Diocletian's and Maximian's, ented under the empire, iii.
etter to Jesus Christ, iii. 151 wanderings traced, i. 61; of the four confederate kings,
and Ab-raham, significations of,
battle of, iii. 622
c school of philosophy, ii. 128 ix, i. 357
league, rise of, ii. 113; the first opment of federalism, i. 328 enidæ, dynasty of, i. 267
Roman province of, ii. 518
n, plan of, iii. 293; description of battle, 295; effects of the victory on e laws, languages, manners, and in- tutions of Europe, 296; the epoch of e fall of the Republic, ib.
na, war with Athens, i. 40; sea-fight ff, 461
kinetan standard of weights and mea- sures, i. 331
ginetans, Medism of the, i. 384
Emilius Paulus Macedonicus (L.), cha- racter of, ii. 507; triumph and death, 515
Eneas's landing place near Carthage, ii. 367; and Evander, source of the legends of, 169
Equians finally subdued, ii. 299; and Volscians, wars of Rome with, 259 Eschines, character of, ii. 23 Eschylus at Marathon, i. 387; the real
founder of tragedy, 475; a combatant at Salamis, ib.; defeated by Sophocles, 476
Aëtius, general of Valentinian III., iii. 736; kills Bonifacius in a duel, ib. ; protects Italy from the Vandals, Bur- gundians, and Goths, 742; commands the Roman army in the victory of Châ- lons, 743; sole defender of the empire, 744; victim of the jealousy of Valen- tinian, ib.
Etolia, i. 357
Etolian league, ii. 115
Afranius (L.), successor of Terence, ii. 568
Africa, circumnavigation of, i. 133; map, illustrating Roman campaigns in, ii. 359; (central), ancient knowledge of, 399; Roman province of, 533; the name unknown to the early Greeks, ib. Africa, Vicar of, iii. 708; conquered by the Vandals, 736; Vandal kingdom of, 737 Agathocles, autocrat of Syracuse, ii. 119; war with the Carthaginians, 120; mas- sacre of the citizens of Gela, ib.; in- vades Africa, 121
Ager publicus explained, ii. 187, iii. 10 Ager Romanus, the original, ii. 187 Agesilaus, expeditions of, i. 538 Agglutination in the formation of lan- guages, i. 54
Agis declares war against Antipater, ii. 94; his defeat and death, 95 Agis IV., reforms of, ii. 116 Agrarian laws, misapprehension concerning, ii. 236; law of Flaminius, 419 Agricola's conquest of Britain, iii. 470; h's seven campaigns, 473; erects forts from the Tyne to Solway Firth, ib.; between the Firths of Clyde and Forth, ib.; recalled by Domitian, 474
Agrippa Postumus murdered, iii. 325 Agrippa (M. Vipsanius), character of, iii. 266; dileship, 289
Agrippina, wife of Germanicus, iii. 370 Agrippina (mother of Nero), murder of, iii. 415; her last words, ib. Ahasuerus identified with Xerxes, i. 431, iii. 154
Akiba (Rabbi), legends concerning, iii. 585 Alani, Scythian mountaineers, iii. 518,
738; with the Vandals in Spain, 734 Alaric, accession of, iii. 723; wastes the whole of Greece, 730; appointed Duke of Illyricum by Arcadius, ib.; lays siege to Rome, 733; accepts a ransom, ib. ; made master-general of the western armies, ib.; his death, 734; buried beneath the bed of the Basentius, ib. Alban lake drained, ii. 256
Alban (St.), a pagan of Verulamium, tra- dition respecting, iii. 678; the proto- martyr of England, ib.
Albinus (L.), piety of, ii. 267
Albinus (A.), capitulation of, iii. 55 Albinus, governor of Judæa, iii. 559 Alcæus, the poet, i. 342; and Sappho, 371 Alchemy, history of, iii. 658
Alcibiades, character of, i. 512; relation- ship to Pericles, 513; "a lion's whelp in the city," ib.; intercourse with Socrates, ib.; twice crowned at the Olympic games, 515; condemned to death, 520; goes to Lacedæmon, ib.; short-lived popularity at Sparta, 525; recalled to Athens, 527; triumphant re- turn, 528; second exile of, 530; death, 532
Alemæonid (the), accursed, i. 489; and Cylon, i. 345
Alemanni, origin of the name, iii. 624; advance to Ravenna, ib.; defeated by Aurelian, ib., 634
Alexander Egus, son of Alexander and Roxana, ii. 84; Alexander Ægus and Roxana murdered by Cassander, ii. 83 Alexander the Great, his birth on the day of the burning of the temple of Diana at Ephesus, ii. 10; fiery courage at Cha- ronea, 29; his character thoroughly bar- barian, 33; fondness for the Iliad, ib. ; distinguished from Pisistratus and Cæsar, 34; oriental character of his despotism, ib.; probably implicated in the murder of his father, 35; recognised as the head of the Greek nation, 36; appointed generalissimo for the Persian war, ib. ; estimate of his force for invading Asia,
45; hurls his spear to the Asiatic shore, 47; his personal prowess, 49; confi- dence in his physician Philip, 54; de- struction of the Persian army, 56; treat- ment of the mother and wife of Darius,
57; takes Damascus, ib.; letter from Darius and answer, 58; cruelty, in imitation of Achilles, 60; conquest of Egypt, 61; visits Jerusalem, ib.; son of Jupiter Ammon, 62; founds Alexandria, ib.; passage of the Euphrates and Tigris, 63; consummate generalship, 65; cap- tures Persepolis, 67; policy of treating the orientals as subjects, ib. ; never re- visits the countries west of the Eu- phrates, 68; pursuit of Bessus, 69; barbarian elements in his character de- veloped, 70; passes the Indian Cauca- sus, 71; cruelty to Bessus, ib. ; murders Clitus, 73; hatred of citizenship and free speech, 74; march through Cabul, ib.; at the Hyphasis, 75; conquest of Porus, ib.; refusal of his troops to pro- ceed further, ib.; erects altars at the Hyphasis, 76; instance of his daring courage, ib; voyage down the Indus, ib.; march through the desert of Gedrosia, 77; self-denial, ib.; assumes the state of the Great King, 78; return to Baby- lon, 79; warning of the Chaldæan sooth- sayers, ib.; vast projects, ib.; brought
Alexander the Great-continued.
the East within the sphere of civilisation, 81; his dying words and death, 82, and i. 240; funeral obsequies, ii. 83; divi- sion of the provinces among his generals, ib.; his surviving relations murdered, 88. Alexander of Epirus, Roman alliance with, ii. 289; defeated at Pandosia, 290 Alexander Severus, character of, iii. 610; death, 614
Alexandra, queen of Judæa, iii. 174 Alexandria, founded by Alexander, ii. 62; decrease of its population, iii. 629 Alexandrine war of Caesar, iii. 241 Allectus assumes the purple in Britain, iii. 657; defeated by Asclepiodotus, ib.; killed in a battle near London, ib. Allia, battle of the, ii. 265 Allied states, their relation to Rome, ii. 330
Allies (Roman), revolt of the, iii. 89; en- franchised, 93
Alp, meaning of the word, ii. 133 Alphabets, Attic and Ionic, i. 533 Alva's cruelties in the Netherlands, iii. 677
Alyattes, King of Lydia, i, 257; description of his tomb, ib.
Amasis, reign of, i. 135; details of bis private lite, 136; and Polycrates, 137 Amazig dialects, ii. 389
Ambition, origin of the word, ii. 563 Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, iii. 725; his struggle with the Arians, 726; his "pious fraud," ib.; imposes public penance on Theodosius, 727 American race, its chief existing type, i. 57
Ammianus Marcellinus, the historian, iii. 717
Amphictyonic council, i. 328; its constitu- tion, ii. 11
Amphictyonies of Greece, i. 328 Amphipolis, war of, i. 510
Amycle, more taciturn than," i. 336 Anacreon of Teos, i. 371
Ananel, high-priest of the Jews, iii. 532 Ananus, high-priest in the war with the Romans, iii. 565
Anaxagoras prosecuted for atheism, i. 484 Anaximander, one of the earliest Greek prose writers, i. 373 Anaximenes refers the origin of the universe to air, i. 373
Ancient history, deposition of the last Augustus at Rome the close of, iii. 720 Ancus Martius, ii. 182
Ancyra, monument of, iii. 355 Andalusia Vandalusia, derives its name from the Vandals, iii. 734
Andes, the native place of Virgil, iii. 280 Andronicus, Livius, ii. 568 Andro-sphinxes, i. 135
Angles, wide diffusion of the, iii. 339
Annus confusionis, iii. 250 Antalcidas, digraceful peace of, i. 549 Anthemius, emperor of the West, iii. 745 Anticatones of Cæsar, iii. 247
Antigonus, Alexander's ablest general, ii. 83 and 86; anecdote of, 87 Antigonus Gonatas, ii. 111
Antigonus, ruler of Judæa, iii. 180; exe- cuted by order of Antony, 181 Antioch founded, ii. 90; earthquake at, iii. 497; Christian church of, 552 Antiochus Soter, ii. 90
Antiochus the Great, ii. 91; war of Rome with, 489; his exploits, 491; prepara- tions for war, 493; defeated at Thermo- pylæ, 495
Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, his persecution of the Jews, ii. 91; curbed by the Romans, 510; called "Epimanes," iii. 150; character by Dr. Milman, 159; pollution of the temple, 161; horrible death, 166
Antipater left by Alexander as regent of Macedonia, ii. 45
Antipater, son of Antipas, iii. 175; procu- rator of Jerusalem, 179 Antium reduced by the Romans, ii. 323 Antonine Itinerary, iii. 253
Antoninus Pius, his faultless character, iii. 510; vows to put no senator to death, 511; character drawn by Marcus Aure- lius, 512; declines to extend the boun- daries of the empire, 513
Antony (Mark), master of the horse to Cæsar, iii. 243; conduct on the assassi nation of Cæsar, 263; master of Rome, 265; marries Octavia, 281; defeated in Parthia, 287; assumes the state of an oriental monarch, 288; orgies with Cleopatra at Samos, 290; his will, 291; divorces Octavia, ib.; description of his fleet at Actium, 295; suicide and cha- racter, 299
Apicius, gourmands of the name, iii. 373 Apis (the Egyptian), i. 287
Apollo, weeping statue of the Cumaan, ii.
Araman dialects, eastern and western, i. 51
Aratus, general of the Achaean league, ii.
Arbela, battle of, described, ii. 65; enor- mous number of the slain, 66 Arbogastes, the Frank, usurpation and suicide of, iii. 729
Arcadia, constitution of, i. 559 Arcadius and Honorius, division of the empire between, iii. 729
Archdeacon, original meaning of the term, iii. 693
Archelaus, ethnarch of Judæa, bis cruelties, iii. 540
Archias, Cicero's oration for, iii. 136 Archilochus of Paros, i. 372
Archimedes, ship built by, ii. 403; defends
Syracuse, 457; mathematical discoveries, ib.; treatise 'O Yaμμírns, ib.; discovers the method of determining specific gravities, 458; ignition by a concave system of mirrors, ib.; Archimedean screw, 459; killed at Achradina, 460; discovery of his tomb by Cicero, ib. Architects of Athens, chief, i. 471 Architectural terms explained, i. 469 Architecture, its style a test of race, i. 48; of the Greek heroic ages, 321; compari- son of classic and romantic, 376; ex- amples of the perfection of Greek, 378; orders, ib.; Byzantine and Gothic, iii. 620; Roman modifications of Greek, ib.
Archons, Eponymus, Basileus, and thes mothetæ, i. 344
Archytas, the philosopher, ii. 307 Ardshir (Artaxerxes), founder of the Sas-
sanid dynasty, iii. 517 and 612; Alex- ander Severus's victory over, 613 Areius's parody of Homer's praise of monarchy, iii. 301
Areopagus, senate of the, i. 345
Aretas's war against Herod Antipas, iii. 549; seizes Damascus, ib. Arginusæ, Athenian victory at, i. 530 Argonautic expedition, i. 315
Argos under Pheidon, i. 331
Arian controversy, iii. 690; reduced to the addition of one letter to a word, 695 Arion, story of, i. 341
Aristagoras, revolt of, i. 382
Aristides, ostracism of, i. 355; character, 402; death, 450; and Themistocles contrasted, 448
Aristobulus I., atrocities of, iii. 173 Aristobulus II., king of Judæa, iii. 175 Aristocracy, Roman, ii. 555
Aristodemus devotes his daughter to death, i. 336
Aristodemus, the one survivor of Thermo- pylæ, his disgrace and glorious death, i, 418 Aristomenes, leader of the Messenians, i. 336
Aristonicus, war with, ii. 551 Aristophanes, i. 476; masterly criticism of the tragedians in the "Frogs," 530; his influence and value misunderstood, 505; beauties of, ib.; the "Knights," 506
Aristotle's tuition of Alexander, ii. 33 Arius, heresy of, iii. 690; embodied his doctrines in songs, ib. ; his condemna- tion, 695; anathematised by the Coun- cil of Nice, ib.; banished to Illyricum, ib.
Ark's (the), adaptation to its use explained, i. 24
Armada (Spanish), effects of its destruction on the liberties of the world, i. 429 Armenia, distribution of the human race from, i. 37; religion and government, iii. 144; Proper and Minor, ib.; its acme under Tigranes, 145; becomes a Roman province, 198
Arminius, a Latin form of Hermann, iii.
350; organises a conspiracy against Rome, ib.; interview with his brother, 365; murdered, 368; the liberator of Germany, ib.; divine honours paid to him for centuries, ib.; traces of his worship among the Angles, ib. Armoric, meaning of, iii. 216 Arnold's (Dr.) observation on Sp. Cassius, ii. 234
Arpinum, birthplace of Marius and Cicero, iii. 60
Arretium, Romans defeated at, ii. 305 Arsaces, founder of the Parthian empire on the Tigris, ii. 412
Art, perfect works of Greek, i. 376; (Grecian), origin and growth of, 377 Artaxata, Lucullus's victory at, i. 146 Artemis at Ephesus, burning of her temple, ii. 10
Artemisia, queen of Caria, i. 277; her advice to Xerxes, i. 422
Asculum, victory of Pyrrhus at, ii. 317 Arya noble, i. 259
Aryan family of languages, table of, i.
Aryans, seat of the, i. 37; meaning of the appellation, ib.; the name given to the Medes by Herodotus, 246; their first appearance in history, 259
Assidæans, sect of the, iii. 164; the parents of the Pharisaic sect, 172 Ashmon, the Punic Esculapius, ii. 384 Ashtoreth, the Phoenician queen of heaven, ii. 383
Asia, Greek colonies in, i. 325; its gains from Alexander's conquest, ii. 43; Roman province of, 552
Asia Minor in a physical and ethnical point of view, i. 251
Asiatic despotisms, reflections on the great, i. 297
Asinius Gallus, Tiberius's vengeance on, iii. 361
Asmonan (princes), origin of the name, iii. 164; kingdom, 173; end of the dynasty, 181
Aspasia's constancy to Pericles, i. 491 Assyria, extension of the name, i. 212; two great periods in its history, 214; its relation to the Holy Land, 218; Egyptian influence on the arts of, 221; rapid decline of, 223
Assyrian monarchy, the great, i. 212; sculptures, their characteristics, 217; civilization, 227
Astarte or Ashtoreth, worship of, ii. 354; abominations of her worship, 384 Astrologers and soothsayers banished from Rome, iii. 289 Astyages, reign of, i. 259 Atellanæ fabulæ, ii. 334 Athanasian creed, not found among Atha-
nasius's writings, iii. 714; probably a production of the fifth century, ib. Athanasius, anecdote of his boyhood, iii. 693; succeeds Alexander as Bishop of Alexandria, ib. ; a Copt, or pure Egyp tian, ib.; an archdeacon, at the Council of Nice, ib.; banished by Constantine, 713; driven from his see by force, ib. ; successive depositions and restorations, ib.; Athanasius contra mundum, 714 Athaulf (or Adolphus), the Goth, a Ro- man general, iii. 734
Athena contends with Poseidon, i. 343 Athenagoras the apologist, iii. 597 Athenion, leader in the servile war, iii. 79 Athens, intellectual supremacy of, i. 343; legislation of Solon, 345; compelled to become a maritime power, 401; aban- donment of, before Xerxes, 409; de- stroyed by him, 421; fortification of, 445; its maritime empire, 457; great- ness at the most brilliant period of its history, 464; the centre of the intel- lectual life of Greece, 466; map of its environs, 468; its condition in the age of Pericles, 484; surrendered to the Spartans, 531; demolition of the fortiti- cations, ib.; the university of the world, 532; restoration of the democracy, 534; revolts to Mithridates, iii. 108; capture and massacre by Sulla, 109; renovated by Hadrian, 506; named Hadrianopolis, ib.
Athens, harbours of, i. 423
Athens and Sparta, commencement of their
rivalry, i. 355; defiance of Darius, 33 Athenian classes according to wealth, the four, i. 348; taxation, ib.; monuments, modern misplaced copies of, 469; sculp tures in the British Museum, 476 Athenians at Marathon the champions of the world, i. 396; their personal and political profligacy, 485; th ir disas trous retreat from Syracuse, 523 Athos cut through by Xerxes, i. 404 Atlantis, Plato's legend of, ii. 358
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