more largely in Montgomeryshire than anywhere else. Gloves are extensively manufactured at Denbigh; and stockings in different parts of the country. The cotton manufacture has been successfully introduced into Flint and Denbigh. The towns of Mold and Holywell are particularly distinguished by their activity in manufacturing industry. The Welsh language is still in common use in most parts of the principality; but most individuals now understand English. Wales abounds in rivers. The great rivers Severn, Dee, and Wye have their sources in the principality; and besides these there are the Clwyd, Conway, Wnion, Dyfi, Teify, Towy, Tawe, Neath, Taffe, &c. Some of these rivers are navigable to a considerable distance; and internal communication in South Wales is now much facilitated by means of canals and rail-roads. The common roads of the principality, which at no distant period were excessively bad, have within these few years been very much improved. Many new and comparatively level lines have been cut, and most of the old lines have been materially meliorated. The great road from Shrewsbury to Holyhead, by the Menai Straits, is, perhaps, the very best in the empire. Notwithstanding its great extent of sea coast, and the advantage it enjoys in the possession of Milford Haven, Wales has but little commerce and shipping. Wales contains 869 parishes. The principality returns 29 members to parliament: viz., 2 each for the counties of Caermarthen, Denbigh, and Glamorgan; 1 each for the counties of Anglesea, Brecon, Cardigan, Caernarvon, Flint, Merioneth, Montgomery, Pembroke, and Radnor; I each for the boroughs of Brecon and Merthyr Tydvil; and 1 each for the several districts of boroughs, of which Beaumaris, Caermarthen, Cardigan, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Cardiff, Swansea, Montgomery, Pembroke, Haverfordwest, and Radnor are the principal or returning boroughs. Principal towns and population in 1831,--Merthyr Tydvil, 22,083; Swansea, 13,256; Cardiff, 6,187; Pembroke, 6,511. Population of principality in 1821, 717,438; in 1831, 805,236. Sum expended for the relief of the poor in 1832, 304,2651. Annual value of real property in 1815, 2,323,9701.; profits of trade and professions in do., 400,8077.

Islands.

Exclusive of the Isle of Wight and Anglesea, already noticed (antè, p. 223. 229.), there are a few islands dependent on England, of which the following are the principal:

Channel Islands. These, which form the only remains of the Norman provinces once subject to the British crown, lie in the English Channel a little to the west of the peninsulated department of La Manche in France. They consist of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark, with some dependent islets. Alderney, the most northerly, and the nearest to England, is about 55 miles south from the Isle of Portland. Jersey, the largest and most valuable, is supposed to contain about 40,000 acres, and Guernsey about 32,000. The population in 1831 was,— Jersey, 36,582; Guernsey, 24,349; Alderney, 1,045; Sark, 543; other islands, 191: in all 62,710.

Jersey is fertile, well wooded, and has a rich and beautiful appearance. Guernsey is less fruitful, and has much less wood; but it also possesses a considerable extent of productive soil. Climate peculiarly mild and agreeable. Agriculture, even in Jersey, the most improved and flourishing of the islands, though much advanced, is still far behind. This seems to be principally ascribable to the minute division of the land; property having been so much frittered down by the law of equal division, that the average size of estates does not exceed fifteen acres, while one small field has sometimes half a dozen owners. Wheat and barley, especially the former, are the principal corn crops raised in the island. cording to the official returns, the produce per acre of wheat is very large, being nearly 5 quarters. We have little doubt, however, that this is very decidedly beyond the mark; and we are confirmed in this belief by observing that the returns make the produce per acre of wheat and barley exactly the

Ac

same.-(Parl. Paper, No. 74. Sess. 1835.) Lucerne, potatoes, and parsnips are extensively cultivated, particularly the latter. Cyder is one of the principal products of Jersey; and it is said that, at an average, about 150,000 gallons a year are exported. Sea weed is the chief article of manure used in all these islands; the cutting and gathering of it being subjected to peculiar regulations.

The agriculture of Guernsey is, in most respects, similar to that of Jersey. Cyder is, however, less an object of attention. The produce of wheat in Jersey is at present estimated at about 13,000 quarters a year, and that of barley at about 3,200 quarters; being, together, about adequate to supply half the demand of the population. In Guernsey, the annual average growth of wheat is estimated at 4,000 quarters, and of barley at 3,800 quarters; making only about a fourth part of the quantity required for its supply. The deficiency is made up by importations from France, the north of Europe, &c.; and it has been suspected that some portion of the foreign corn imported into the islands finds its way into the English market free of duties. (Parl. Papers, Nos. 74. and 289. Sess. 1835.) Land in Jersey and Guernsey brings a very high rent.

The Channel Islands are celebrated for a peculiar breed of cattle, known in this country by the name of Alderney or Norman cattle. They are small, and far from handsome; but seem to be well suited to their native soil. They do not give much milk; but what they do give is rich and excellent, producing an extra quantity of very superior butter: hence their general introduction into gentlemen's parks and pleasure grounds. Otherwise the breed is but little esteemed in this country. In the islands, however, it is held in the highest estimation; so much so that, in both Jersey and Guernsey, the importation of any other description of cattle is prohibited under the severest penalties! - (Inglis's Channel Islands, 2d. edit. p. 129.) Cattle, and their products, form a principal article of export from Jersey. But few sheep are kept. The oyster fisheries of Jersey are of considerable importance and value; 208,023 bushels a year having been shipped for England, at an average of the 4 years ending with 1832. The peculiar red-legged Guernsey partridge is now extensively introduced into England. - (See antè, p. 145.) The islands possess some valuable quarries. Worsted stockings, of a very fine quality, have been accounted the staple manufacture of Jersey; and she annually exports large quantities of boots and shoes made of leather brought from France.

Owing to the various privileges which they enjoy, particularly their almost total exemption from taxation, their being allowed to export all articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the islands to England and the English colonies, on the same footing as other British subjects, and their favourable situation for carrying on a contraband trade, the commerce of Jersey and Guernsey is extensive and important. Their mercantile marine has rapidly increased. In 1832 Jersey had 216 registered ships, of the burden of 20,250 tons, exclusive of nearly 500 large boats, about 300 of which were engaged in the oyster fishery. Guernsey had, at the same time, 80 ships, of the burden of 9,158 tons. All sorts of timber and cordage being admitted duty free into the islands, we need not wonder that great numbers of vessels are now annually built in them; but we may well wonder that they should be permitted to enjoy a valuable privilege of this sort, denied to the ship-owners and ship-builders of the rest of the empire.

The government of the islands is in the hands of states, some members of which are named by the king, while others are chosen by the people, and others sit ex officio. Party spirit runs very high in Jersey. The natives speak corrupt French; and are industrious and penurious. Causes are determined by their own officers, but an appeal may be made to the king in council. These islands are a very costly appanage of the British crown. They have been fortified at an immense expense; and their defence in time

of war is supposed to cost fully 500,000l. a year, which has to be wholly defrayed by England, the total revenue collected in the islands not amounting to 20,000l. a year. Even in peace they occasion a heavy charge. The advantages derived from their possession seem neither very obvious nor very material. Principal towns, St. Helen's in Jersey, and St. Peter-le-Port in Guernsey. The former had, including the parish, in 1831, a population of 16,027; and the latter, of 13,893.- (See Quayle's Survey of Jersey and Guernsey; and Inglis's excellent work on the Channel Islands.)

The Scilly Islands lie about 30 miles west by south from the Land's End. The total number of islands and rocks is very great; but there are only about half a dozen of any importance. St. Mary's, the largest, is said to contain 1,640 acres; their entire area, as given in the population returns, is only 5,570 acres. In 1831 they had a population of 2,465. Small quantities of wheat, barley, and oats are raised; but the inhabitants, who are often involved in great distress, principally support themselves by fishing. They also act as pilots to such ships as may require their services. These islands are supposed by some to be the Cassiterides, or tin islands, of the ancients. But it is most probable that the ancients gave this name to the western parts of Cornwall, where tin mines have been wrought from the remotest antiquity. A lighthouse was erected on St. Agnes island in 1680, the lantern of which is elevated 138 feet above high water mark. It is, according to the Ordnance survey, in lat. 49° 53′ 38′′ N., long. 6° 19′ 23′′ W. *

The Isle of Man is not, strictly speaking, an English island, but it may be as well described here as any where else. It is situated in the Irish Sea, about 20 miles from the Burrow Head in Scotland; its distance from the nearest points of England and Ireland not being much more considerable. It is about 30 miles long, and from 10 to 12 broad; containing about 180,000 acres. † It had in 1831 a population of 41,000.

Man is divided into two nearly equal parts, by a chain of mountains that runs through it in a longitudinal direction. Sneafell, the highest summit in the island, is elevated 2,004 feet above the level of the sea. Soil various, for the most part sandy and loamy, but stiff clays are met with. It is nowhere very productive. Climate milder than in the adjacent parts of Great Britain and Ireland, particularly in winter. Frost and snow rare, and, when they occur, of but short continuance. In consequence, however, of the greater humidity of the climate, the summers are deficient in heat, and harvest is in general rather late. The mountains, commons, and other waste lands, are supposed to include about 54,000 acres, leaving above 100,000 acres for the purposes of cultivation. Agriculture a good deal improved, but still very backward. The extent of land under white crops, and the average produce of each, is estimated to be

This is supposed to leave a surplus of about 5,000 quarters of wheat, and 3,000 of barley, over the consumption. (Parl. Paper, No. 74. Sess. 1835.) Potatoes extensively cultivated; turnips, also, are raised, and flax for home use. Marl, lime, and sea-weed are used as manures. Man had a

It is stated (antè, p. 61.) that Sir Cloudesley Shovel was wrecked on these islands in 1705. But this is a typographical error; the catastrophe occurred on the 22d of October 1707.

This is the statement of Mr. Quayle, in his Survey of the island. In the Parl. Paper, No. 74. Sess. 1835, the island is said to contain only 134,000 acres. Perhaps, the former is an exaggerated statement; but we have little doubt that the latter is below the mark.

native breed of small, hardy cattle; but they are now rarely met with, the existing stock being a mixture of various breeds, Irish and British. Ayrshire cattle have recently been introduced, it is said, with much advantage. The native sheep of the island are small and hardy, but slow feeders, and long in coming to maturity. They are mostly white, but many are grey, some black, and a few of a peculiar dark buff colour. This breed is still found in the hills, but the lowlands are now mostly stocked with improved breeds. Since the introduction of two-horse ploughs, the native breed of small hardy horses has been, to a considerable extent, supplanted by others of larger size and strength. Property seems formerly to have been divided into very minute and nearly equal portions; and such are its characteristics at present. By far the largest portion of the island is possessed by yeomen farming their own little estates, consisting of from 10 to 200 acres; and possessing mostly a portion of lowland with hill pasture. There are but few properties in the island worth above 1,500l. a year.

Man used to be one of the principal seats of the herring fishery; but for several years past it has been comparatively deserted by the herring shoals, and the fishery has, in consequence, become quite inconsiderable. This, however, is hardly to be regretted. The fishery was carried on from July to October, being the period of the year when the services of the yeomen, and others engaged in it, were most necessary at home. Being, also, a species of lottery in which large sums were occasionally made by a few weeks' exertion, it attracted crowds of adventurers without either capital or skill; while the irregular life they led at the fishery tended to foster habits of intemperance, and was believed to be the main cause of that idleness for which the people have been long proverbial. — (Quayle's Survey, p. 147.) There has, in fact, been a material improvement in the habits of the people, and in their industry, since the decline of the fishery; and there are, perhaps, few things that would be more injurious to the island than its revival.

The feudal sovereignty of Man was formerly vested in the Earls of Derby, and more recently in the Dukes of Atholl. There has always been a considerable difference between the duties on commodities in it and in Britain. This discrepancy led, towards the middle of last century, to a great deal of smuggling from the Isle of Man to the contiguous coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland. To put an end to this, parliament purchased, in 1765, the feudal rights of the Duke of Atholl; and, since then, the contraband trade has been confined within comparatively narrow limits. But the duties on almost all foreign articles, consumed in the island, being still decidedly lower than those on the same articles when entered for consumption in Britain, it becomes necessary, for the prevention of smuggling, to limit the quantity of such articles that may be imported into the island, and to keep up a considerable extra number of custom-house officers and revenue cruisers; and, after all, the evil still exists, though not to a great extent. It were better for all parties that this disprepancy in the duties, and the vexatious regulations that grow out of it, should be put an end to. Man lies in the line of the steam packets plying between Liverpool and Glasgow, and Liverpool and Dublin, most of which, indeed, touch at Douglass; and it is not easy to imagine that any thing can exceed the anomalous absurdity of having a considerable territory, situated in the very centre of the empire, and much resorted to, with peculiar duties and revenue laws.

The government, political institutions, and laws of Man are in many respects peculiar. The legislative and judicial authority is principally vested in the House of Keys, formerly a delegated, but for many years past a selfelected, body, consisting of 24 individuals. Two deemsters, officers of great antiquity, are judges in common and criminal cases. The governor is named by the king; and has a council, consisting of 4 or 6 individuals, who hold their seats ex officio. The keys, deemsters, governor, and council constitute

the parliament, or, as it is called, the Tynwald Court of the island. Its privileges, though much impaired, are still considerable. A grand court is annually held at midsummer at the Tynwald Mount, near Peel, and no law is binding till it has been publicly read and proclaimed at this assembly.

The Manx language is still in common use. It is derived from the ancient Celtic; but has a greater affinity to the Erse and Irish than to the Welsh or Armoric. All the inhabitants can, however, speak English; and it is probable that, in no very long time, the Manx language will be entirely laid

aside.

Lead mines, and slate quarries, are both wrought to some extent near Peel, on the west side of the island. Limestone is abundant, and lime is prepared in considerable quantities. Manufactures inconsiderable. In 1832 there belonged to the island 225 registered vessels, of the burden of 6,472 tons, manned by 1,302 seamen. At present timber may be imported into it for ship building, or any other purpose, on paying an ad valorem duty of 10 per cent. Should it be permitted to enjoy this valuable privilege, and the timber duties be continued on their present footing in Great Britain, the fair presumption seems to be that it will engross a large share of the ship building business. Douglass, by far the largest town in the island, had in 1831 a population of 6,786. It is pretty well built, and is much resorted to in summer by visitors from Liverpool and other places. None of the other towns had in 1831 a population of 2,000; and, owing to the failure of the herring fishery, and the prevalence of emigration, the population has of late increased very slowly. Exclusive of the official paper and Quayle's Survey, already referred to, we have consulted the excellent article on Man in Rees' Cyclopædia, &c. Feltham's Tour in Man in 1797 and 1798 (8vo. Bath, 1799.) contains, however, by far the best account of the island that we have met with.

Exclusive of the above, a few small islands lie off other parts of the English coast, such as the Fearn Islands off Northumberland; the Flat and Steep Holms in the Bristol Channel; Ramsey, Bardsey, &c. off Wales; but they are too inconsiderable to merit notice.

Name.-THE origin of the term Scotland is involved in much obscurity. That part of Great Britain beyond the Friths of Forth and Clyde was made known to the Romans by the victories of Agricola, and was discriminated by them from the rest of the island by the special appellation of Caledonia. The inhabitants of this district, the Caledonians of Tacitus, were afterwards known by the name of Picts, and from them the country was for some centuries called Pictland. The term Scotland began to come into use, for the first time, in the eleventh century. This new name had been

*The identity of the Caledonians and Picts has been denied by some writers; but appears to be sufficiently established by Pinkerton, in his Inquiry into the Early History of Scotland, vol. i. pp. 103-120.