GUDWAL, SAINT (A. 650), bishop and confessor, is said to have been of noble parentage and a native of Wales. At an early age he entered the priesthood, and became a bishop. Afterwards he led a party of 188 monks across the sea to Cornuvia (Cornwall), where they were hospitably received by Mevor, a prince of the country, and Gudwal founded a monastery not far off (according to the Bollandists, in Devonshire). After his death his monks carried his body to Monstreuil in Picardy, and it eventually, in 955 or 959, found a resting-place in the monastery of Blandinberg at Ghent, where his festival was kept on 6 June. Relics of Gudwal were also preserved at Yevre-leChastel and Pluviers in the Gatinois. Such is briefly the legend as given by the Bollandists, but Surius and Malebrancq make Mevor a native of Picardy, reading Corminia (Cormon) for Cornuvia, and say that it was there that Gudwal established his monastery. The parish of Gulval, near Penzance, is dedicated to him, and there is a celebrated holy well there, but the old oratory has been destroyed. Gudwal's life and miracles were written by a monk of Blandinberg in the twelfth century (the writer refers to Abbot Gislebert, who died in 1138), but there seems to have been an older life which has perished. The full life is printed in the 'Acta Sanctorum,' and abbreviations of it are given by Capgrave and Surius.

Queen Catherine of Arragon, (tuersye was naturalised on 16 March 1521–2 (ib. iii. pt. ii. 902). About 1530 he took the degree of M.B. at Cambridge. On 9 Nov. 1532 his services were rewarded by a grant of lands (ib., ed. Gairdner, v. 668). On 20 Aug. 1534 he obtained license to depart into Italy with three servants, five horses or geldings, and twenty crowns of the sun, baggage, &c. (ib. vii.443). He was also surgeon to Henry VIII (ib. xi. 567), and in 1543 was engaged in collecting accusations against Archbishop Cranmer. He was by special grace admitted M.D. at Cambridge in 1546. He was excepted out of the act of general pardon 7 Edward VI, being therein described as 'Balthaser Guarsy, surgenn.' On 22 Dec. 1556 he was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians. Guersye, who had long resided in the parish of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, was buried there on 10 Jan. 1556-7. His will, in which he describes himself as being aged and weake of body and diseased,' was dated on 7 Jan. 15561557, and proved with a codicil at London on the following 18 Jan. (registered in P. C. C. 2, Wrastley). He left issue two sons, Benedick, admitted B.C.L. on 17 Feb. 1537-8 at Oxford (Reg. of Univ. of Oxford, Oxford Hist. Soc. i. 190), and Richard, and two daughters, Frances, widow of Thomas Polsted, and Mary Polley. He left a sum of money to be distributed among the poor of Tadmarton, Oxfordshire, and St. Helen's, Bishopsgate. His wife died before him.

[Acta Sanctorum, 6 June, i. 715 sqq.; Surius Vita Sanctorum, vi. 108; Capgrave's Nova Legenda Anglie, p. 167; Malbrancq, De Morinis, lib. ii. c. xv.; Hardy's Cat. Brit. Hist. i. 371-3 (for a description of the various manuscripts of the Vita S. Gudwali); Haddan and Stubbs, i. 28, 31, 36, 161, ii. 82, 85; Diet. Christ. Biog. ii. 807, 823.]

C. L. K.

GUERIN, THOMAS. [See GEERAN. GUERSYE, BALTHASAR, M.D. (d. 1557), physician, an Italian, rose to high favour at the court of Henry VIII. On 7 Nov. 1519 Thomas Roos of London, surgeon, was bound over in 100%. not to molest Baltazar de Guerciis, or pursue an information late put into the king's Exchequer, till he prove that surgery is an handicraft' (Letters and Papers of Reign of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer, iii. pt. ii. 1562, where Roos's very curious proof' is given). As surgeon to

Yorkshire. His father, Thomas, belonged to a Worcestershire family, the Gestes of Row Heath in the parish of King's Norton. Edmund was educated at the York grammar school and afterwards at Eton, whence in 1536 he was elected a scholar of King's College, Cambridge. Here he took the degrees in arts (B.A. 1541, and M.A. 1544), and became fellow and ultimately vice-provost of his college. While vice-provost he took his B.D. (1551) and received a license to preach in March of the same year. In 1548 he took the side of the reformers in 'A Treatise against the Privy Mass in the behalf and furtherance of the most Holy Communion,' London, 1548, dedicated to Cheke, then provost of King's College (reprinted in H. G. Dugdale's 'Life of Bishop Geste,' Append. i.) In the following summer (June 1549) disputations on transubstantiation were held before the commissioners at Cambridge, in which Guest spoke on the protestant side; and early in 1552

he had a controversy with Christopher Carlile [q. v.] about the descent of Christ into hell. Guest remained in England throughout Mary's reign, only escaping arrest by a constant change of hiding-place. On Elizabeth's accession he entered Parker's household as domestic chaplain early in 1559 (Cole MS. 5815, f. 5). His moderate opinions recommended him to Cecil in settling the affairs of the reformed church. He was chosen one of its defenders in the famous disputation in Westminster Abbey (begun 30 March 1559), but it ended before his paper could be read. He was also made one of the revisers of the liturgy before it was submitted to Elizabeth's first parliament, and himself took the new service book, when finished, to Cecil, with a letter explaining his reasons for the alterations (see No. 6 of his works below). In August 1559 he vainly solicited the deanery of Worcester; but the queen, to whom he was known through Cecil and Parker, appointed him archdeacon of Canterbury in October 1559. His first official act was the installation of his patron Parker as archbishop, 17 Dec. 1559. He remained celibate, and so retained the queen's favour. On 24 Jan. 1559-60 he was consecrated bishop of Rochester by Parker at Lambeth (LE NEVE, Fasti, ii. 571). Guest was licensed to keep the rectory of Cliffe in Kent and his archdeaconry. On 16 Oct. 1560 Parker (Correspondence, p. 123) solicited the vacant see of Durham for him, but Elizabeth refused to send him so far north. He was her chief almoner from 1560 to 1572, and was made chancellor of the order of the Garter about this time (1560). He attended the queen on her visit to Cambridge (5 Aug. 1564), walking bareheaded in the procession with Cox, bishop of Ely, to whose care Watson, the deprived bishop of Lincoln, then living with Guest at Rochester, was afterwards transferred. In 1564 also he signed the book of advertisements, and took a prominent part in the dispute now raging about the real presence, in favour of which he preached a sermon at Rochester. In 1565-6 Elizabeth made him one of her Lent preachers. As a final proof of her favour she also promoted him on Jewel's death (September 1571) to the bishopric of Salisbury. In the same year Guest took his D.D. at Cambridge. He died, aged about 61, 28 Feb. 1577, and was buried in the choir of Salisbury Cathedral, under a brass put there by his executor, George Estcourt, and since removed to the north-east transept. The effigy represents him with his hair short, moustachios on his lip.' Guest was a considerable benefactor to Salisbury. He left all his books to the cathedral library, for

which his predecessor Jewel [q. v.] had erected a beautiful building, and 207. to the poor of the city. He was a man of learning and of mild but firm character. While taking part with ardour in the theological disputes of his time, he never displayed the acrimonious spirit of his fellow-reformers. Among his numerous friends at court he was most intimate with Cecil, Hatton, and Bacon, to each of whom he left a mourning ring and 40s. in his will.

Guest's works were: 1. 'De Christi Præsentia in Coena.' 2. 'De Libero Hominis Arbitrio.' 3. 'Disputation at Cambridge on the Sacraments,' 1549. 4. 'Arguments... against. . . [using] a Tongue unknown to the People in Common Prayer and administration of the Sacraments,' printed in Dugdale's 'Life,' Append. v. 5. 'The Protestants' Discourse; prepared to have been read in the Public Conference at Westminster,' printed in Dugdale's 'Life,' Append. vi. 6. A long Letter (to Sir William Cecil) concerning Ceremonies, the Cross, the Creed, &c.,' written by Dr. Guest before his promotion to the see of Rochester (C. C. C. MS. cvi. 137; see NASMITH'S Catalogue, p. 91), printed in Dugdale's 'Life,' Append. iv., and Strype's Annals,' vol. i. Append. xiv. 7. A Sermon on Mark i. 15: Repent and believe the Gospel,' preached (probably at court) 1560 (C. C. C. MS. civ. 66; NASMITH'S Catalogue, p. 77), printed in Dugdale's 'Life,' Append. vii. 8. Proof that the Apparel of Priests may be Worn, in answer to former Objections' (Lansd. MS. vii. art. 92), printed in Dugdale's Life,' Append. viii., and Strype's 'Parker,' Append. xxxi. 9. 'A Question demanded upon the matter of Scotland, resolved by Bishop Guest, pro defensione religionis,' September 1565 (Lansd. MS. viii. art. 19). 10. 'Translation of the Psalms in the Bishop's Bible.' The translation of the Epistle to the Romans in this Bible, ascribed to Guest, seems to have been by Richard Cox, bishop of Ely. 11. Letter to Parker, that he had sent the archbishop the part of the new translation of the Bible which had been assigned him (C. C. C. MS. cix. 162; NASMITH'S Catalogue, p. 152).

[Life by Henry Gheast Dugdale, London 1840, 8vo; Cooper's Athenæ Cantabr. i. 361; Cooper's Annals, ii. 31, 188; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 787, 808, 836; Kennett MS. xlvii. 157; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 43, ii. 571, 606; Rymer's Foedera; Lemon's Calendar of State Papers, 15471580, pp. 137, 284; Hasted's Kent, ii. 42, iv. 786; Alumni Eton. p. 155; Parker's Corresp. pp. 123, 240, 250; Bale, pt. ii. p. 107; Dorman against Nowell, f. 52 and 103; Goodwin's Catalogue, p. 355; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 315; Strype's Annals (ed. 1824), vol. i. pt. i. pp. 120, 129, 199, 214,

230, 487, 499, pt. ii. 46, 195, 540, 549, &c.; Strype's Life of Parker (ed. 1824), i. 114, 127, 173, 240, 257, ii. 21, 80, 282, 297, 459, iii. 98, 135, &c.: Strype's Life of Grindal (ed. 1821), pp. 7, 146; Strype's Memorials (ed. 1822), vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 260; Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, p. 262; Burnet's Hist. of Reformation, ii. pt. ii. 220, 473, 509, 776, 806, iii. pt. ii. 356, 399, 564; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Dibdin), iii. 567.1 E. T. B.

GUEST, EDWIN (1800-1880), historical writer, belonged to an old family long settled at Row Heath, in the parish of King's Norton, Worcestershire, and of which Edmund Guest [q. v., bishop of Salisbury, who died in 1578, was a member. His father was a merchant, who retired from business with a considerable fortune at the close of the Napoleonic wars. His mother, who died when he was a child, belonged to the Scotch family of Rio. He received his early education at King Edward VI's grammar school, Birmingham, under Dr. Cook, then head-master. In deference to his father's wishes he gave up an early desire to enter the army, although to his latest years he took a great interest in military matters. He matriculated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in 1819, was eleventh wrangler and B.A. 1824, M.A. 1827, LL.D. 1853, ad eundem D.C.L. Oxford 1853. He was elected fellow of Caius in 1824, and afterwards travelled on the continent, and remained for a year at Weimar, where he made the acquaintance of Goethe. Goethe paid him considerable attention, having been much gratified by receiving from Guest Shelley's translations from Faust,' previously unknown to him. Returning to England, where he had been entered at Lincoln's Inn in 1822, he became a pupil in the chambers of Mr. (afterwards Lord) Campbell, and was called to the bar in 1828. He joined the midland circuit, and practised his profession for some years, finally abandoning it to follow literary pursuits. His first published work was the History of English Rhythms,' in 1838, a book the compilation of which entailed immense labour, many of the poems having to be consulted in manuscript. Guest was practically the founder of the Philological Society, and was secretary at the inaugural meeting in 1842. Among his coadjutors in this work were Bishop Thirlwall, Professor Key, Mr. Wedgwood, and Dr. Arnold. From time to time he read papers before this society, which his genuine enthusiasm for his subject as well as the severely conscientious accuracy of his work rendered noticeable. He was indefatigable in his study of ancient remains in England, and in tracing the course of historical geography; and for this purpose he was in the habit of walking for miles across

country. Before writing his paper on Julius Cæsar's invasion of Britain he carefully surveyed the coast on both sides of the Channel. This brought him under the notice of Napoleon III, at that time engaged upon his 'Life of Cæsar,' who consulted him on several points through M. Alfred Maury. Guest explained his views and opinions very carefully, but Maury received his remarks with the observation, 'It won't suit the emperor.' He was elected F.R.S. in 1839, honorary member of the Society of Antiquaries 1852, and master of Caius College, Cambridge, 1852. He was vice-chancellor 1854-5, during which time Lord John Russell's university commission was sitting. He bought an estate in the parish of Sandford St. Martin, Oxfordshire, and his principal recreation from literary and academic pursuits was found in the careful improvement of his estate, and in the provision of suitable dwelling-houses for his tenants. At Cambridge he was always anxious to promote in every way the interests of his college. Guest was a man of great kindness of heart, unaffected piety, benevolence, and urbanity. At the same time he had considerable firmness and readiness in defending any position he took up. He was an unvacillating conservative and an evangelical churchman. He resigned the mastership of Caius College shortly before his death, which took place at Sandford Park, 23 Nov. 1880. He married, in 1859, Anne, daughter of Mr. Joseph Ferguson, at one time M.P. for Carlisle, and widow of Major Banner, of the 93rd highlanders.

Guest's writings are of exceptional value in the study of Roman-British history, which he may almost be said to have created. Besides A History of English Rhythms,' published in 2 vols. in 1838 (2nd edition, 1882, ed. Professor Skeat), he wrote the following papers:-In the Transactions of the Philological Society,' vol. i.: 'On Certain Welsh Names of Places preserved in English Compounds;' On certain Inflexions of the Old English Adjective;' On English Gentile Nouns, and more particularly on their Secondary Uses as Names of Districts;' 'On English Pronouns Indeterminate;' On the Ellipsis and on the Pleonastic Use of the Pronoun Personal in English Syntax; ' 'On English Pronouns Personal;' vol. ii.: 'On the Ellipsis of the Verb in English Syntax;'

On the Anomalous Verbs of the English Language;' 'On the Anomalies of the English Verb arising from the Letter Changes;

On the English Verb Substantive; On the Ordinary Inflexions of the English Verb;' vol. iii.: Ön Orthographical Expedients;' On the Elements of Language, their Ar

rangement and their Accidents-the Labials, three papers; vol. iv.: On the Elements of Language, their Arrangements and their Accidents;' vol. v.: On the Roots of Language, their Arrangement and their Accidents;' 'On the Origin of certain AngloSaxon Idioms;' 'On certain Foreign Terms adopted by our Ancestors prior to their Settlement in the British Islands;' vol. vi.: 'On the Etymology of the Word Stonehenge.' In the Archæological Proceedings' (1842): On the Early English Settlements in South Britain.' In the Archæological Journal,' vol. viii.: On the Belgic Districts, and the Probable Date of Stonehenge;' vol. xiv.: The Four Roman Ways;' vol. xvi.: 'On the Boundaries which separated the Welsh and English Races, &c.;' vol. xxi.: 'On Julius Cæsar's Invasion of Britain;' vol. xxiii. : 'The Campaign of Aulus Plautius in Britain.' He also wrote 'University Tests,' Cambridge, 1871. Two volumes, the first of reprinted papers, and the second of hitherto unprinted materials for a history of early Britain, edited by Dr. Stubbs (now bishop of Oxford) and the Rev. C. Deedes, were published after Guest's death, under the title of 'Origines Celticæ,' in 1883.

[Memoir prefixed to Origines Celtica; Marshall's Account of Sandford; private information.]

E. H. M.

GUEST, GEORGE (1771-1831), organist, was son of RALPH GUEST (1742-1830), who was born at Broseley in Shropshire, settled at Bury St. Edmunds in 1768, was organist of St. Mary's church there from 1805 to 1822, and he is said to have published some glees and songs. George Guest was born in 1771 at Bury St. Edmunds. He was chorister of the Chapels Royal, and may have been the Master Guest who was one of the principal singers (in the 'Messiah' and miscellaneous concerts) for the Hereford musical festival of 1783. Guest was organist at Eye, Suffolk, in 1787, and at St. Peter's, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, from 1789 to 1831. He died at Wisbech on 11 Sept. 1831, after a long and severe illness, aged 60. He was the composer of four fugues and sixteen voluntaries for the organ; the cantatas, the 'Afflicted African' and the 'Dying Christian;' three quartets for flute and strings; three duets for two violoncellos; pieces for military bands; hymns, glees, and songs. It is probable that John Guest (A. 1795), music master of Bury, and Jane Mary Guest (A. 1780), afterwards Mrs. Miles, pianist, composer, and instructress of the Princess Charlotte of Wales, were relatives.

[Grove's Dict. i. 638; Brown's Dict. of Musicians, p. 212; Bury and Norwich Post, June 1830,

GUEST, JOSHUA (1660-1747), lieutenant-general,was a Yorkshireman of obscure origin. Local antiquaries have discovered no trace of his father. His mother was Mary Guest, afterwards Smith, who was baptised at Halifax, Yorkshire, in April 1640, her parents, Samuel Guest and Mary Greenwood of North Owren, having been married in the preceding February. Her tombstone in Lightcliffe churchyard, near Halifax, describes her as Mary Smith, mother of Colonel Guest of Lydgate in Lightcliffe, who departed this life 10 Sept. 1729, aged 88 years. The parish register describes her as Mary Smith, widow, and her tombstone also records the deaths of her son, Joshua Smith, in 1750, aged 63, his wife, and their son Sammy, who died in July 1777, aged 42. These Smiths succeeded to General Guest's Yorkshire freeholds on the death of his widow (CHESTER, Westm. Reg. n. at p. 380). Guest was evidently the son of Mary Guest, afterwards Smith, by a former marriage, or before she was married at all. His epitaph in Westminster Abbey shows that he was born in 1660, and began his military service in 1685. Local tradition records that he was a servant at the Angel at Halifax, and afterwards an ostler at Boroughbridge, and that he enlisted in the dragoons in that year. The first entry of his name in existing war office records is 24 Feb. 1704, when he was appointed cornet in Captain Henry Hunt's troop of Colonel George Carpenter's dragoons (Home Off. Mil. Entry Book, vi. 234). In Carpenter's, afterwards Honeywood's, afterwards Bland's dragoons (now 3rd hussars), the whole of Guest's service as a commissioned regimental officer, and most likely his previous service in the ranks, was passed. The regiment was raised in 1685, and was in the camp on Hounslow Heath. It fought with distinction under King William in the Irish and Flanders campaigns; part of it was in the Cadiz expedition in 1702; and it also served in Spain in 1707–8, and suffered heavily at the battle of Almanza, after which it was sent home to be reformed. It is probable that he was the Captain 'Joseph' Guest whose claim for extraordinary expenses incurred in bringing home letters to the queen from Spain through Italy, and having to return at once to Spain, is noted under date 5 July 1708, in 'Calendar of Treasury Papers,' 1708-14, c. viii. par. 9. On 5 June 1713 a brevet of colonel of dragoons was issued to 'Lieutenant-colonel' Joshua Guest (Home Off. Mil. Entry Book, viii. 304). Guest appears