intelligence; and has continued it with admirable dexterity and fortitude. This model, the fize of which is vaft, contains two hundred and twenty fquare leagues. Hills and valleys keep their due place, and proportion; and we are amazed to find that the Albis, which we had fuppofed fo large a mountain, compared to the Rigi was quite infignificant: that this again is trifling to the Pilatus; and that the Pilatus itself is much inferior to the ridge of Glaciers, which with their lofty heads ftretch from the Krifpalt, where the Rhine takes its rife, and extend to the mountains of Savoy. These last are not in the model, but the Krifpalt is; and a part of the Gothard, which is by no means fo lofty. Each high road, each foot path that leads over the mountains, each waterfall, river, and bridge, each town and village, nay every houfe has its place in the model. The difference between pine forefts and other woods is. even diftinguishable. The difficulties he has encounter ed may easily be imagined, where every hill and valley is accurately laid down, and where a fingle rock, or a hedge, will often take him as much time as a mountain; or a forest. Thefe difficulties were increased by the jealoufy of the little cantons in behalf of their freedom: for they often interrupted and prevented him, from the fear that his plans might be useful to an enemy. Many of them therefore were taken by moonlight. Valleys and mountains, which had been fuppofed impaffable, were visited by this indefatigable man, who was about fifty years old when he began the work. his industry and art are alike confpicuous. His material is maftic, to which he gives the natural colours of objects. I fuppofed that his pines were made out of feoria: he filed, went into his cabinet. and came back with a cotton nightcap on his head, that was rough and downy. With down like this,' faid he, which I coat with maftic, I make the forefts of pine that you perceive.' "On that fide where he has placed his fouthern mountains, he has erected a fmali fcaffold at a diftance, which he afcends by fteps. From his, a view of the whole work may best be taken. Here I beheld, in miniature, what I had formerly feen from the Hochwang (a mountain in the country of the Grifons :) the mountains of Tyrol on the right, the Gotherd on the left, and between them numberless mountain tops that filled up the spacious interval." Vol. I. P. 84. PARTICULARS RESPECTING THE ANCIENT GLADIATORS. "IN the year 488 after the building of the city, the fanguinary combats between gladiators were firft exhibited in the Circus, by M. and D. Brutus; who intended by this means to honour the funeral of their father. The people of Campania indulged in the combats of the gladiators more early, and even during their banquets. This frantic love of cruelty rapidly increased. In the year of Rome 536, the fons of M. Æmilius Lepidus, intending to honour their father's me mory, had games performed which continued three days, and in which twenty-two pair of gladiators combated. Thirty-three years afterward, feventy gladiators fought. "It became customary for every. general, before he undertook any expedition, to prefent this prelude of murder to the people. Cæfar maintained fome thoufands of gladiators at his own expense; and when ædile, exhibited games in which three hundred and twenty pair entered the field of battle. Trajan, that pride of the pagan world! Trajan, the greatest and molt benevolent of the emperors! Trajan, whofe virtue, after he became emperor, was proverbial, As for tunate as Auguftus, as virtuous as Trajan!' even Trajan indulged this practice. He gave games during a hundred and twenty days fucceffively, in which there were ten thousand gladiators. "Auguftus made a law by which private individuals, who thought proper to prefent the people with fuch fpectacles, fhould be limited not to expend above half their substance. The people expreffed their joy, when a gladiator received his death wound, with wild fhouts: crying Haber! Hoc habet! Some of the combatants engaged each other with fimilar weapons: fuch were often called Samnites; not because they really were Samnites, but because the Romans, full of ignoble antipathy against a peq D a people who had refifted their arms for a hundred years, delighted in beholding the murder of a Samnite. "Cruelty once indulged is not eafily fatiated. It requires variety of murder, and its horrible neceflities make, it inventive. Gladiators, who held an elastic net in their right hand, and a three-pronged weapon in the left, endeavoured to cast the net over the head of their opponent; and then to pierce him with their prongs. If the attempt failed, the antagonist purfued the affailant to death. Hence the latter was called the Secutor, puriuer; and the former Retiarius, the netbearer. "The net-bearers combated alfo with armed Gauls, who were called Mirmillones. The latter bore the figure of a fish on a helmet. Thefe Mirmillones endeavoured to escape the net-bearer, by ducking the head, and at the fame moment to give a blow in the foot, that fhould difable his enemy, that he might afterward deftroy him. It was ufual for the net-bearer, as he followed the Mirmillon; to exclaim, Non te peto, pifcem peto: Quid me fugis, Galle?' I do not aim at thee, but at thy fish: Why doft thou fly me, Gaul?* "If a gladiator expreffed a fenfe of pain, after being wounded, or afked for his life, the people, enraged, would frequently exclaim, Occide! ure! verbera! Kill! burn! whip him! I remember fomewhere to have read, that they had the cruelty to apply burning irons to the half expiring, that they might induce them to exert their small remains of power. "Sometimes the people pardoned fuch gladiators as had formerly excelled in agility, or courage. The raifing of the hand, with the thumb lowered, was a token that they fhould live. The hand fhut, with the thumb raifed, was the fign of death. It was ufual for the people to cry, Recipe fer rum! receive the sword! "As foon as the combatant was dead, flaves, whofe office it was, entered, drove a hook into his body, and dragged him away through the Porta Libitina, or gate of death, to bury him. "The gladiators were some of them prifoners of war; fome free perfons, who had ftudied the art; and others foundlings, whofe education destined them to this trade. "The inftructor of these combatants was called Lanifta. The school in which they were trained was a large building, in which those who were fet apart to murder, or to be murdered, were exercised. "They were not at liberty to go where they pleafed, when not exercifing; but were each fhut up in a different cell, like dogs in their kennel. In the latter times of the republic, thefe gladiators were made fubfervient to the ambition of the powerful; and were let loose among the people, like hounds among wild beafts. "When the people granted a gladiator his life, it was frequently only for the day: he must again attend the games on the morrow; and, perhaps, during their whole continuance, though they fhould be but just begun. Whoever had vanquished feveral opponents, one after the other, received a fword of wood, rudis, which was encircled with palm; and he was from that time released from the arena of the gladiators. He then hung up his fword, his fhield, and his helmet, in the temple of Hercules. "Free gladiators, who hired themfelves, were paid a great price; and the Rudiari a much greater: for this was the epithet bestowed on those who had received the wooden fword. "In the times of the emperors, the Roman citizens, knights, and senators, degraded themfelves with combating hired gladiators and flaves. The Emperor Commodus prefented himfelf as a gladiator, and received for each day out of the gladiator's treasury, Ex TwY povoμxxxww xnxwv, about fifty thousand rix dollars. He was remarkably powerful in combating with wild beasts. "In the time of Domitian, female gladiators rofe up; and the Romans * An allusion is no doubt made to the gladiators, and perhaps to this kind of gladiator, by Terence; when he makes his old man, Sinio, ftorming at his fon for being in love with a girl, exclaims, Captus eft: habet. Ter. An. act. i. fc. I. + Seneca. Dio Caffius. were were at laft fo addicted to this fanguinary fpectacle, that, like their predeceffors the people of Campania, they had them at their feasts. "Certain combatants fought in chariots, and were called Efediarii. Others fought on horfeback, with deep helmets; so that they could not fee each other; and thus ran the course, with their fpears, blindfold. "When once a people are accuftomed to the fight of blood, the luft of indulging fuch horrid fpectacles increases to the most outrageous phrenfy. Political confiderations thould have taught the free Romans that a favage nation is incapable of liberty. And how favage muft that nation be, whofe very matrons, and veftals, were accustomed to fuch fpectacles! "The fubjected Greeks were late in adopting thefe practices. When, in the time of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, it was propofed to the Athenians to introduce them, in imitation of the Corinthian gladiators, the philofopher Demonax exclaimed, with noble indignation, Oh, men of Athens, rife, before you indulge in battles like thefe, rife, and demolish the altars which your forefathers have erected to mercy. "Conftantine, the firft Chriftian emperor, though not able entirely to fupprefs this horrid practice, forbad it; being excited fo to do by Lactantius. Under the Emperor Honorius, when Prudentius, a Chriftian poet, had endeavoured to obtain the abo lition of these spectacles, Telemachos, a hermit of the east, appeared in the amphitheatre. As foon as the combat had begun, he descended, with a dignified fimplicity, inflamed by the fpirit of benevolence and holy zeal, into the arena, and endeavoured to prevent the combatants from murdering each other. The fpectators, enraged, rofe, and ftoned him. Perhaps there may be fome who will feel inclined to ridicule the fimplicity of this dignified man, though, had it been the act of a heathen philofopher, they would have admired and cited it as exemplary. Telemachos, however, was the laft facrifice to this accurfed cuftom. Honorius was moved, forbade the games of the gladia tors, and from that period they were entirely abolished. "A fhort time before, it was proved, by the example of a young man, how feducing the fight of bloodthed is, and how little man can depend on his own refolution. Alipus came from Africa to Rome, filled with abhorrence against the games of the amphitheatre. Some youths, who were his fellow students in the law, entreated, teafed, and dragged him, that they might forcibly make him accompany them to the fpectacle. You may oblige my body to go,' faid Alipus, but I will forbid my eyes and my foul to take any part in the act they fhall triumph, they fhall remain unmoved.' They took him with them, and found the spec tators heated by the fight of the combatants. Alipus fhut his eyes, and confirmed himself in his refolution. A loud cry of pleasure, from the peo ple, occafioned him to waver. He looked, and faw the blood ftreaming from the death wound of a gladiator. At that inftant,' faid St. Auguftin, his foul was overcome: he beheld the blood without emotion; and un'consciously to himself, imbibed cruelty, excited rage in himself, revelled in crime, and fuddenly wallowed in blood.'* "He left the amphitheatre a chang ed man, and no longer abstained from vifiting it; but rather was the encourager of others. "He attended the fchool of rheto ric, in which Auguftin taught; and this holy man, having introduced the fubject of gladiators, spoke fo as to make a deep impreffion on the heart of Alipus. He debated with himself, re turned no more to the amphitheatre, and became an excellent man, and a bishop. By his virtuous life, he proved an enlightened and warning example to his congregation. " I should not be aftonished, could we live to fee it, were we to behold lawgivers of a nation, who have openly renounced the bleflings of Chriftianity, a thousand years hence, again to introduce a cuftom fo dif graceful to human nature. They may probably, from fome delufion of po litical blindness, or fome mifguided * Ut vidit illum fanguinem, immanitatem fimul ebibit; et non fe avertit, fed fixit afpectum, et hauriebat furias et nefciebat, et delectabatur fcelere certami nis, et cruenta voluptate inebriebatur. phrenfy, EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1783 IN CALABRIA. "THIS morning we rode among the mountains, by paths that were almoft impaffable, and over hills that formerly were valleys, and valleys that formerly were hills. When an earthquake happens, to take but one direction, the mountains may shake from their roots to their very fummits, yet fuffer but little change; and, in fome places, fcarcely any: the earth seeming to repofe itself, like the fea after a storm; but if the fhocks encounter each other in contrary direction, they form a conflicting motion, which dams up rivers and removes mountains. The earthquake was the more dreadful here, because the mountains, confifting of adhesive clay, refifted the fubterranean ftrife of contradictory motion. We faw mountains rent from top to bottom; the fallen half of which had filled up former valleys, and formed others in their ftead. Beds of earth, in many places, were torn away with their whole plantations. Trees, with their roots half bare, ftand on the brink of a precipice; while their fellow trees, tranfported to a distance, are now growing on the banks of other fprings, by which they are watered. A man, a woman, and a mule, were, by one electrical fhock, projected, with the ground on which they ftood, across a river, without injury. A man, that was plucking lemons upon a tree in the little town of Seminara, was carried, with the tree and the earth in which it grew, and ftill grows, and thrown to a great distance. Many, borne away by the billows of earth, as by the billows of ocean, were swallowed up and thrown back from the gaping gulf without injury. Rivers were imprifoned in their course, and their dammed-up ftreams were fuddenly formed into lakes, which, now divided from their native ftreams, fend forth injurious exhalations from their ftagnant waters. Several of the lakes I faw; others are dried up, an fome at the expenfe of government. An outlet for one has been cut through the rocks. This earthquake gave birth to lawfuits of a new kind, between the proprietors of the overshooting and the poffeffors of the overthot earth, to know which of them had planted a tree, and on whofe foil it afterward flood. Many trees were thrown between others, and who were the proprietors of them was an uncertainty. I faw a quantity of olive trees that were torn, with the earth where they grew, from the ranks in which they were planted, were preffed together by the whirling motion, and now form one great clump. * "Opiddo that was, which Cluverius fuppofed to be the ancient Mamertum, and Italian antiquaries the ancient Metaurum, is now changed into a heap of ftones. Large ranges of wall, feized as it were, and dragged away by the frantic earth, when the earth ceafed its motion, did not fall flat, but were placed with the end upward; as if they had taken root, or were fupported by a giant hand. "Penetrated by the afpect, we ftood with our guide, a youth of twenty, contemplating thele ruins. We in aftonishment and compation, and he bitterly recollecting that the houfe of his father was a part of the wreck, that he and his mother had been five hours covered by the rubbifh, and that his brother and sister lay buried beneath it. "As we came to Oppido, we had already been fhewn, in one place, ftones that had crushed men, and in another hills covered with the flourishing vine under which whole communities were entombed. "The former town contained three thousand inhabitants; the present bar They ground this opinion on the river near Oppido being ftill called Metauro. But might not Metaurum have been built, as Cluverius fuppofes, at the mouth of the river Metaurus? Let me remark, this river muft not be confounded with the great Metaurus, now called Metaro, that was famous for the battle in which the Carthaginians were defeated, and their leader Hafdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, slain. racks racks only five hundred. About twelve hundred perifhed on the defolating day. Some were burned alive, overtaken by the flames that fpread through the tumbling houfes. The monks of a monaftery became the prey of thefe flames. A woman, who now lives in Mellina, remained eleven days under the ruins of her own houfe. Her child was with her, and they both fed on chefnuts, which the mother, not improvidentially, had put in her pocket. She gave the child her own excremental water to drink; but as the had no fupply of liquid for herfelf, even this wretched aid foon failed, and the child died on the fifth day. Numbers afterward died, partly from the miferies and want to which they were fubjected, and partly from the diseases which the itagnant water, the newly turned-up earth, and the putrid bodies of man and beast, occa. fioned. "So remarkable were the effects of this earthquake on the human organs, that, in the two following years, the women either did not conceive, were prematurely delivered, or brought forth dead children; and of thofe that were born alive, many immediately expired. When the first account of this dreadful event reached Naples, the king was defirous of vifiting the dif tracted province; and being prevented, he fent the people money. The queen, whofe benevolence is always active, deprived herfelf of her jewels; and people of all ranks were at firit contributors. The fanguine Neapolitans are easily moved; but their emotion quickly dies away.' Vol. II. P. 189. MONTHLY CATALOGUE. NEW PUBLICATIONS. HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES. THE Hiftory of Scotland, from the Acceflion of the Houfe of Stuart to that of Mary. With Appendixes of Original Papers. By JOHN PINKERTON. 2 Vols. 4to. 21. 25. boards. Dilly. An Hiftorical Survey of the French Colony in the Iland of St. Domingo. Comprehending a fhort Account of its ancient Government, Political State, Population, Productions, and Exports. A Narrative of the Calamities which have defolated the Country ever fince the Year 1789; with fome Reflections on their Caufes and the probable Confequences; and a Detail of the Military Tranfactions of the British Army in that Ifland to the End of 1794. BY BRYAN EDWARDS, Efq. M. P. F. R. S. &c. Author of the Hiftory of the British Colonies in the Wett Indies. 4to. with a Map. 135. boards. Fine paper 15s. Stockdale. The History of the Bank of England, from the Eftablishment of that Inftitution to the prefent Day. Containing a fuccinct View of the Extenfion of its Capital and Credit; the Effects of both; the Dangers with which it has been threatened at certain Periods, and the Measures adopted to maintain the Stability and Credit of it on thofe Occafions; interfperfed with Reflections of the beft financial Writers on the Subject. With an impartial Detail of the Proceedings of both Houfes of Parliament and the Court of Bank Directors, in confequence of the Order of Council, directed to the Governor of the Bank of England on the 26th of February laft. With the Report of the Committee appointed by the Houfe of Commons to inquire into the Affairs of the Bank of England, at full length. 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