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A.D. 361.* His death left the empire to the undisputed possession of Julian, who entered Constantinople amidst the acclamations of a people delivered at once from a hated emperor and an impending civil war (Dec. 11).

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JULIAN at once proclaimed that change of religion, which earned for him the surname of the APOSTATE, and which has caused his character to be eulogized and assailed with equal partiality. Only blind prejudice can deny his unsullied virtue; his civil and military ability; his untiring industry, of which Gibbon well says that "by this avarice of time, he seemed to protract the short duration of his reign"; his strict justice; and his earnest desire to reform the corruptions above which he had risen superior. Of his literary excellence, we need only cite the judgment of Niebuhr :"He was a true Attic, and since the time of Dion Chrysostom, Greece had not produced such an elegant author." Nor should we forget that even his enmity to Christianity may have been provoked in great measure by the strife of sects amidst which he had grown up. But when that enmity is vaunted as philosophical moderation, it must be replied that Julian, like Aurelius, was himself a persecutor. His edict of toleration was followed up by the appointment of pagans to all the offices of the court, and by attempts to suppress Christianity. The most insidious of these was his edict forbidding Christians to teach rhetoric and grammar in the schools; an act of hateful oppression, which has been justly quoted as an indirect testimony to the value of Christian learning. His encouragement of the Jews, as being the enemies of Christianity, is stamped with insincerity by the contempt which he felt for both "superstitions" alike. In his whole conduct in this matter, passion-that sort of passion which betrays the consciousness of a doubtful cause-prevailed over sound policy. Well does

The years of Julian are reckoned from this date.

The extant works of Julian are his Letters and Orations, which are of immense importance for the history of his time; the Casars or the Banquet, a satirical discussion of the characters of his imperial predecessors; Misopogon or the Enemy of the Beard, a satire on the licentious and insolent people of Antioch, who, as in the time of Hadrian, had excited the emperor's contempt, while they ridiculed his austerity, and in particular his long beard. The work of Julian Against the Christians is lost; but extracts from it are preserved in the reply of Cyril.

The well-known legend of the miraculous frustration of Julian's attempt to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem is now too generally rejected to need discussion. Those who attach importance to the story fail to perceive that the design of Providence and the word of prophecy were already fulfilled in the destruction of the Temple, and could gain nothing from such marvels. Nor does it appear that Julian's success would have been any frustration of prophecy.

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His country's charge a bett with meth anë tani,
Faithless to God, but faith to the work”

Julian spent the first part of the year 32 at Constantinople and wintered at Antioch, occupying himself with great prepar tions for war with Persia. Ardent in all his schemes, he seems to have designed not only to recover Azertijan, which Sapor had wrested from Armenia, but to make Babylonia a Roman province and to crush the power of the Sassanidæ for ever. "His plan," upon the success of all his operations." He counted also on the Says Niebuhr, "was well devised, but he had reckoned too much support of the Iberians and of Armenia; but the former proved hostile, and the Christian Arsacid house of Armenia disliked the Apostate even more than the Persian Magians. His great error was in waiting till the spring was far advanced, before entering so

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He left Antioch on the 5th of March, A.D. 363, he route across the Euphrates to Carrhæ, famed for ner expeditions. Here he dispatched 30,000 men, ius and Sebastian, to secure the frontier on the side. nd to rejoin him in the heart of the enemy's country, pected succours from Armenia. He himself, with ers, moved down the Euphrates in the track followed younger Cyrus, devastating the country, and capturing o cities that resisted him, Perisabor on the Euphrates, malcha on the Tigris. Here, at the distance of only es from Ctesiphon, his difficulties began. The neutrality menian king had disconcerted his combinations in the d his lieutenants, instead of hastening to rejoin him, rrelling with each other. A retreat had become necest, afraid to fall back on the wasted country in his ian followed the advice of a perfidious Persian, who had im under the pretence of desertion, to strike off eastward mountains of Assyria. He burned his now useless fleet O vessels upon the Tigris, with all his magazines and stores; aking provisions for only twenty days, plunged into the plains under the burning heat of a Midsummer sun 16). The march was impeded by the attacks of the Persian ry; and the Romans were soon surrounded. The robust ers from the Rhine and Danube began to faint, and the prons to run short. The emperor, while conducting the retreat a skill only equalled by his personal bravery, was pierced h a mortal wound, and his admirers compare the scene that lowed in the tent of Julian to that which Plato has drawn in e prison of Socrates; not without the confession that there was mething in it of an affected imitation.* And, indeed, the whole aracter of Julian was marred by the affectation of a spirit which e must have known himself powerless to restore.

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The narrative is given by the historian Ammianus Marcellinus, who was serving in the army. The sober testimony of a pagan historian, whose whole work is marked by truthfulness, though written in an inflated style, must be accepted in preference to the imaginary pictures of Christian orators of the wounded Apostate clutching the sand with his dying grasp, and exclaiming, "O Galilean, thou hast conquered." The real triumph of Christianity needs no such melodramatic inventions, conceived in the spirit of an age of ornate rhetoric. Ammianus Marcellinus was a Greek of Antioch, who eventually settled at Rome, and there wrote his history, in thirty-one books, from the accession of Nerva (A.D. 96), where Tacitus breaks off, to the death of Valens in A.D. 378. The first thirteen books are lost, and the extant portion begins with the seventeenth year of Constantius (A.D. 353).

He disposed of his fortune, enquired after the fate of his friends, ens led those who stood around, and, after reviewing the course of his reign, entered upon an argument with the philosophers Priscus and Maximus on the nature of the soul. The effort Lastened his death: his wound began to bleed afresh: his breathing falled: he drank a cup of water, and expired calmly, about the Eight of June 26, A.D. 363, in the 32nd year of his age, after are of one year and eight months from the death of Constantas. With him ended the house of Constantine, whose proud inheritance, declined by the prætorian prefect Sallust, on account of his advanced age, was conferred by the troops on Flavius Claudius Jovianus, the chief of the imperial household, and the snif a Count Varronianus who had been distinguished for his services under Constantine.

-JOVAN seems to have been a man of great mediocrity, of whom neither good nor bad can be said. He was a Christian, and Las sognized great renown by his edict, granting unconditional lberry of conscience." In these few words Niebuhr has told all that needs to be known of the seven months' reign, which began on the plains of Mesopotamia with the treaty which surrendered to Persis the five provinces beyond the Tigris and abandoned Nsis and Armenia, as the price of the safety of the army; and which ended with the sudden and mysterious death of Jovian, in his winter-quarters at Ancyra, in Phrygia, on the 17th of Febroxy, 364. During an interval of ten days, the army was led to Nica, and the council of ministers and generals at length found a successor to the purple in the same Illyrian race that had filled the throne from Clandins to Constantine.

FLAVIUS VALENTINIANUS was the son of Count Gratian, a native of Cibalis in Pannonia, who had risen from obscurity to the military commands of Africa and Britain, and under whom his son had served with distinction. Valentinian, now in his 44th year, added to a nelle person. a manly character, and a virtue as austere as that of Julian himself, the merit of having incurred risk by his zealous a herence to Christianity, and the distinction of recent services in the Persian War. A month after his accession, he conferred the tle of Augustus upon his brother FLAVIUS VALENS, who was in kis 36th year (March 28th) Shortly afterwards, the emperors regained from Constantinople to Naissus; and the birthplace of Constantine witnessed the formal partition of the empire he had wanted Valentinian kept the WEST and conferred the EAST on Valkos (enne, AR 364)

CHAPTER XLV.

THE DIVISION OF THE EAST AND WEST: AND THE FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE. A.D. 363 TO A.D. 476.

"As it now stands, the Coliseum is a striking image of Rome itself-decayed, vacant, serious, yet grand-half-gray and half-green-erect on one side and fallen on the other, with consecrated ground in its bosom-inhabited by a beadsman; visited by every caste; for moralists, antiquaries, painters, architects, devotees, all meet here, to meditate, to examine, to draw, to measure, and to pray."-FORSYTH.

OF

PARTITION OF THE EMPIRE BETWEEN VALENTINIAN I. AND VALENS-CAMPAIGNS VALENTINIAN IN THE WEST-HE IS SUCCEEDED BY GRATIAN AND VALENTINIAN II. VALENS, IN THE EAST, PUTS DOWN PROCOPIUS-HIS TYRANNY AND ARIAN FANATICISM THE GOTHS, EXPELLED BY THE HUNS, ARE RECEIVED INTO MESIA-THEIR REBELLION, AND VICTORY OVER VALENS AT HADRIANOPLE-THEODOSIUS 1. THE GREAT, EMPEROR OF THE EAST-PEACE WITH THE GOTHS-ULPHILAS-REVOLT OF MAXIMUS IN BRITAIN DEATH OF GRATIAN-FALL OF MAXIMUS-THEODOSIUS AT MILAN MASSACRE OF THESSALONICA-AMBROSE, BISHOP OF MILAN PENANCE OF THEODOSIUS-SUPPRESSION OF PAGAN WORSHIP-MURDER OF VALENTINIAN II. BY ARBOGASTES, WHO PROCLAIMS EUGENIUS-THEIR DEFEAT AND DEATH-THEODOSIUS SOLE EMPEROR-HIS DEATH AT MILAN-FINAL DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE BETWEEN ARCADIUS IN THE EAST, AND HONORIUS IN THE WEST-RUFINUS AND STILICHORISE AND FALL OF RUFINUS, EUTROPIUS, AND GAIN AS THE EMPRESS EUDOXIA -DEATH OF ARCADIUS THEODOSIUS II. THE EASTERN EMPIRE ALARIO DEVASTATES GREECE, AND INVADES ITALY-THE COURT REMOVED FROM MILAN ΤΟ RAVENNA-STILICHO DEFEATS THE GOTHS HONORIUS AT ROME-GLADIATORIAL SHOWS A BOLISHED-GREAT SLAVONIAN INVASION UNDER RADAGAISUS-HIS DEFEAT BY STILICHO AND PASSAGE ОР THE BARBARIANS INTO GAUL SETTLEMENT OF THE BURGUNDIANS-THE VANDALS, ALANS, AND SUEVES IN SPAIN-CONSTANTINE REVOLTS IN BRITAIN IS ACKNOWLEDGED AS EMPEROR OF THE WEST, AND OVERTHROWN, WITH HIS RIVAL GERONTIUS, BY CONSTANTIUS DEATH OP STILICHO -SIEGE AND SACK OF ROME BY THE GOTHS-ELEVATION AND FALL OF ATTALUS-DEATH OF ALARIO-THE GOTHS CONQUER SPAIN KINGDOM OF THE VISIGOTHS-FINAL LOSS OF BRITAIN-DEATH OF HONORIUS THE USURPER JOHN PUT DOWN BY THEODOSIUS-VALENTINIAN III. EMPEROR OF THE WEST-THE EMPRESSMOTHER PLACIDIA-RIVALRY OF AËTIUS AND BONIFACE-REVOLT OF BONIFACE, WHO INVITES GENSERIO TO AFRICA-DEATH OF AUGUSTIN, BISHOP OF HIPPO-VANDAL KINGDOM OF AFRICA-APPEARANCE OF THE HUNS-THE SCYTHIAN RACES IN EUROPE AND ASIA THE HUNS OF THE TURKISH RACE—ATTILA, KING OF THE HUNS -EXTENT OF HIS DOMINIONS: EXAGGERATIONS OF HIS POWER HIS INVASION OF THE EAST-HIS CHARACTER-TREATY WITH THE EASTERN EMPIRE DEATH OF THEODOSIUS II.-MARCIAN-THE FRANKS IN GAUL-RISE OF THE MEROVINGIANSATTILA INVADES GAUL-SIEGE OF ORLEANS AND DECISIVE BATTLE OF CHALONSDEATHS OF THEODORIO I., ATTILA, AND AËTIUS-SUPREMACY OF THE GERMAN RACE -DEATH OF VALENTINIAN III.-MAXIMUS AND AVITUS-POWER OF COUNT RICIMER —LEO I.—MAJORIAN, SEVerus, antheMIUS, AND OLYBRIUS-DEATH OF RICIMER GLYCERIUS AND JULIUS NEPOS-ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS DEPOSED BY ODOACER -END OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE.

THE partition of the Roman World into the Eastern and Western Empires, under Valentinian and Valens, was a confession that the time had come when the undivided attention and efforts of a single ruler were insufficient to ward off the dangers that were closing around from the East and North. It might well be taken as the epoch whence began that series of events, by which the transition is made from the ancient to the medieval

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