He died at Cork about 1807 in poor circumstances, leaving two sons, also practising as artists.

[Pasquin's Artists of Ireland; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists.]

L. C.

reminiscences: 1. Reminiscences of Captain Gronow, formerly of the Grenadier Guards and M.P. for Stafford, being Anecdotes of the Camp, the Court, and the Clubs, at the close of the last War with France, related by himself,' 1861; 2nd ed., revised, GRONOW, REES HOWELL (1794-1862. 2. Recollections and Anecdotes, 1865), writer of reminiscences, eldest son of being a Second Series of Reminiscences, by William Gronow of Court Herbert, Glamor- Captain R. N. Gronow,' 1863. 3. Celebriganshire, who died in 1830, by Anne, only ties of London and Paris, being a Third daughter of Rees Howell of (wrrhyd, was Series of Reminiscences and Anecdotes, 1865. born on 7 May 1794, and educated at Eton, 4. 'Captain Gronow's Last Recollections, where he was intimate with Shelley (Dow- being the Fourth and Final Series of his DEN, Shelley, 1886, i. 25, 300). On 24 Dec. Reminiscences and Anecdotes,' 1866. In 1812 he received a commission as an ensign 1888 appeared 'The_Reminiscences and Rein the 1st regiment of foot guards, and after collections of Capt. Gronow. With illustramounting guard at St. James's Palace for a tions from contemporary sources... by J. few months was sent with a detachment of Grego.' When he relates his personal expehis regiment to Spain. In 1813 he took part riences, as in his account of the state of Paris in the principal military operations in that in 1815, the condition of society in London country, and in the following year returned in his own time, and the doings of the court with his battalion to London. Here he be- of Napoleon III, his testimony is to be relied came one of the dandies of the town, and was on, but his second-hand stories and anecdotes among the very few officers who were ad- of persons whom he did not know are of little mitted at Almack's, where he remembered value. the first introduction of quadrilles and waltzes in place of the old reels and country dances. Wanting money to equip himself for his further services abroad, he obtained an advance of 2007. from his agents, Cox & Greenwood, and going with this money to a gambling-house in St. James's Square, he won 600%., with which he purchased horses and other necessaries. Apparently without the permission of the war office he then crossed the Channel, was present at Quatre Bras and Waterloo, entered Paris on 25 June 1815, and on 28 June became lieutenant and captain in his regiment. From this period until 24 Oct. 1821 he continued with his regiment in England, and then retired from the army. On 18 June 1823 he became insolvent, and after some confinement was discharged from prison under the Insolvent Debtors Act. He contested Grimsby 2 May 1831, but in company with H. W. Hobhouse was defeated by G. Harris and J. V. Shelley. After the dissolution of 1832 he came in for Stafford, by means of extensive bribery, on 11 Dec.; but the election was declared void, and a new writ was not issued during the parliament. At the following election, 6 Jan. 1835, he was defeated by the longer purse of F. L. Holyoake Goodricke (afterwards Sir F. Goodricke, bart.)

For many years after this he resided in London, mixing in the best society. In later years he took up his residence in Paris, where he was present during the coup d'état of 1-2 Dec. 1851. His name is chiefly remembered in connection with his four volumes of

He was a remarkably handsome man, always faultlessly dressed, and was very popular in society. His portrait appeared in shop windows with those of Brummell, the Regent, Alvanley, Kangaroo Cook, and other worthies. With the exception of Captain Ross he was the best pistol shot of his day, and in early life took part in several duels. He died in Paris 20 Nov. 1865. He married first, in 1825, Antoinine, daughter of Monsieur Didier of Paris. By a second wife, another French lady, he had four children.

[Reminiscences of Captain Gronow (1862), with portrait; Captain Gronow's Last Recollections (1866), with portrait; Harper's New Monthly Mag. November 1862, pp. 745-53, with portrait; Morning Post, 23 Nov. 1865, p. 5; Gent. Mag. January 1866, p. 148.] G. C. B.

GROOMBRIDGE, STEPHEN (1755– 1832), astronomer, was born at Goudhurst in Kent on 7 Jan. 1755. He succeeded when about twenty-one to the business in West Smithfield of a linendraper named Greenland, to whom he had been apprenticed. Afterwards, and until 1815, he was a successful West India merchant. He resided chiefly at Goudhurst, where he built a small observatory; but his early love of astronomy was more fully gratified after his removal to Blackheath in 1802. On acquiring in 1806 a fine transit circle by Troughton (described in Pearson's 'Practical Astronomy,' ii. 402, and in Rees's 'Cyclopædia,' art. 'Circle'), he undertook the construction of a catalogue of stars down to 8.9 magnitude within fifty degrees of the pole. The results of upwards of

one thousand preliminary observations on Groombridge's manuscripts were deposited, atmospheric refraction were laid before the by his own request, with the Royal AstronoRoyal Society on 28 March 1810, and a fur-mical Society. To the first two volumes of ther series on 31 March 1814 (Phil. Trans. c. 190, civ. 337). After 1806 he devoted himself with such energy to his principal task that in ten years he accumulated some fifty thousand observations, all made by himself. His observatory opened off his dining-room, and he often rose from table to observe. He had corrected the whole for instrumental errors, and derived the mean places of about half the recorded stars, when a severe attack of paralysis disabled him in 1827 from further exertions. Sir George Airy says that, considering the circumstances, the work is one of the greatest which the long-deferred leisure of a private individual has ever produced.' The disturbed state of Europe caused it to be

almost isolated.

On his partial recovery Groombridge applied, with success, to the board of longitude for assistance in completing his catalogue, which was prepared for press by Mr. Henry Taylor, and printed in 1832. This was suppressed, on the advice of Baily and Airy, on account of errors. Revised and corrected under Airy's supervision, the work eventually appeared in 1838, at the public expense, as A Catalogue of Circumpolar Stars, deduced from the Observations of Stephen Groombridge, F.R.S., reduced to Jan. 1, 1810.' It includes 4,243 star-places of standard accuracy, among them that of the swiftest-moving of known stars (No. 1830), first observed by Groombridge. The 'Catalogue,' Professor R. Grant remarks (Hist. Phys. Astronomy, p. 511), is 'universally admitted to be one of the most valuable contributions to practical astronomy made during the nineteenth century.' Groombridge retired from business in 1815, and devoted the leisure spared from astronomy to music, of which he was passionately fond. He was one of the founders of the Astronomical Society, sat on its first council, and took an active part in its proceedings. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1812, and was a member of the academy of Naples. The partial and annular eclipses of the sun of 19 Nov. 1816 and 7 Sept. 1820 respectively were observed by him (Phil. Mag. xlviii. 371; Mem. R. Astr. Soc. i. 135).

He died at Blackheath on 30 March 1832, and was buried at Goudhurst, leaving a reputation for integrity and kindness. He had high qualities as an observer, but was ignorant of the higher mathematics. His widow survived him only five months. Their only child, a daughter, married the Rev. Newton Smart of Farley Hospital, near Salisbury, and died before her parents, leaving one son.

their Memoirs 'he contributed, in November 1820, 'Universal Tables for the Reduction of the Fixed Stars,' in 1822 'Observations of the Planets,' in 1826 papers On the Colatitude of the Observatory at Blackheath,' and on the Horizontal Error of a TransitInstrument.' He communicated on 16 Nov. 1812 to the Royal Society of Edinburgh a 'Comparison of the North Polar Distances of 38 Principal Fixed Stars as determined at Greenwich, Armagh, Palermo, Westbury, Dublin, and Blackheath' (Edinb. Phil. Trans. vii. 279); and his planetary observations, 1807-23, especially valuable for the theory of the minor planets, were inserted in supplements to the 'Berlin Ephemeris' for the corresponding years. He also wrote on astronomical subjects in the 'Philosophical Magazine' and the Quarterly Journal of Science.'

[Monthly Notices R. Astr. Society, ii. 145; Airy's Pref. to Groombridge's Catalogue; Gent. Mag. 1832, pt. i. p. 379; Mädler's Geschichte der Himmelskunde, ii. 366.]

A. M. C.

GROOMBRIDGE, WILLIAM (A. 1770– 1790), water-colour painter, first appears as an exhibitor of landscapes at the Royal Academy in 1770, and continued to exhibit up to 1790. His pictures were tinted drawings, and well thought of. He was less successful and the smaller ones were neatly finished in larger compositions. About 1780 he removed from London to Canterbury. He exhibited for the last time in 1790. He published a volume of Sonnets,' London, 1789. He is included in the Biographical Dictionary of Living Authors,' published in 1816.

[Seguier's Dict. of Painters; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Royal Academy Catalogues.] L. C.

GROOME, JOHN (1678 ?-1760), divine, born in 1678 or 1679, was the son of John Groome of Norwich. After attending Norwich grammar school he entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, as a sizar on 14 Oct. 1695, and proceeded B.A. in 1699 (College Admission Book). In July 1709 he was presented to the vicarage of Childerditch, Essex (MORANT, Essex, i. 117), and became also chaplain to Robert, earl of Holderness. Grieved by unjust reflections cast upon the clergy, he wrote 'The Dignity and Honour of the Clergy represented in an Historical Collection: shewing how useful and serviceable the Clergy have been to this Nation by their universal learning, acts of charity, and the administration of civil offices,' 8vo, London, 1710. Groome died in the parish of St. Mary, Whitechapel, on 31 July 1760, and was

Groome was a man of wide culture and of many friends. Chief among these were, Edward Fitzgerald, William Bodham Donne, Dr. Thompson, the master of Trinity, and Bradshaw, the Cambridge librarian, who said of him: 'I never see (roome but what I learn something from him.' He read much, but published little-a couple of charges, one or two sermons and lectures, some hymns and hymn-tunes, and articles in the Christian Advocate and Review,' of which he was editor from 1861 to 1866. He will be best remembered by his short Suffolk stories, 'The Only Darter, Master Charlie,' &c., a collection of which appeared shortly after his death. For real humour and tenderness these come near

Grose has been described as a sort of antiquarian Falstaff. He was immensely corpulent, full of humour and good nature, and an inimitable boon companion' (NOBLE, Hist. of the College of Arms, pp. 434-8; Gent. Mag. 1791, vol. lxi. pt. ii. p. 660.) There is a fulllength portrait of him, drawn by N. Dance and engraved by F. Bartolozzi, at the beginning of his Antiquities of England,' vol. i. 1st ed. (for other portraits, see NOBLE, pp. 436-7; and Gent. Mag. 1791, vol. lxi. pt. i. pp. 493494). Grose lived chiefly at Mulberry Cottage, Wandsworth Common (BRAYLEY, Surrey, iii. 499). He married Catherine, daughter of Mr. Jordan of Canterbury, by whom he had two sons and five daughters. The eldest son, Colonel Francis Grose, was deputy-governor of Botany Bay (Notes and Queries, 6th ser. ii. 47, 257, 291).

[Gent. Mag. 1791, vol. lxi. pt. i. pp. 492-4, 581, pt. ii. p. 660; Noble's Hist. of College of Arms, pp. 434-8; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iii. 656-9, and see indices; Nichols's Lit. Illustr., references in index in viii. 47; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; W. West's Fifty Years' Recollections of an Old Bookseller, p. 77 ff.; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. ix. 350, 3rd ser. i. 64, xi. 280-1, 5th ser. xii,

148; Hone's Every-day Book, i. 655.] W. W.

Burns also wrote the verses 'Ken ye ought o' Captain Grose?' and a rather coarse 'Epigram on Captain Francis Grose.' The Antiquities of Scotland' was published by Grose in 1789-91, London, 2 vols. 4to. In the spring of 1791 he set out for an antiquarian tour in Ireland, but died on 12 May of that year from an apoplectic fit while at dinner in the house of his friend Nathaniel Hone, at Dublin. The 'St. James's Evening' for 26 May suggested the epitaph 'Here lies Francis Grose. . . Death put an end to his Views and Prospects.' He was buried on 18 May in Drumcondra Church, near Dublin. The Antiquities of Ireland' begun by him was published, with additions, by his friend Dr. Edward Ledwich, London, 1791-5, 2 vols. 4to. Grose's other publications are: 1. The Antiquarian Repertory,' 1775, 4to (originally compiled by Grose; new ed., with continuations, 4 vols. 1807, &c.) 2. Advice to the Officers of the British Army,' 1782, 8vo; reprint of the 6th London edition, New York, 1867, 8vo (attributed also to Captain Williamson and to Lord Townshend, but apparently by Grose). 3. 'A Guide to Health, Beauty, Riches, and Honour,' 1783, 8vo; 1796, 8vo. 4. A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785, 8vo; 1788, 8vo; 1796, 8vo; reissued as Lexicon Balatronicum. A Dictionary of Buckish Slang, University Wit, and Pickpocket Eloquence,' 1811, and edited by Pierce Egan [q. v.], 1823. 5. Military Antiquities respecting a History of the English Army from the Conquest to the Present Time,' London, 1786-8, 2 vols. 4to; also London, 1801, 4to; and 1812, 4to. 6. A Treatise on Ancient Armour,' &c., with supplement, London, 1786-9, 4to (plates from the armour in the Tower, &c.) 7. W. Darrell's 'History of Dover Castle, edited and illustrated by Grose, 1786, 4to and 8vo. 8. A Provincial Glossary' (local proverbs and superstitions), London, 1787, 8vo; 1790, 8vo. 9. 'Rules for Drawing Caricatures,' 1788, 8vo; French translation, Paris, 1802, 8vo. 10. The Grumbler (sixteen essays), London, 1791. 11. 'The Olio' (essays, dialogues, &c.), London, 1793, 8vo; 1796, 8vo (posthumous, probably only partially by Grose). Parodies of Milton and Homer, often attributed to Grose, were probably by Thomas Bridges [q. v.] Grose was a fellow of the Society of Anti-year by his widow, Anna Carter Eugenia quaries (elected 31 March 1757), and contributed to the 'Archæologia,' v. 237, On an Ancient Fortification at Christchurch, Hants,' and viii. 111, 'On Ancient Spurs. Some of his letters to George Allan, F.S.A., and to William Hutchinson, the antiquary, are printed in Nichols's 'Literary Anecdotes,' viii. 691 f., and Literary Illustrations,'i. 447 f.

VOL. XXIII.

GROSE, JOHN (1758-1821), divine, baptised on 26 Feb. 1758 at Richmond, Surrey, was the eldest son of John Henry Grose [q. v.] of Richmond, by his wife, Sarah Smalley, daughter of John Browning, woolstapler, of Barnaby Street, Southwark (Richmond Register). The name in the register is spelt, as originally, Grosse.' Grose matriculated at St. Mary Hall, Oxford, on 29 May 1783, but did not graduate (FOSTER, Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886, p. 572). He afterwards received the degree of M.A. He took orders and obtained at various times several small preferments in the church. He was minister of the Tower; lecturer of St. Olave, Southwark; curate of the united parishes of St. Margaret Pattens and St. Gabriel, Fenchurch Street; Wednesday evening lecturer of St. Antholin, Budge Lane; rector of Netteswell, Essex; and lecturer of St. Benet, Gracechurch Street. He was also chaplain to the Countess Dowager of Mexborough. He died at the rectory, Little Tower Street, London, in 1821, his estate being administered to on 14 March of that

Grose (Administration Art Book, P. C. C., 1821). He was twice married: his first wife, Anne, died in 1787 (Gent. Mag. 1787, pt. ii. p. 837). Besides various sermons, issued singly and in volumes, he published by subscription in 1782 a volume entitled 'Ethics, Rational and Theological, with cursory Reflections on the General Principles of Deism,'

T

GROSSE, ALEXANDER (1596 ?-1654), presbyterian divine, born about 1596, was the son of William Grosse, husbandman of Christow, Devonshire. After attending Exeter school for five years, he was admitted sizar of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, on 26 July 1618, and proceeded M.A. (College Admission Register, ed. Venn, p. 138). He became a preacher at Plympton St. Mary, Devonshire, but, wishing to attend Professor John Prideaux's divinity lectures at Oxford, he entered himself a sojourner in Exeter College, was incorporated M.A., and on 23 Feb. 1632 commenced B.D. (Wood, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 466, 467). On the death of Henry Wallis in January 1633-4, Grosse was elected by the corporation of Plymouth to the vicarage of St. Andrew in that town. He was, however, refused institution by Bishop Hall (RowE, Old Plymouth, ii. 34, 55). On 16 Jan. 1638-9 he was presented by the crown to the rectory of Bridford, Devonshire (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1638-9, p. 319), and in or after 1647 obtained the rich vicarage of Ashburton in the same county, 'where he, being a presbyterian, and a sider with the times, was much frequented by people of that persuasion' (WOOD, Athene Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 358-9). He died in the beginning of 1654, and was buried at Ashburton (Letters of Administration, P. C. C., granted on 5 May 1654 to his widow, Pascow). His son, Alexander Grosse, became an undergraduate of Exeter College in 1638.

8vo, London (ib. 1782, p. 442), consisting chiefly of essays which had previously appeared in different periodicals. On 4 May 1780 Grose was elected F.S.A. (GOUGH, Chronological List of Soc. Antiq. 1798, p. 33). [Lists of Society of Antiquaries.] G. G. GROSE, JOHN HENRY (A. 1750-1783), civil servant of the East India Company, younger brother of Francis Grose [q. v.], left England in March 1750 for Bombay, 'in the station of a covenant servant and writer to the East India Company.' He had the good fortune to be recommended by a director in London to a nephew of the governor of Bombay; his introduction to the new mode of life was made easy to him, and he would seem to have been afforded unusual opportunities, which a faculty for observation enabled him to turn to good account. In 1757 he published 'A Voyage to the East Indies' in one vol., and in 1766 a second edition (2 vols. 8vo), with a history of the war, 17561763, and etchings by his brother Francis. A third edition was published in 1772. The first edition gives a good account of Eastern manners and customs, then little known, and the work has been made the basis of many popular accounts. It is said to have been compiled from Grose's notes by John Cleland. A French translation by Philippe Hernandez was published in London in 1758. Grose, who was a member of the Society of Arts, lived at Richmond, Surrey, in 1783. By his wife, Sarah Smalley, daughter of John Brown- Grosse was author of: 1. 'Sweet and ing, a woolstapler, of Barnaby Street, South-Soule-perswading Inducements leading unto wark, he left issue; his son John is noticed separately.

[A Voyage to the East Indies (as above); Gent. Mag. 1791, lxi. pt. i. 493.]

J. K. L.

GROSE, SIR NASH (1740-1814), judge, son of Edward Grose of London, was born in 1740. He went to Cambridge, became a fellow of Trinity Hall, and took the degree of LL.B. in 1768. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in November 1766, and became serjeantat-law in 1774. For many years he enjoyed the best practice in the court of common pleas. On 9 Feb. 1787 he was appointed a judge of the king's bench, and was knighted. Both personally and as a judge he earned the respect and esteem of his contemporaries. His growing infirmities compelled his resignation during the Easter vacation 1813, and on 31 May 1814 he died at his seat, the Priory, in the Isle of Wight. He married a Miss Dennett of the Isle of Wight.

[Foss's Judges of England; Term Reports, p. 551; Campbell's Chief Justices, iii. 155; Gent. Mag. 1814, pt. i. 629.] J. A. H.

Christ,' 4to, London, 1632. 2. 'The Happiness of enjoying and making a true and speedy Use of Christ. . . . [Three Sermons]

Whereunto is added, St. Paul's Legacie, or Farewell to the Men of Corinth,' 8vo, London, 1640. 3. Deaths Deliverance and Eliahes Fiery Chariot, or the Holyman's Triumph after Death. Delivered in two sermons preached at Plymouth, . . . the former [on Isaiah Ivii. 1, 2] at the Funeral of Thomas Sherwill,... 1631,' 8vo, London, 1640 (containing the sermon on T. Sherwill only). 4. A Fiery Pillar of Heavenly Truth; shewing the way to a Blessed Life. Composed by way of Catechisme' [anon.], 8vo, London, 1641; 2nd edition, 1644; 10th edition, 1663. 5. The Mystery of SelfDenial; or the Cessation of Man's Living to Himself, and the Inchoations of Christ's Living in Man,' 4to, London, 1642. 6. Man's Misery without Christ, opening the Sinful, Perplexed, Dishonourable, and Soul-destroying Condition of Man without Christ,' 4to, London, 1642. 7. Christ the Christian's Choice; or a Sermon [on Phil. i. 23] preached