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No. 595.

REVIEW OF NEW BOOKS. Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea, in the Years 1825-6, and 7. By John Franklin, Captain R.N. F.R.S. &c. Including an Account of the Progress of a Detachment to the Eastward. By. Dr. Richardson, &c. &c. 4to. pp. 477. London, 1828. Murray.

unneces

River, descended it to the sea, and returned to occasioned by the crews mistaking noise and the Great Bear Lake in the first week of Sep-violent gestures for decided hostility, I thought tember, where the winter-quarters were es- it necessary to explain my sentiments on this tablished. In June 1826 the Mackenzie River point to all the men, and peremptorily forbade was once more navigated to the sea; and their firing till I set the example, or till they amidst various adventures, with thick, foggy, were ordered to do so by Lieutenant Back. and dismal weather, the coast was explored to They were also forbidden to trade with the the westward, in the hope of meeting Captain natives on any pretence, and were ordered to Beechey; which hope being baffled, the Ex- leave every thing of that kind to the officers. To enlarge upon the judgment, indefatigable pedition returned. To this Dr. Richardson's On quitting the channel of the river we entered zeal, and ability, with which Captain Franklin journey formed an episode. He took the into the bay which was about six miles wide, has commanded this as he did the former Ex-eastern channel of the Mackenzie, and having with an unbounded prospect to seaward, and pedition intrusted to his charge, would be a also reached the sea, proceeded in an easterly steered towards the tents under easy sail, with work of supreme supererogation. It is un- direction along the shore to the Coppermine the ensigns flying. The water became shallow necessary even to allude to conduct which River, which he ascended, till obliged to aban- as we drew towards the island, and the boats under every variety of difficult circumstances, don the boats and stores. He then crossed, touched the ground when about a mile from privations of the most severe description, toils overland, the Copper Mountains, and happily the beach: we shouted, and made signs to the of prolonged and laborious continuance, an in- rejoined Captain Franklin and his companions. Esquimaux to come off, and then pulled a short tercourse with barbarians, which required the A second winter was spent at Bear Lake; and way back to await their arrival in deeper water. nicest management, as well as the utmost cool- in June 1827 our countrymen commenced Three canoes instantly put off from the shore, ness, prudence, and humanity, it is their homeward route. During the whole and before they could reach us, others were sary, we repeat, under these circumstances, to time, it should be noticed, Mr. Drummond launched in such quick succession, that the do more than indicate their existence, and pay and the assistant botanist diligently pursued whole space between the island and the boats the homage of our unqualified praise to the their inquiries in several quarters, and made was covered by them. The Esquimaux canoes gallant officer who has so steadfastly and ho- great additions to the natural history of the contain only one person, and are named kainourably passed the ordeals they successively country; adding not only rare, but new spe- yacks; but they have a kind of open boat presented, to be overcome by his activity, good cimens of quadrupeds, birds, and plants, to our capable of holding six or eight people, which is sense, and resolution. Of the manner in preceding stock in this important branch of named oomiak. The men alone use the kaiwhich he has communicated the events of his scientific desiderata.* yacks, and the oomiaks are allotted to the Expedition to the public, we have also to speak With this broad outline of the transactions, women and children. We endeavoured to in terms of high commendation. The nar- we shall revert to such parts of the Narrative count their numbers as they approached, and rative is clear, easy, and unaffected; the in- as may best serve to exemplify the work and had proceeded as far as seventy-three canoes cidents interesting, and the geographical and to gratify the curiosity of our readers; and we and five oomiaks, when the sea became so other useful intelligence such as to merit the find no extract to begin with more suitable crowded by fresh arrivals, that we could adattention of every reader to whom knowledge than the description of the struggle with the vance no farther in our reckoning. The three is welcome. Valuable maps add to this species Esquimaux near the mouth of the Mackenzie, headmost canoes were paddled by elderly men, of information; and a number of plates,+ by on the second descent, in July 1826. who most probably had been selected to open E. Finden, at once ornament and illustrate a "Whilst the crews were stowing the the communication. They advanced towards volume altogether worthy of its subject and boats, (says Captain Franklin,) I obtained us with much caution, halting when just withof the authority (the Colonial Secretary) under an observation for latitude in 68° 53' N., and in speaking distance, until they had been aswhich it has appeared. having walked towards the mouth of the sured of our friendship, and repeatedly invited Having in several Numbers of the Literary river, discovered on an island, which formed by Augustus to approach and receive the preGazette (particularly in No. 547) gone over the east side of the bay into which the river sent which I offered to them. Augustus next the ground traversed by Captain Franklin, we opened, a crowd of tents, with many Esqui- explained to them in detail the purport of our may be absolved from the task of minutely fol- maux strolling amongst them. I instantly visit, and told them that if we succeeded in lowing him again in that course. We will hastened to the boats, to make preparations finding a navigable channel for large ships, merely recall to memory, that in June 1825 the for opening a communication with them, agree- a trade highly beneficial to them would be Expedition set out from the Methyr River ably to my instructions. A selection of articles opened. They were delighted with this intel(lat. 56 deg. 10 min., long. 108 deg. 35 min. W., for presents and trade being made, the rest of ligence, and repeated it to their countrymen, which is almost at the head of the waters that the lading was closely covered up; the arms who testified their joy by tossing their hands flow from the north into Hudson's Bay,) crossed were inspected, and every man was directed to aloft, and raising the most deafening shout of the long portage, and rendezvoused at Fort keep his gun ready for immediate use. I had applause I ever heard. After the first present, Chipewan. Departed thence for the Mackenzie previously informed Lieutenant Back of my resolved to bestow no more gratuitously, but intention of opening the communication with always to exact something, however small, in An account of the objects of Natural History col- the Esquimaux by landing amongst them, ac- return: the three elderly men readily offered lected in the Journey, being too voluminous to be in-companied only by Augustus; and I now in- the ornaments they wore in their cheeks, their serted in the Appendix, is announced for a separate structed him to keep the boats afloat, and the arms, and knives, in exchange for the articles work, by Dr. Richardson and Professor Hooker. + The plates are numerous and interesting. They are crews with their arms ready to support us in I gave them. Up to this time the first three engraved by Mr. Finden, from drawings by Captain Back the event of the natives proving hostile, but were the only kaiyacks that had ventured near and Mr. Kendall, principally by the former. Among the most striking, are the Esquimaux pillaging the boats on no account to fire until he was convinced the boats, but the natives around us had now the Winter-houses of the Esquimaux-Vale of the Clear- that our safety could be secured in no other increased to two hundred and fifty or three water River, from the Methyr portage (a singularly picturesque scene)--the boats running for shelter from a way. Having received an impression from the hundred persons, and they all became anxious the Mackenzie (we blush to say it, with her hands in her crifices of life which had occurred in their established, and pressed eagerly upon us, offerstorm-a young Esquimaux Woman of the tribe west of narratives of different navigators, that the sa- to share in the lucrative trade which they saw breeches' pockets, or elsewhere!)-the winter view of Fort Franklin-the Expedition crossing Back's Inlet-the Por- interviews with savages had been generally ing for sale their bows, arrows, and spears, traits of Esquimaux west of the Mackenzie (talk of the which they had hitherto kept concealed within ideal beauty of Grecian sculpture !)-the Rapid in Mac*The collection amounts to about 1500 plants, 150 their canoes. kenzie River-the boats in a swell amongst ice-Foggy birds, 50 quadrupeds, and a considerable number of in- the clamour and bustle of trade, to obtain some I endeavoured in vain, amidst sects !!!

Island-&c.

I

information respecting the coast; but finding the seated in the Lion, that the noise and confu- seating himself on Lieutenant Back's knee, he natives becoming more and more importunate sion occasioned by the crowd around the boats endeavoured to persuade his countrymen to and troublesome, I determined to leave them, greatly impeded our exertions; and that if desist by vociferating' teyma, teyma,' and was, and therefore directed the boats' heads to be they would go on shore and leave us for the indeed, very active in saving whatever he could put to seaward. Notwithstanding the forward-present, we would hereafter return from the from their depredations. The Lion had hiness of the Esquimaux, which we attributed ship, which we expected to meet near this part therto been beset by smaller numbers, and her solely to the desire of a rude people to obtain of the coast, with a more abundant supply of crew, by firmly keeping their seats on the the novel articles they saw in our possession, goods. They received this communication with cover spread over the cargo, and by beating they had hitherto shewn no unfriendly dispo- much apparent satisfaction, and jumping out of the natives off with the butt-ends of their sition; and when we told them of our inten- the boats, repeated the speech aloud to their muskets, had been able to prevent any article tion of going to sea, they expressed no desire companions. From the general exclamation of of importance from being carried away. But to detain us, but, on the contrary, when the teyma,' which followed, and from perceiving as soon as I perceived that the work of plunder Lion grounded in the act of turning, they many of the elderly men retire to a distance, I was going on so actively in the Reliance, I assisted us in the kindest manner by dragging conceived that they acquiesced in the propriety went with Augustus to assist in repressing the her round. This manoeuvre was not of much of the suggestion, and that they were going tumult; and our bold and active little interadvantage to us, for, from the rapid ebbing of away; but I was much deceived. They only preter rushed among the crowd on shore, and the tide, both boats lay aground; and the retired to concert a plan of attack, and re- harangued them on their treacherous conduct Esquimaux told us, through the medium of turned in a short time shouting some words until he was actually hoarse. In a short time, Augustus, that the whole bay was alike flat, which Augustus could not make out. We however, I was summoned back by Duncan, who which we afterwards found to be correct. An soon, however, discovered their purport, by called out to me that the Esquimaux had now accident happened at this time, which was pro- two of the three chiefs who were on board the commenced in earnest to plunder the Lion; and ductive of unforeseen and very annoying con- Reliance jumping out, and, with the others on my return, I found the sides of the boat lined sequences. A kaiyack being overset by one of who hurried to their assistance, dragging her with men as thick as they could stand, branthe Lion's oars, its owner was plunged into the towards the south shore of the river. Lieute- dishing their knives in the most furious manwater with his head in the mud, and apparently nant Back desired the chief who remained with ner, and attempting to seize every thing that in danger of being drowned. We instantly ex- him to tell them to desist; but he replied by was movable; whilst another party was ranged tricated him from his unpleasant situation, and pointing to the beach, and repeating the word on the outside ready to bear away the stolen took him into the boat until the water could be teyma, teyma, with a good-natured smile. He goods. The Lion's crew still kept their seats; thrown out of his kaiyack; and Augustus, see-said, however, something to those who were but as it was impossible for so small a number ing him shivering with cold, wrapped him up seated in the canoes that were alongside, on to keep off such a formidable and determined in his own great coat. At first he was exceed- which they threw their long knives and arrows body, several articles were carried off. Our ingly angry, but soon became reconciled to his into the boat, taking care in so doing that the principal object was to prevent the loss of situation, and looking about, discovered that handles and feathered ends were turned to the arms, oars, or masts, or any thing on we had many bales and other articles in the wards the crew as an indication of pacific in- which the continuance of the voyage or our boat, which had been concealed from the people tentions. As soon as I perceived the Reliance personal safety depended. Many attempts in the kaiyacks by the coverings being carefully moving under the efforts of the native, I were made to purloin the box containing the spread over all. He soon began to ask for directed the Lion's crew to endeavour to follow astronomical instruments, and Duncan, after every thing he saw, and expressed much dis- her; but our boat remained fast until the Es- thrice rescuing it from their hands, made it pleasure on our refusing to comply with his quimaux lent their aid, and dragged her after fast to his leg with a cord, determined that demands; he also, as we afterwards learned, the Reliance. Two of the most powerful men, they should drag him away also if they took it. excited the cupidity of others by his account of jumping on board at the same time, seized me In the whole of this unequal contest, the selfthe inexhaustible riches in the Lion; and seve-by the wrists, and forced me to sit between possession of our men was not more conspicuous ral of the younger men endeavoured to get them; and as I shook them loose two or three than the coolness with which the Esquimaux into both our boats, but we resisted all their times, a third Esquimaux took his station in received the heavy blows dealt to them with the attempts. Though we had not hitherto ob- front to catch my arm whenever I attempted butts of the muskets. But at length, irritated served any of them stealing, yet they shewed to lift my gun or the broad dagger which hung at being so often foiled in their attempts, so much desire to obtain my flag, that I had it by my side. The whole way to the shore they several of them jumped on board, and forcibly furled and put out of sight, as well as every kept repeating the word teyma, beating gently endeavoured to take the daggers and shot-belts thing else that I thought could prove a tempta- on my left breast with their hands, and press-that were about the men's persons; and I tion to them. They continued, however, to ing mine against their breasts. As we neared myself was engaged with three of them who press upon us so closely, and made so many the beach, two oomiaks, full of women, arrived, were trying to disarm me. Lieutenant Back efforts to get into the boats, that I accepted the and the teymas and vociferation were redoubled. perceiving our situation, and fully appreciating offer of two chiefs, who said that if they were The Reliance was first brought to the shore, my motives in not coming to extremities, had allowed to come in, they would keep the others and the Lion close to her a few seconds after the kindness to send to my assistance the young out. For a time they kept their word, and wards. The three men who held me, now chief who had protected him, and who, on his the crews took advantage of the respite thus leaped ashore, and those who had remained in arrival, drove my antagonists out of the boat. afforded, to endeavour to force the boats to- their canoes, taking them out of the water, I then saw that my crew were nearly overwards the river into deeper water. The Re- carried them to a little distance. A numerous powered in the fore part of the boat, and liance floated, but the Lion was immovable; party then drawing their knives, and stripping hastening to their aid, I fortunately arrived in and Lieutenant Back dropping astern, again themselves to the waist, ran to the Reliance, and time to prevent George Wilson from dischargmade his boat fast to the Lion by a rope. At having first hauled her as far up as they could, ing the contents of his musket into the body of this time one of the Lion's crew perceived that began a regular pillage, handing the articles to an Esquimaux. He had received a provocation the man whose kaiyack had been upset had a the women, who, ranged in a row behind, of which I was ignorant until the next day, pistol under his shirt, and was about to take it quickly conveyed them out of sight. Lieu for the fellow had struck at him with a knife, from him, but I ordered him to desist, as I tenant Back and his crew strenuously, but and cut through his coat and waistcoat; and thought it might have been purchased from the good-humouredly, resisted the attack, and res- it was only after the affray was over that I Loucheux. It had been, in fact, stolen from cued many things from their grasp; but they learned that Gustavus Aird, the bowman of eutenant Back; and the thief perceiving were overpowered by numbers, and had even the Lion, and three of the Reliance's crew, attention directed to it, leaped out of the some difficulty in preserving their arms. One had also narrowly escaped from being wounded, t and joined his countrymen, carrying with fellow had the audacity to snatch Vivier's knife their clothes being cut by the blows made at n the great coat which Augustus had lent from his breast, and to cut the buttons from them with knives. No sooner was the bow im. The water had now ebbed so far, that it his coat, whilst three stout Esquimaux sur- cleared of one set of marauders, than another was not knee-deep at the boats, and the younger rounded Lieutenant Back with uplifted dag-party commenced their operations at the stern. nen wading in crowds around us, tried to steal gers, and were incessant in their demands for My gun was now the object of the struggle, very thing within their reach; slyly, however, whatever attracted their attention, especially which was beginning to assume a more serious and with so much dexterity, as almost to escape for the anchor buttons which he wore on his complexion, when the whole of the Esquimaux detection. The moment this disposition was waistcoat. In this juncture, a young chief suddenly fled, and hid themselves behind the drift manifested, I directed the crews not to suffer timber and canoes on the beach. It appears that any one to come alongside, and desired Au. by the exertions of the crew, the Reliance was gustus to tell the two chiefs, who still remained again afloat, and Lieut. Back wisely judging

coming to his aid, drove the assailants away.
In their retreat they carried off a writing-desk
and cloak, which the chief rescued, and then

that this was the proper moment for more you even stole from me, your countryman, and keeping a vigilant look-out on Augustus, active interference, directed his men to level but that I do not mind; I only regret that you and the natives around him. As they had their muskets, which had produced that sudden should have treated in this violent manner the foretold, the water began to flow about midpanic. The Lion happily floated soon after, white people, who came solely to do you kind. night, and by half-past one in the morning and both were retiring from the beach, when ness. My tribe were in the same unhappy of the 8th, it was sufficiently deep to allow of the Esquimaux, having recovered from their state in which you now are, before the white our dragging the boats forward to a part where consternation, put their kaiyacks in the water, people came to Churchill; but at present they they floated. We pulled along the western and were preparing to follow us: but I desired are supplied with every thing they need, and shore about six miles, till the appearance of the Augustus to say that I would shoot the first you see that I am well clothed; I get all that sky bespoke the immediate approach of a gale; man who came within range of our muskets, I want, and am very comfortable. You can- and we had scarcely landed before it came on which prevented them. It was now about not expect, after the transactions of this day, with violence, and attended with so much eight o'clock in the evening, and we had been that these people will ever bring goods to your swell, as to compel us to unload the boats, and engaged in this harrassing contest for several country again, unless you shew your contrition drag them up on the beach. The whole party hours; yet, the only things of importance by returning the stolen goods. The white peo- having been exhausted by the labour and anxiety which they had carried off were the mess can-ple love the Esquimaux, and wish to shew them of the preceding twenty-four hours, two men teen and kettles, a tent, a bale containing the same kindness that they bestow upon the were appointed to keep watch, and the rest blankets and shoes, one of the men's bags, and Indians. Do not deceive yourselves, and sup- slept until eleven o'clock in the morning, when the jib-sails. The other articles they took pose that they are afraid of you; I tell you we began to repair the damage which the sails could well be spared, and they would, in fact, they are not, and that it is entirely owing to and rigging had sustained from the attempts have been distributed amongst them had they their humanity that many of you were not made by the Esquimaux to cut away the copper remained quiet. The place to which the boats killed to-day; for they have all guns, with thimbles. We were thus employed when were dragged, is designated by the name of which they can destroy you, either when near Lieutenant Back espied, through the haze, the Pillage Point. I cannot sufficiently praise the or at a distance. I also have a gun, and can whole body of the Esquimaux paddling towards fortitude and obedience of both the boats' assure you, that if a white man had fallen, I us. Uncertain of the purport of their visit, crews in abstaining from the use of their arms. would have been the first to have revenged his and not choosing to open a conference with so In the first instance, I had been influenced by death.' The veracity of Augustus was beyond large a body, in a situation so disadvantageous the desire of preventing unnecessary bloodshed; all question with us; such a speech, delivered as our present one, we hastened to launch the and afterwards, when the critical situation of in a circle of forty armed men, was a remark. boats through the surf, and load them with our my party might have well warranted me in able instance of personal courage. We could utmost speed; conceiving, that when once fairly employing more decided means for their de- perceive, by the shouts of applause with which afloat, we could keep any number at bay. We fence, I still endeavoured to temporise, being they filled the pauses in his harangue, that had scarcely pulled into deep water before some convinced, that as long as the boats lay aground, they assented to his arguments; and he told of the kaiyacks had arrived within speaking and we were beset by such numbers, armed us that they had expressed great sorrow for distance, and the man in the headmost one, with long knives, bows, arrows, and spears, having given us so much cause of offence, and holding out a kettle, called aloud that he wished we could not use fire-arms to advantage. The pleaded, in mitigation of their conduct, that to return it, and that the oomiak which was howling of the women, and the clamour of the they had never seen white people before, that at some distance behind contained the things men, proved the high excitement to which they every thing in our possession was so new to that had been stolen from us, which they were had wrought themselves; and I am still of them, and so desirable, that they could not desirous of restoring, and receiving in return opinion that, mingled as we were with them, resist the temptation of stealing, and begged any present that we might be disposed to give. the first blood we had shed would have been him to assure us that they never would do the I did not deem it prudent, however, for the instantly revenged by the sacrifice of all our like again, for they were anxious to be on sake of the few things in their possession which lives. The preceding narrative shews that, terms of friendship with us, that they might we required, to hazard their whole party col bad as the general conduct of the Esquimaux partake of the benefits which his tribe derived lecting around us, and therefore desired Auguswas, we had some active friends amongst them; from their intercourse with the white people. tus to tell them to go back; but they continued and I was particularly desirous of cultivating a I told Augustus to put their sincerity to the to advance until I fired a ball ahead of the good understanding with them, for we were as test, by desiring them to bring back a large leading canoe, which had the desired effect: yet ignorant of the state of the ice at sea, and kettle and the tent, which they did, together the whole party veering round, except four, did not know how long we should have to with some shoes, having sent for them to the who followed us for a little way, and then went remain in their neighbourhood. I was deter- island whither they had been conveyed. After back to join their companions. I have been mined, however, now to keep them at bay, and this act of restitution, Augustus requested to minute in my details of our proceedings with to convince them, if they made any further be permitted to join a dance to which they had these Esquimaux, for the purpose of elucidating attempts to annoy us, that our forbearance had invited him, and he was, for upwards of an the character of the people we had to deal proceeded from good-will, and not from the hour, engaged in dancing and singing with all with; and I feel that the account would be want of the power to punish them. We had his might, in the midst of a company who incomplete without the mention, in this place, not gone above a quarter of a mile from Pillage were all armed with knives, or bows and of some communications made to us in the Point before the boats again took the ground, arrows. He afterwards told us that he was month of August following, which fully ex at the distance of one hundred and fifty yards much delighted on finding that the words of plained the motives of their conduct. We from the shore; and having ascertained by the the song, and the different attitudes of the learned, that up to the time that the kaiyack men wading in every direction, that there was dances, were precisely similar to those used in was upset, the Esquimanx were actuated by no deeper water, we made the boats fast side his own country when a friendly meeting took the most friendly feelings towards us, but that by side, and remained in that situation five place with strangers. Augustus now learned the fellow whom we had treated so kindly after hours. Shortly after the boats had been secured, from them, that there was a regular ebb and the accident, discovering what the boats conseven or eight of the natives walked along the flow of the tide in this bay, and that when the tained, proposed to the younger men to pillage beach, and carrying on a conversation with sun came round to a particular point, there them. This suggestion was buzzed about, and Augustus, invited him to a conference on shore. would be water enough to float the boats, if led to the conference which the old men held I was at first very unwilling to permit him to we kept along the western shore. This com- together when I desired them to go away, in go; but the brave little fellow entreated so munication relieved me from much anxiety, for which the robbery was decided upon, and a earnestly that I would suffer him to land and the water was perfectly fresh, and from the pretty general wish was expressed, that it reprove the Esquimaux for their conduct, that flood-tide having passed unperceived whilst we should be attended with the total massacre of I at length consented, and the more readily, were engaged with the Esquimaux, it appeared our party. Providentially a few suggested on seeing that the young chief who had acted to us to have been subsiding for the preceding the impropriety of including Augustus ; and in so friendly a manner, was amongst the twelve hours, which naturally excited doubts for a reason which could scarcely have been number on the beach. By the time that Au- of our being able to effect a passage to the sea imagined: If we kill him,' said they, no gustus reached the shore, the number of Esqui- in this direction. The Esquimaux gradually more white people will visit our lands, and we maux amounted to forty, and we watched with retired as the night advanced; and when there shall lose the opportunity of getting another great anxiety the animated conversation he were only a few remaining, two of our men supply of their valuable goods; but if we spare carried on with them. On his return, he told were sent to a fire which they had made, to him, he can he sent back with a story which us that its purport was as follows: Your prepare chocolate for the refreshment of the we shall invent, to induce another party of conduct,' said he, has been very bad, and party. Up to this period we remained seated white people to come among us. This argu unlike that of all other Esquimaux. Some of in the boats, with our muskets in our hands, ment prevailed at the time; but after the