observed, being commonly represented by females.) I would now beg the reader to compare the passage just cited with the lines of the 16 Il. 168, commencing Πεντηκοντ' ησαν νηες θοαι ησιν Αχιλλευς where the same number of degrees of longitude is noticed with reference to Achilles, who also, as is above stated, represents Africa. And in further proof of geographical accuracy, I shall observe, in passing, that the 3 Il. 261, Αν δ' αρ εβη Πριαμος, κατα δ' ήνια τεινεν οπίσσω and the two following, 24 Il. 325, αυταρ οπισθεν Ιπποι της ο γερων εφεπων μαςιγι κελευε, shew, that the poet knew very well that the river Niger had a backward course to the eastward, a fact re-established by modern discovery, only a very short time ago. As I have before spoken of the resemblance of the outline of Africa to aidas, in respect of Achilles, so the same thing is to be inferred in respect of Priam, from the expression adoμew Baσiana Suтny, 1 Il. 331, and from Helen's answer the following speech of Priam, 3 II. 162, Δευρο παροιθ' ελθέσα, φίλον τέκος, ιζεν εμειο In which answer she says to Priam, αιδοιος τε μοι E001, alluding covertly to the shape of the outline above mentioned; which shape of aids is again noticed in Priam's speaking of himself to Hector, 22 II. 75, Αιδω δ' αισχύνεσι κινες κταμένοιο γεροντος" But what country is to be allotted to Paris, who stole away the lovely Helen ?-By a derivation, sufficiently obvious, I assign Persia to him ; and the epithet coeds commonly applied to him, is perfectly appropriate, as the inhabitants of Persia have in all ages been celebrated for their personal beauty. It is observable that the poet has fore, in a speech addressed to Paris, 3 II. 48, is given him another name, Aλežavdeos for it is certainly to be considered in that light rather than as an epithet; and that is a distinction not conferred on any other hero. The explanation of it as inserted in this treatise when first printed and distributed as above mentiened, I am obliged to admit to have been unfounded; but as further enquiry has convinced me that a more correct explanation of it has a close connexion with that of the pro. totype of Helen, (which might be deemed probable à priori,) and as that has been omitted, so this of Alexander is reserved likewise, notwithstanding that the importance of it is so great that it constitutes the principal foundation of the poem. Μυθον Αλεξανδρο, το είνεκα νείκος όρωρεν. 3 II. 86. It is to be noticed, however, that the representative character of Paris is to be considered as including India as well as Persia; for, in point of fact, great numbers of Persians have at all times been resident in India; the officers of the different native potentates there, are for the most part, Persians, and the Persian is the court language there. The expression μιχθεις αλλοδαποισι, there perfectly indicative of the state of society in India, where there is always a great number of Persians who are foreigners to a certain degree as well as the Europeans, who in all ages have been in the habit of resorting there. So again the epithets γυναιμανες and παρθενοπιπα applied to Paris, in 3 Il. 39, and 11 II. 385, are illustrative of the manners of the Persians and Indians, who are famous for being addicted to women, and particularly for their desire of virgins, and shutting them up in their harams, so that they can scarcely be peeped at by strangers. The most obvious way from Europe to India by sea, is by passing down the Arabian Gulf, commonly called the Red Sca; and this leads me to fix the position of two places very frequently noticed in the Iliad, the Scæan Gates. By one of these I understand, the Straits of Babelmandeb, (bab being Arabic for a gate,) at the outlet from the Arabian Gulf into the Erythræan Sea; and by the other, the Straits of Moçandon, the door or outlet of the Persian Gulf into the same sea. In opposition to the right hand way round the Cape of Good Hope, of which I speak in the next chapter, their name oxala, sinistræ, implies that they lie in the left hand road from Europe to the East. It is in this sense that I consider Tεdiov onaμavdpiov, as referring to the Arabian Gulf; and λειμώνι σκαμανδρίω (from its crescent or moon-like shape) to the Persian, both being left hand passages to Asia. 2 II. 461, Ασιω εν λειμωνι Ες πεδιον προχεοντο σκαμάνδριον and in the same sense is the epithet σκαμάνδριος applicable to Astyanax, whose character I explain presently; shem (I believe, in the Arabic) signifying the left. There is another position (yov) frequently mentioned at the same time with the Scæan Gates, as in 6 II. 237, Εκτωρ δ' ως Σκαιας τε πύλας και φυγον ικανεν. In order to explain this name you, I look to |