Aspects of scientific explanation: and other essays in the philosophy of science

accepted adequate analogous antecedent application argument assertion assumption atomic sentences basic behavior Carnap causal character characteristics characterized clearly cognitive significance connections consequence considered construal construed criteria criterion deductive deductive-nomological defined definiens definition of confirmation disconfirmation discussion empirical science equivalent essay event example existential clause explanandum explanans explanatory explicit expressed fact finite formulation functional analysis given hypothesis illustrated imply individual inductive inductive logic inference interpretation kind latter lawlike sentences logical probability logically equivalent means nomic object observation report observation sentences occurrence operational definition outcome particular phenomena phenomenon Philosophy of Science physical possible postdiction prediction premises present probabilistic problem procedure question rational reduction sentences reference relevant requirement rules satisfy schematic scientific explanation sense singular sentence specified statements statistical laws statistical probability statistical syllogisms suggested testability theoretical principles theoretical terms theory total evidence true universal vocabulary