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adequacy ambiguity analyzed apply arrive auxiliary verb complex consider constituent analysis constituent structure constructional homonymity corpus corresponding define derived describe determine devices diagram discovery procedure discussion elements English example fact finite state language form of grammar formal properties given grammatical sentences grammaticalness Hence immediate constituent intonation investigation John kernel sentences level of phrase linguistic level linguistic structure linguistic theory Markov process meaning models morphemes morphological morphophonemic rules notion noun phrase NP sing obligatory transformations order of approximation pair test particular passive transformation phonemic distinctness phrase structure grammar problem procedure for grammars produce question relation representation Roman Jakobson Rule 29 S₁ S₂ semantic set of grammatical simple simplest Structural analysis Structural change structure of linguistic syntactic structure syntax T+N+ terminal string the+man+ theory of linguistic Tnot trans transformational analysis transformational grammar transformational structure underlying verb phrase W. V. Quine words X₁