St. John's, ed. Mayor, i. 284), and probably at the end of 1546 was summoned to court at Cheke's recommendation to act as tutor to the Lady Elizabeth. Cheke had gone as tutor to Prince Edward in 1544 and had taken part in Elizabeth's education as well; but in December 1546 the children were separated and Elizabeth was sent to Enfield. It was probably at this time that Grindal entered upon his duties, and it says much for his power as a teacher if he managed to teach Elizabeth anything during the time when in her fifteenth year she was beginning her career as a coquette under the guidance of Lord Thomas Seymour. However, before the scandal of this intrigue became notorious Grindal died of the plague in the summer of 1548, and was succeeded by his friend Ascham in his post as Elizabeth's tutor.

quiry into the Doctrine of Necessity and Predestination, with a second part,' 1822. 10. 'Sermon on Paley's Exposition of the Law of Honour,' 1824. 11. The Doctrinal Harmony of the New Testament,' 1824. 12.‘A Reply to Mr. Brougham's Practical Observations upon the Education of the People," 1825. 13. The Nature and Extent of the Christian Dispensation with reference to the Salvability of the Heathen,' 1827. 14. A Scriptural Inquiry into the Nature and Import of the Image and Likeness of God in Man,' 1830. 15. Sketches of the Danish Mission on the Coast of Coromandel,' 1831. 16. Christian Sentiments suggested by the Present Crisis; or, Civil Liberty founded upon Self-Restraint,' 1831. 17. Reflections after a Visit to the University of Oxford,' on the proceedings against R. D. Hamp[Besides the Letters of Ascham referred to den [q. v.], 1836. 18. "The Chart and Scale above, ii. 19, 20 are written to Grindal, and 21 to of Truth, 1840. 19. Novum TestamenElizabeth about him. Their contents have been tum Græcum. Editio Hellenistica,' 1843. summarised by Strype, Life of Grindal. p. 4; 20. 'Scholia Hellenistica in Novum TestaCooper's Athenæ Cantabr. i. 94.] M. C. I mentum,' &c., 1848. 21. 'An Expostulatory GRINFIELD, EDWARD WILLIAM Letter to the Right Rev. Bishop Wiseman (1785-1864), biblical scholar, was the son of on the Interpolated Curse in the Vatican Thomas Grinfield and Anna Joanna, daughter Septuagint,' 1850. 22. 'An Apology for the of Joseph Foster Barham of Bedford, and Septuagint,' 1850. 23. 'The Jesuits: an Hisbrother of Thomas Grinfield [q. v.] He was torical Sketch,' 1851, 1853. 24. 'The Chrisborn in 1785, and was a schoolfellow of tian Cosmos: the Son of God the revealed Thomas de Quincey [q. v.] at Winkfield, Creator,' 1856. Wiltshire. He entered Lincoln College, Oxford, proceeded B.A. 1806, M.A. 1808, and was ordained in the same year by the Bishop of Lincoln. After studying in the Temple he became minister of Laura Chapel, Bath; afterwards he removed to London, where he occasionally preached at Kensington, and wrote many pamphlets, articles, and reviews, all favouring extreme orthodoxy. In 1859 he founded and endowed a lectureship at Oxford on the Septuagint. Grinfield died at Brighton on 9 July 1864, and is buried in Hove churchyard. His works are: 1. Reflections on the Connection of the British Government with the Protestant Religion,' 1807. 2. 'The Crisis of Religion,' 1811, and with 'Strictures on Mr. Lancaster's System of Popular Education,' 1812. 3. Reflections upon the Influence of Infidelity and Profaneness on Public Liberty, with a Plan for National Circulating Libraries,' 1817. 4. Connection of Natural and Revealed Theology,' 1818. 5. Cursory Observations upon the Lectures in Physiology, Zoology, and Natural History of Man, by Mr. Laurence,' 2nd edition, 1819. 6. Sermons on the Parables,' 1819. 7. The Researches of Physiology,' 1820. 8. Thoughts on Lord Brougham's Education Bill,' 1821. 9. Vindicia Anglicanæ, Letter to Dr. Copleston on his In

6

[Hist. of Preaching, ed. R. Eden, 1880; Page's De Quincey, i. 43, ii. 305, 343; Walford's Men of the Time, 1862, 5th edition; Letters from C. V. Grinfield (his nephew) and H. Coxwell (his son-in-law); Brit. Mus. Cat.; various newspaper cuttings.] N. D. F. P.

GRINFIELD, THOMAS (1788-1870), divine and hymn-writer, son of Thomas Grinfield and brother of Edward William Grinfield [q. v.], was born at Bath in 1788, and educated at Wingfield, near Trowbridge, and afterwards at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he proceeded B.A. 1811. He was ordained 1813. He married his first cousin, Mildred Foster Barham; became curate at St. Sidwell's, Exeter; then rector of Shirland, Derbyshire; he subsequently resided at Clifton, and was for twenty-three years curate in charge of St. Mary-le-Port, Bristol. He died at Clifton on 8 April 1870, and was buried in the cemetery at Weston-super-Mare. Though he published little, his compositions were numerous, especially his sermons. Studious and contemplative, he mingled little with society. He was an accomplished scholar and poet. His works are: 'Epistles and Miscellaneous Poems' (1815), 'The Omnipotence of God, with other Sacred Poems' (1824), 'The Visions of Patmos' (1827), 'A Century of Original Sacred Songs,' 'Sacred Poems,*

possibly have been more than twenty-two | Grocyn, although a devoted student of the when elected full fellow of New College in Greek classical writers, still studied the me1467. Hence 1446 seems a more probable diæval schoolmen. His preference of Arisdate of birth than 1442. While at New Col- totle to Plato was frequent matter of comlege Grocyn acted as tutor to William War-ment, and in his religious views he seems to ham, who afterwards, when archbishop of Canterbury, was liberal in gifts of preferment. In 1481 Grocyn resigned his fellowship, and was presented to the college living of Newnton, or Newton Longueville, near Bletchley, Buckinghamshire. Soon after 1481 he accepted the office of divinity reader at Magdalen College, Oxford, which he held with his living. In that capacity he took part with three others in a disputation before Richard III and Bishop Waynflete in 1483, when he received a buck and a gift of money from the king. In 1485 he became prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral. In 1488 he resigned his post at Magdalen, and spent two years in Italy. Returning to Oxford in 1491, he rented rooms in Exeter College until 1493. The date of his appointment to the benefice of Deepdene, Surrey, is not known, but he resigned it also in 1493.

The interest of Grocyn's career at Oxford lies in the circumstance that he was among the first-if not the first-to publicly teach Greek in the university. Erasmus (Epist. ccclxiii.) and George Lily, son of William Lily, Grocyn's godson, both assert that Grocyn taught Greek at Oxford before his visit to Italy in 1488. This statement has been disputed on the ground that Oxford provided no opportunities of instruction in Greek before 1490. But Professor Burrows has shown that Thomas Chaundler, warden of New College in Grocyn's day, was a man of singular enlightenment, and that Chaundler invited Cornelio Vitelli, an Italian visitor to Oxford, to act as prælector of the college about 1475. Vitelli was undoubtedly a Greek scholar, and from him Grocyn could readily have obtained tuition in Greek literature at an early date. While in Italy Grocyn spent much time at Florence studying under Politian and Chalcondyles. His friend Linacre went to Italy in 1485, and another friend, William Latimer, followed in 1489; the three often met in Italy, and studied together. Grocyn also made the acquaintance of the great Venetian printer Aldus Manutius. On returning to Oxford Grocyn gave daily lectures in Greek in public. The work was done voluntarily, but the chief students of the day attended. When Erasmus arrived on his first visit to Oxford in 1497, he found Grocyn closely associated with More, Colet, and Linacre in spreading the light of the new learning in the university. Grocyn and Erasmus quickly grew intimate, but Erasmus noted that

have been more inclined to conservatism than any of his scholarly friends. About 1499 Aldus, the Venetian printer, printed Linacre's Procli Sphæra,' to which he prefixed a preface by himself and a letter he had received from Grocyn. Aldus, when introducing Grocyn's letter, describes the writer as 'a man of exceeding skill and universal learning, even in Greek, not to say Latin.' In the letter itself Grocyn thanks Aldus for his kind treatment of their common friend Linacre, and congratulates Aldus on preparing an edition of Aristotle before approaching an edition of Plato. For my own part,' he says, I think the difference between these philosophers is simply that between roλvμan and Toluμvoñ' (sic), i.e. a world of science and a world of myths. Encouraging congratulations on other of Aldus's projects conclude the letter, which is dated 'Ex urbe Londini, vi. Calend. Septembris.'

The date at which Grocyn finally removed from Oxford is uncertain. In 1496 he became rector of St. Lawrence Jewry, a living belonging to Balliol College, but the appointment had lapsed on this occasion to the Bishop of London. One 'master Bell' acted for a time as Grocyn's deputy in the parish, and he does not seem to have resided in London permanently till the last year of the century. On the appointment of his friend Colet to the deanery of St. Paul's in 1503-4, London undoubtedly became his favourite home. At Colet's request he often preached in St. Paul's Cathedral. Very early in Colet's tenure of office he gave a remarkable series of lectures on the book known as 'The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy of Dionysius.' This mystical account of primitive Christian doctrine had been generally assigned (by Colet among others) to Dionysius the Areopagite, St. Paul's convert. Grocyn boldly contested that theory of authorship, which later criticism has demolished [see under COLET, JOHN]. Mr. Seebohm has treated Grocyn's attack on the old views of authorship of the Dionysian books as wholly original. He was, however, anticipated by Lorenzo Valla. Erasmus described Grocyn's addresses on the subject in his 'Declarationes,' published in 1532.

Linacre, Lily, Colet, More, and Erasmus (when he was in England) were Grocyn's intimate associates in London. More, writing to Colet in Colet's temporary absence about 1504, tells him that 'Grocyn is in your absence the master of my life.' Erasmus a year or so

later informs Colet that Grocyn, 'the most upright and best of all Britons,' has undertaken to distribute his 'Adagia' in England. About the same time Grocyn took Erasmus to Lambeth to introduce him to Archbishop Warham. In 1514 Erasmus wrote that when in London he lived at the expense of Grocyn, 'the patron and preceptor of us all.'

Grocyn's residence in London was interrupted in 1506, when his old friend Warham presented him to the mastership of the collegiate church of All Hallows, Maidstone. He contrived, however, to hold the rectory of St. Lawrence Jewry until 1517, and obtained in addition the rectory of Shepperton, which he held from 1501 to 1513, and in 1511 that of East Peckham, on condition of his placing a vicar there. His emoluments were considerable, but he was very generous in his gifts to Erasmus and other friends. Towards the end of his life he suffered from pecuniary difficulties, and borrowed money on his plate. An attack of paralysis in 1518 disabled him. He made his will on 2 June 1519, and died before the October following. He was buried in the church of All Hallows, Maidstone. A monument to his memory has been placed by New College in the church to which he was first presented-that at Newton Longueville. Grocyn was a clever talker, fond of a jest, and always expressing himself briefly and to the point. Until his death, as his will proves, Grocyn, despite his varied learning, adhered strictly to the old form of religious belief.

for the Oxford Historical Society, illustrates the character of his studies. The inventory was drawn up after his death by his executor, Linacre, and some of his books were disposed of before it was compiled. Little can therefore be inferred by the absence of any wellknown author. The printed volumes number 105, and the manuscripts 17. The works of St. Augustine are lavishly represented. There are the Greek and Latin versions of the New Testament, the 'Concordantiæ Biblii,' some commentaries on the Psalms and the Sarum Breviary, together with nearly complete copies of Origen, Cyprian, Eusebius, Ambrose, Jerome, and Gregory the Great. The schoolmen include Anselm, Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Ockham, Bonaventure, and Nicholas de Lyra. In the Latin classics Cicero holds the first place, but all the leading authors appear with him, together with Valerius Maximus, Aulus Gellius, Boethius, and Cassiodorus. The Greek classics include only Aristotle and Plutarch. There are many books on astronomy, together with the works of such modern Italians as Ficino, Filelfo, Lorenzo Valla, Eneas Sylvius, Gaguinus, Perotti, Petrarch, and Boccacció. There is only one work of Erasmus, the 'Adagia.' A few of Grocyn's manuscripts were purchased by John Claymond, the president, for Corpus Christi College, and are still in the library there. They include his Theophylact,' Chrysostom, and Suidas's 'Lexicon."

By his will, which was dated 2 June 1519, and proved at Lambeth by his executor, Linacre, on 20 July 1522, Grocyn, after a few bequests to friends, including William Lily, his godson, leaves the residue of his property to Linacre, 'to bestowe such parte therof for the wele of my soule and the soules of my fader, moder, benefactors, and all Xtian soules as it shall please hym.' The manner in which Linacre fulfilled this direction is set forth in his accounts of his expenses, which are preserved among the archives of Merton College, Oxford. We thus learn that, besides providing relief for the poor, he purchased books at Louvain for distribution to studious Oxford scholars, and gave Master Lilly' 40s. to procure Greek books to give away.

Except the letter to Aldus and an epigram on a lady who threw a snowball at him (cf. FULLER, Worthies, 1811, ii. 298), no writings by Grocyn are known. Erasmus explains in his dialogue called 'Ciceronianus' that weak eyesight made Grocyn chary of writing, but Erasmus praises highly his Ciceronian style in Latin, and was clearly acquainted with some works from his pen. Wood supplies the following list of works: 'Tractatus contra Hostiolum Jo. Wiclevi,'' Epist. ad Erasmum et alios,''Grammatica,' and 'Vulgaria puerorum,' to which Tanner adds: Notæ in Terentium' and 'Isagogicum quoddam.' Menckenius, in his 'Life of Politian' (Leipzig, 1736), refers to Crocyn's epistles to learned men, and especially Erasmus, and other most excel[The most complete account of Grocyn is that lent monuments of his ability.' But these references are devoid of authority. Wood appended by Professor M. Burrows to the list and Tanner obviously constructed their biblio- of Grocyn's books and Linacre's accounts, as executor, which he printed for the first time from graphies out of vague rumours. It is possible the Merton College MSS. in the Oxf. Hist. Soc.'s that in his early days Grocyn may have writ- Collectanea, 1890, ii. 319-80. See also George ten against Wycliffe's 'Wicket,' although the Lily's Virorum aliquot ad Britannia... Elogia, work has never been seen. An interesting 1548, appended to Paolo Giovio's Descriptio Bricatalogue of his library, found in Merton Col-tanniæ; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 30lege in 1889, and printed by Professor Burrows 33; Seebohm's Oxford Reformers; Tanner's Bibl.

Brit.; Lupton's Life of Colet; Knight's Life of
Erasmus (where Grocyn's will appears); Erasmi
Epistolæ, ed. Leclerc.]

S. L. L.

|

GROGAN, CORNELIUS (1738?-1798), United Irishman, born about 1738, was eldest son of John Grogan of Johnstown Castle, GROENVELDT, JOHN, M.D. (1647 ?- Wexford, by his wife Catherine, daughter 1710?), physician, born about 1647, was a and heiress of Major Andrew Knox of Rathnative of Deventer in Holland. He was macknee. His father, a protestant landlord, educated partly in Holland and then under was a member of the Irish parliament. GroF. Zypæus at Louvain, and in Paris. On gan succeeded to the family estates, was high 13 Sept. 1667 he was entered as a medical sheriff of Wexford, and was from 1783 to 1790 student at Leyden, but graduated M.D. at M.P. for Enniscorthy in the Irish parliament. Utrecht on 18 March 1670. His thesis, 'De, On the outbreak of the Irish rebellion in 1798 Calculo Vesica' (Utrecht, 1670), was trans- Grogan joined the insurgents, and became lated into English and published in London in commissary-general in their army. When 1677, and with large additions in 1710. About Wexford was taken by the government forces 1673 he was appointed physician in chief to Grogan was tried by court-martial. He the garrison at Grave. Ten years afterwards pleaded that he had been forced to take a ! he came to England, settled in Throgmorton, nominal lead, but had been guilty of no overt Street, London, and was admitted a licentiate act, but was beheaded on Wexford Bridge on of the College of Physicians on 2 April 1683. 28 June 1798. Two other landlords of WexSupported by powerful patronage he passed ford who had taken the same action as himas a specialist on gout and stone, but was self, John Henry Colclough [q.v.] and Bagenal regarded by most of his brethren as a quack. Beauchamp Harvey [q. v.], suffered with him. In 1693 he was summoned before the college Their heads were set up on the court-house, for mala praxis in the internal use of can- and their bodies flung into the Slaney; but tharides, but was not punished. In April Grogan's body was recovered by his followers, 1697 he was again summoned for the same and secretly buried at Rathaspick, near Johnsoffence, and was fined and committed to town. His estates were escheated by the Newgate, but was soon released (LUTTRELL, crown, but were restored on the payment of a Brief Historical Relation, iv. 214). A heavy fine to his youngest and only surviving female patient, to whom he is said to have brother, John Knox. Another brother, Thoadministered thirty-six grains of the medi- mas, a lieutenant in the British army, was cine, brought an action against him on the killed at the battle of Arklow on 9 June 1798. following 7 Dec., but though nearly twenty A cousin, Edward Grogan, born in 1802, M.P. members of the college appeared on her be- for Dublin from 1841 to 1868, was created a half, a verdict was given in his favour (ib. baronet on 23 April 1859. iv. 316). He in turn sued the college for wrongful imprisonment, but the court gave judgment for the defendants on 8 June 1700 (ib. iv. 654). Groenveldt, or Greenfield, as he sometimes styled himself in England, was the author of a small treatise on his favourite medicine, entitled 'Tutus Cantharidum in medicina Usus internus,' 1698 (2nd edition, 1703), which was translated into English, with additions, by John Marten, surgeon, in 1706. He wrote also: 1. 'Dissertatio Lithologica,' 1684; 2nd edition, 1687. 2. 'Practica Medica,' 1688. 3. Arthritology; or a Discourse of the Gout,' 1691. 4. Fundamenta Medicinae scriptoribus præstantioribus deprompta' [anon.], 1714; 2nd edition, with author's name (1715). This handbook, compiled by Groenveldt from the dictation of Zypaus, was published in English in 1715 and 1753. In May 1710 Groenveldt was living opposite the Sun Tavern, Threadneedle Street, but died apparently in the same year. [Prefaces and Appendices to Marten's translation of Groenveldt's Tutus Cantharidum Usus, 1706; Munk's Coll. of Phys. 1878, i. 429-30; Lists of Coll. of Phys.]

6

.

G. G.

[Edward Hay's Insurrection in Wexford (1803); Burke's Baronetage; Grattan's Life and Times of Henry Grattan, 1839-46; Froude's English in Ireland; Cornwallis Correspondence, ii. 345, 379, 380.]

S. L. L.

GROGAN, NATHANIEL (d. 1807?), painter, a native of Cork, served first as an apprentice to a wood-turner, but becoming acquainted with John Butts, the painter, at Cork, desired to become a painter. He entered the army, however, and served through the American war, at the close of which he returned to Cork to devote himself to art. He was mainly occupied in painting landscapes, but gained his chief successes in humorous subjects, especially drawn from Irish peasant life. In 1782 he sent four pictures to the exhibition of the Free Society of Artists in London. Some pictures by him were exhibited at the Irish Exhibition in London, 1888. Grogan also worked in aquatint, and executed in this method a large plate of 'The Country Schoolmaster' (an impression is in the print room at the British Museum), and some views in the neighbourhood of Cork.