Food Analysis: Theory and PracticeA text for undergraduate and graduate students in food science and technology, as well as a reference and source book on analytical methods and instruments for professional researchers in the field of food analysis. This revised edition (2nd ed., 1987) adds new chapters on capillary zone electrophoresis and thermal analysis, and expanded discussions of sampling, preparation of samples, reporting results, reliability of results, extraction with supercritical fluid techniques, and line process monitoring. |
Contents
Searching the Literature | 3 |
SEARCHING A NEW FIELD | 4 |
MODERN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | 7 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 10 |
Sampling | 16 |
SAMPLES | 19 |
STATISTICAL CONCEPTS | 20 |
MANUAL SAMPLING | 21 |
289 | |
Column Chromatography Size Exclusion and Ion Exchange | 290 |
SIZEEXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY | 299 |
AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY INCLUDING IMMOBILIZED ENZYMES | 303 |
IONEXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY | 313 |
SELECTING A CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE | 319 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 322 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 323 |
SAMPLING ERRORS | 23 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 24 |
Preparation of Samples | 26 |
GRINDING DRY MATERIALS | 27 |
GRINDING MOIST MATERIALS | 29 |
ENZYMIC AND CHEMICAL TREATMENT | 31 |
ENZYME INACTIVATION | 32 |
MINIMIZING LIPID CHANGES | 34 |
35 | |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 36 |
Reporting Results and Reliability of Analyses | 37 |
REPORTING RESULTS | 38 |
RELIABILITY OF ANALYSES | 41 |
51 | |
Methods and Instrumentation | 53 |
Theory of Spectroscopy | 55 |
ABSORPTION OF RADIATION | 56 |
ROTATIONS | 61 |
VIBRATIONS | 62 |
ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS | 64 |
MOLECULAR ENERGY STATES | 65 |
PROBLEMS | 67 |
Visible and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy | 68 |
INSTRUMENT COMPONENTS | 73 |
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS | 80 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 84 |
PROBLEMS | 85 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 86 |
Measurement of Color | 87 |
I | 88 |
CIE COLOR SYSTEM | 89 |
SIMPLIFIED TRISTIMULUS COLOR SYSTEMS | 92 |
ABRIDGED METHODS | 94 |
METHODS BASED ON PIGMENT CONTENT | 96 |
97 | |
Fluorimetry | 99 |
INSTRUMENT COMPONENTS | 101 |
EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTIONS | 102 |
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS | 103 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 105 |
PROBLEMS | 106 |
107 | |
Infrared Spectroscopy | 108 |
INSTRUMENTATION | 109 |
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS | 122 |
FOURIER TRANSFORMINFRARED FTIR SPECTROSCOPY | 126 |
INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY | 129 |
RECENT APPLICATIONS | 133 |
PROBLEMS | 135 |
Flame Photometry Atomic Absorption and Inductively Coupled Plasmas | 137 |
FLAME PHOTOMETRY | 138 |
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY | 143 |
ELECTROTHERMAL PROCESS CARBON ROD FURNACE | 147 |
INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA ICP EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY | 148 |
DETECTION LIMITS | 155 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 156 |
XRay Methods | 158 |
PRODUCTION AND DETECTION OF XRAYS | 159 |
XRAY DIFFRACTION | 161 |
XRAY FLUORESCENCE | 162 |
NONDISPERSIVE XRAY SPECTROSCOPY | 165 |
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS | 170 |
Potentiometry | 172 |
REFERENCE ELECTRODES | 174 |
INDICATOR ELECTRODES | 178 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 186 |
Coulometry | 188 |
CONSTANTCURRENT COULOMETRY | 189 |
CONTROLLEDPOTENTIAL COULOMETRY | 192 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 196 |
PROBLEMS | 197 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 198 |
Conductivity | 199 |
ACIDBASE TITRATIONS | 201 |
OXIDATIONREDUCTION SYSTEMS | 203 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 205 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 206 |
Electrophoresis | 208 |
PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS | 211 |
CALCULATION OF MOBILITY | 213 |
DISC GEL ELECTROPHORESIS | 218 |
ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING | 220 |
PREPARATIVE ELECTROPHORESIS | 222 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 225 |
PROBLEMS | 226 |
227 | |
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis | 228 |
ELECTROOSMOSIS | 230 |
UV SPECTROSCOPY | 236 |
CONDUCTIVITY AND AMPEROMETRY | 237 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 241 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 242 |
Mass Spectroscopy | 243 |
LOWVOLTAGE MASS SPECTROMETRY | 250 |
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS | 251 |
COMBINING MASS SPECTROMETRY WITH GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY | 256 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 259 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 260 |
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 262 |
INTERPRETATION OF NMR SPECTRA | 264 |
SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS | 269 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 270 |
Radioactivity Counting Techniques and Radioimmunoassay | 271 |
COUNTING DEVICES | 273 |
ISOTOPIC DILUTION | 279 |
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS | 282 |
FOOD IRRADIATION | 286 |
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY | 287 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 288 |
HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography and Ion Chromatography | 324 |
BASIC HPLC EQUIPMENT AND OPERATION | 325 |
MAJOR TYPES OF HPLC | 337 |
DEFINITION OF TERMS | 340 |
ION CHROMATOGRAPHY | 346 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 348 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 350 |
Paper and ThinLayer Chromatography | 352 |
THINLAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY | 357 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 364 |
GasLiquid Chromatography | 366 |
HEIGHT EQUIVALENT TO A THEORETICAL PLATE | 381 |
IDENTIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS | 385 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 386 |
387 | |
Extraction | 389 |
CONTINUOUS EXTRACTION | 391 |
DISCONTINUOUS COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION | 393 |
EXTRACTION P VALUES | 395 |
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION | 399 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 405 |
407 | |
Centrifugation | 409 |
EQUIPMENT | 411 |
ULTRACENTRIFUGATION | 412 |
CENTRIFUGAL ANALYSIS | 417 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 418 |
Densimetry | 419 |
II | 420 |
MEASUREMENT OF THE DENSITY OF LIQUIDS | 421 |
MEASUREMENT OF THE DENSITY OF SOLIDS | 427 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 429 |
Refractometry and Polarimetry | 430 |
POLARIMETRY | 438 |
SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS | 446 |
PROBLEMS | 447 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 448 |
Rheology | 449 |
RHEOLOGICAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS | 455 |
MEASURING THE COMPONENTS OF FOOD TEXTURE | 460 |
APPLICATIONS | 466 |
483 | |
Serology Immunochemistry and Immunoelectrophoresis | 488 |
IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS | 491 |
APPLICATIONS | 498 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 502 |
Enzymatic Methods | 506 |
DETERMINATION OF SUBSTRATES | 509 |
DETERMINATION OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY | 518 |
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES | 522 |
AUTOMATED METHODS | 528 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 529 |
Analytical Microbiology | 532 |
PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAYS | 533 |
MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS | 535 |
DETERMINING RELIABILITY OF MICROBIAL ASSAYS | 538 |
ASSAYS OF VITAMINS AMINO ACIDS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES | 539 |
ASSESSING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF PROTEINS | 542 |
ASSAY OF ANTIBIOTICS HEAVY METALS AND MISCELLANEOUS | 549 |
AUTOMATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAYS | 550 |
551 | |
Thermal Analysis of Foods | 555 |
DSC INVESTIGATIONS | 557 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 562 |
General Applications and Chemical Composition | 565 |
General Remarks | 567 |
ONLINE ANALYSES | 572 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 574 |
Determination of Moisture | 575 |
MOISTURE CONTENTS OF FOODS | 576 |
DRYING METHODS | 578 |
AIROVEN METHODS | 581 |
DISTILLATION METHODS | 584 |
CHEMICAL METHODS | 588 |
PHYSICAL METHODS | 593 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 600 |
Ash and Minerals | 602 |
DETERMINATION OF ASH | 603 |
ASHING PROCEDURES | 605 |
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS | 614 |
621 | |
Carbohydrates | 625 |
DETERMINATION OF WATERSOLUBLE AND WATERINSOLUBLE SOLIDS | 627 |
QUALITATIVE DETECTION OF CARBOHYDRATES | 630 |
DETERMINATION OF MONO AND OLIGOSACCHARIDES | 633 |
DETERMINATION OF HEXOSAMINES | 647 |
DETERMINATION OF NUTRIENT POLYSACCHARIDES | 649 |
DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES | 657 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 669 |
Lipids | 678 |
683 | |
GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR EXTRACTING LIPIDS | 684 |
EXTRACTION OF LIPIDS IN SELECTED FOODS | 689 |
INDIRECT METHODS OF LIPID DETERMINATION | 692 |
FRACTIONATION OF EXTRACTED LIPIDS | 695 |
PHYSICAL ASSAY METHODS | 699 |
CHEMICAL ASSAY METHODS | 707 |
AUTOMATED LIPID ANALYSES | 713 |
FAT STABILITY AND RANCIDITY | 715 |
724 | |
Nitrogenous Compounds | 733 |
NONPROTEIN NITROGENOUS SUBSTANCES | 749 |
753 | |
Objective versus Sensory Evaluation of Foods | 758 |
COLOR | 759 |
OVERALL EVALUATION | 762 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 764 |
766 | |
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Common terms and phrases
absorbance absorption acetate amino acids amount amylose Anal analysis analytical antibody antigen assay atoms buffer capillary carbohydrates carbon cell cellulose centrifugation cereals Chem chemical chromatography color colorimetric column components composition compounds concentration containing density detection detector determination developed dietary fiber dough drying electrode electrophoresis elution energy enzymatic enzyme ethanol evaluation extraction fatty acids fiber flame fluorescence fraction gas chromatography glass glucose heat HPLC hydrogen hydrolysis increase infrared instruments iodine ions lipids liquid material measured meat method methyl milk mixture moisture molecular molecule nitrogen obtained organic oxidation particles phase polar polysaccharides precipitation procedure protein quantitative radiation rapid reaction reagent reducing rheological rotation sample sensitive separation sodium solid soluble solution solvent specific spectroscopy standard starch substances sucrose sugars sulfuric sulfuric acid technique temperature titration tube viscosity wavelength weight X-ray