestitum etiam tanta penuria illis erat, ut comes et comitissa, non nisi unam capam habentes, alternatim, prout unicuique major necessitas incumbebat, ea utebatur. Gauf. Malat. p. 569.

80 The camel was transplanted to Sicily by the Arabs, and still formed an important article of trade in the Sicilian commerce, as late as the thirteenth century. Hager, i. 215.

81 The greatest part of the Imams emigrated to Africa. Albufeda, Annales Islamismi, iii. 519. Al Novairi ap. Gregor. Rev. Arab. Collect. p. 20. Yet that some of them still remained in the island is proved by the Kufian sepulchral inscription of the Imam Abd-Allah, who died in 1173; vide Gregor. Rev. Arab. Collect. p. 235.

82 Martorana, Noticie storiche dei Saraceni Siciliani, i. 176.

In this country Socialism has been presented to us chiefly under the name of Fourierism; and, indeed, both in France and here this may be considered the fairest and best representation of the Socialist theory. The admirers of M. Charles Fourier, however, both in French and English, have been so well content to occupy themselves, or at least to entertain the public, with the material consequences of their system, with the economical advantages which they predict as straightway to flow from the organization of the "Phalanx" upon the industrial interests of society, that very few are to be found outside their own circle who have any idea of the religious, metaphysical, and moral principles of Socialism. Many have even supposed that, in these respects, no essential discrepancy existed between the Fourierites and the conservative portion of the community; and we are sorry to say that this idea is encouraged by the most distinguished Socialists both in America and in Europe, who evince an observable tendency to bring back their system to a nearer correspondence, and to create, if it might be, an external union with the acknowledged forms of Christianity.

But Fourierism professes to be a system; and ill-jointed though it may be, it is not to its defenders that it belongs to dismember it at their pleasure, and preserving its name as an imposing shadow, to present only some of its proposed practical workings, which, nevertheless, require and tend to the establishment of its new moral principles. If then Socialists would have given us a real instead of a "popular view of the doctrines of Charles Fourier,"* it should have sufficed for its own refutation. This they have not done, and hence the question so often asked us, as to what are the distinctive principles of Fourierism; in

what cardinal points it conflicts with the generally acknowledged laws of society; and again, what connection or antagonism exists between it and other forms or parties of Socialism. The recent revolution in France has given an accidental prominence to the Socialist theories of the day, and a short discussion of them, we have thought, might be found interesting and not without profit.

Under the general name of Socialists are included all those who advocate a novel organization of society, in which the old way of living in segregated households shall give place to vast associations, or groups of men and women living together, and holding their possessions less or more in common. When these principles are carried to their utmost limits in the two great departments of social life, viz. property and the intercourse of the sexes, the resulting condition is styled, or stigmatized as Communism. The Socialists have usually been very earnest in repudiating the extreme principles of Communism; and especially so in respect of property. The aint Simonian formula is adopted, with unimportant modifications, by all of them: "To each one according to his capacity: To each capacity according to its productions." So far as it is possible for us to ascertain, however, no body of Socialists have ever been able to realize in any degree this formula of their theory. The thousands of laborers, or rather of idlers, who gathered about the Saint Simonian standard under the name of industriels, or operatives, had learned by heart the principle that "every one should live by his labor," but they seem never to have so much as dreamed that any one should labor for his living; and hence the commercial ruin that so speedily overwhelmed the party, notwithstanding the

lavish hand with which enthusiasts pos- | sessed of fortune, and with a generosity worthy of a better cause, wasted whole estates to support it. If Socialists have found it impossible to resist the whirlpool of Communism on the side of property, which they, nevertheless, had marked out on their charts with checks so well defined, what can we expect of them on the side of the irregularities of sexual passion, where the impulses are stronger, and unfortunately, their expressions, if not vague, are the less satisfactory on account of their explicitness? In short, Socialists will say that Communism is Socialism run mad; but we maintain that it is Socialism come to maturity.

We have pointed out thus the political or civil characteristic of Socialism. It is the abrogation of the family, the breaking up of the fireside circle formed by one father and one mother, with their children and dependents, and the herding together of the species in companies or flocks, for the double purpose of a more economical subsistence, and the freer and fuller indulgence of all the inclinations and desires of man's nature. Socialists of all classes agree in considering the civil condition which rests upon the family, or as Fourier calls it, the "parcelled system," (système morcelé,) as an institution of merely human invention and authority. The Christian Revelation is explicit in teaching the contrary. It gives us, as the original and normal law of civil society, the union of man and woman in single and perpetual marriage, and adds for its sanction, "What God hath joined together let no man put asunder." But Socialists, as we shall see presently, make man his own God and his own lawgiver. "The institutions that have been," say they, "may have been well in their time, and even have been necessary as fitted to the degree of man's advancement in the scale of universal being. But Moses and Christ changed, each of them, the institutions that they found, and so now do wE! These re-organizations are phases incident to the progress of humanity, and one of these phases is about to commence." It is thus that Henry de Saint Simon, or rather his successor, Enfantin, for the Saint Simonians, and Charles Fourier, for the Fourierites, would make themselves as Moses and as

Christ. But in this attempt they surpassed their profession, and did more, or at least did quite differently. The essential laws of morals and of religion were not changed by either Moses or Christ; though they were explained, perfected and embodied. For in this same matter of marriage, the account Moses has given us in the second chapter of Genesis of the first marriage, was previous to the time both of Moses and of Christ, and, which is well worth noting from the outset, was previous likewise to the fall of the first man. Yet it is Moses who hands down this fundamental law of humanity, as promulgated by Adam before his fall, that a man and his wife should be "two in one flesh;" and the advent of Christianity had no other effect than that of confirming it with more solemn and unalterable sanctions. We may say the same of all other precepts of the moral law, and of the very method in which the giver of the old Law and the Founder of the Gospel announced their respective missions; each showing their essential unity with the dispensations preceding, whilst Socialists, on the contrary, without precursive prophesy or theoretic continuity with the progress of civilization hitherto, would abolish the fundamental principles of our actual society in favor of a scheme hitherto at least unheard of.

But some of the more moderate or more timid of the Associationists, deny that their schemes require the abolition of the family, and they will urge that in their plans, provision is even made for its continuance. In answering this plea, it will be well to keep in mind that on this and kindred subjects there has been no small dispute in the bosom of the associations themselves. The remnant of Christian doctrine and sentiment that some of their members had taken with them into their new relationships proved sufficiently strong to affect them with horror at the subsequent steps of their leaders. Hence the schism between Bazard and Enfantin, among the Saint Simonians. Bazard and Rodrigues being themselves husbands and fathers, could not brook the unblushing projects of their so-called "Supreme Father" Enfantin. Differences not unlike have also appeared for years past among the Fourierites, but as they have made little figure