The same reason recommended to him several old words; which also make his Poem appear the more venerable, and gives it a greater air of antiquity.

I must likewise take notice, that there are in Milton several words of his own coining, as Cerberean, miscreated, hell-doomed, embryon, and many others. If the reader is offended at this liberty in our English poet, I would recommend him to a discourse in Plutarch, which shows us how frequently Homer has made use of the same liberty.

Milton, by the above-mentioned helps, and by the choice of the noblest words and phrases which our tongue would afford him, has carried our language to a greater height than any of the English poets have ever done before or after him; and made the sublimity of his style equal to that of his sentiments.

I have been the more particular in these observations on Milton's style, because it is that part of him in which he appears the most singular. The remarks I have here made upon the practice of other poets, with my observations out of Aristotle, will perhaps alleviate the prejudice which some have taken to his Poem upon this account; though, after all, I must confess that I think his style, though admirable in general, is in some places too much stiffened and obscured by the frequent use of those methods, which Aristotle has prescribed for the raising of it.

This redundancy of those several ways of speech, which Aristotle calls "foreign language," and with which Milton has so very much enriched, and in some places darkened, the language of his Poem, was the more proper for his use, because his Poem is written in blank verse. Rhyme, without any other assistance, throws the language off from prose, and very often makes an indifferent phrase pass unregarded; but where the verse is not built upon rhymes, there pomp of sound, and energy of expression, are indispensably necessary to support the style, and keep it from falling into the flatness of prose.

Those, who have not a taste for this elevation of style, and are

of his own coining, &c.] This is not exactly the case, in the words here cited. See the Notes on B. ii. 683, 900. Eremite also, noticed by Addison in the preceding page, was common in Milton's time. See the Note on Par. Reg. B. i. S.

TODD.

apt to ridicule a poet when he departs from the common forms of expression, would do well to see how Aristotle has treated an ancient author called Euclid, for his insipid mirth upon this occasion. Mr. Dryden used to call this sort of men his prose-criticks.

h

I should, under this head of the language, consider Milton's NUMBERS, in which he has made use of several elisions that are not customary among other English poets, as may be particularly observed by his cutting off the letter y, when it precedes a vowel. This, and some other innovations in the measure of his verse, have varied his numbers in such a manner, as makes them incapable of satiating the ear, and cloying the reader, which the same uniform measure would certainly have done, and which the perpetual returns of rhyme never fail to do in long narrative. poems. I shall close these reflections upon the language of Paradise Lost, with observing that Milton has copied after Homer rather than 1 Virgil in the length of his periods, the copiousness of his phrases, and the running of his verses into one another.

I have now considered the Paradise Lost under those four great heads of the FABLE, the CHARACTERS, the SENTIMENTS, and the LANGUAGE; and have shown that he excels, in general, under each of these heads. I hope that I have made several discoveries which may appear new, even to those who are versed in critical learning. Were I indeed to choose my readers, by whose judgement I would stand or fall, they should not be such as are acquainted only with the French and Italian criticks, but also with the ancient and modern who have written in either of the learned languages. Above all, I would have them well versed in the Greek and Latin poets, without which a man very often fancies that he understands a critick, when in reality he does not comprehend his meaning.

h by his cutting off the letter y, &c.] These elisions existed long before Milton wrote. See the Essay on the Versification. TODD.

i has copied after Homer rather than Virgil &c.] It is observed by Lord Monboddo also, that Homer was Milton's model for the plan and conduct of his Poem, and for the descriptions, similes, and other ornaments of style: "And I will venture to say," continues this profound critick, "there is much more of Homer in his style than even in Virgil's, though Virgil has very often imitated closely and even translated Homer.-Demosthenes was Milton's model for the speeches; and it is not easy to say which of their manners he has best copied."

TODD.

It is in criticism, as in all other sciences and speculations; one who brings with him any implicit notions and observations, which he has made in his reading of the poets, will find his own reflections methodised and explained, and perhaps several little hints, that had passed in his mind, perfected and improved, in the works of a good critick; whereas one, who has not these previous lights, is very often an utter stranger to what he reads, and apt to put a wrong interpretation upon it.

Nor is it sufficient, that a man who sets up for a judge in criticism, should have perused the authors above mentioned, unless he has also a clear and logical head. Without this talent, he is perpetually puzzled and perplexed amidst his own blunders, mistakes the sense of those he would confute, or, if he chances to think right, he does not know how to convey his thoughts to another with clearness and perspicuity. Aristotle, who was the best critick, was also one of the best logicians, that ever appeared in the world.

Mr. Locke's Essay on Human Understanding would be thought a very odd book for a man to make himself master of, who would get a reputation by critical writings; though at the same time it is very certain that an author, who has not learned the art of distinguishing between words and things, and of ranging his thoughts and setting them in proper lights, whatever notions he may have, will lose himself in confusion and obscurity. I might further observe, that there is not a Greek or Latin critick, who has not shown, even in the style of his criticisms, that he was a master of all the elegance and delicacy of his native tongue.

The truth of it is, there is nothing more absurd, than for a man to set up for a critick, without a good insight into all the parts of learning; whereas many of those, who have endeavoured to signalize themselves, by works of this nature, among our English writers, are not only defective in the above-mentioned particulars, but plainly discover, by the phrases which they make use of, and by their confused way of thinking, that they are not acquainted with the most common and ordinary systems of arts and sciences. A few general rules, extracted out of the French authors, with a certain cant of words, have sometimes set up an illiterate heavy writer for a most judicious and formidable critick.

One great mark, by which you may discover a critick who has neither taste nor learning, is this, that he seldom ventures to praise any passage in an author which has not been before received and applauded by the publick, and that his criticism turns wholly upon little faults and errours. This part of a critick is so very easy to succeed in, that we find every ordinary reader upon the publishing of a new poem, has wit and ill-nature enough to turn several passages of it into ridicule, and very often in the right place. This, Mr. Dryden has very agreeably remarked in those two celebrated lines;

66

Errours, like straws, upon the surface flow;

He, who would search for pearls, must dive below."

A true critick ought to dwell rather upon excellencies than imperfections, to discover the concealed beauties of a writer, and communicate to the world such things as are worth their observation. The most exquisite words, and finest strokes, of an author are those, which very often appear the most doubtful and exceptionable to a man who wants a relish for polite learning; and they are these, which a sour undistinguishing critick generally attacks with the greatest violence. Tully observes, that it is very easy to brand or fix a mark upon what he calls verbum ardens, or, as it may be rendered into English, " a glowing bold "expression," and to turn it into ridicule by a cold ill-natured criticism. A little wit is equally capable of exposing a beauty; and of aggravating a fault; and, though such a treatment of an author naturally produces indignation in the mind of an understanding reader, it has however its effect among the generality of those whose hands it falls into; the rabble of mankind being very apt to think, that every thing which is laughed at, with any mixture of wit, is ridiculous in itself.

Such a mirth as this is always unseasonable in a critick, as it rather prejudices the reader than convinces him; and is capable of making a beauty, as well as a blemish, the subject of derision. A man, who cannot write with wit on a proper subject, is dull and stupid; but one, who shows it in an improper place is as impertinent and absurd. Besides, a man, who has the gift of ridicule, is apt to find fault with any thing that gives him an opportunity of exerting his beloved talent; and very often censures

a passage, not because there is any fault in it, but because he can be merry upon it. Such kinds of pleasantry are very unfair and disingenuous in works of criticism, in which the greatest masters, both ancient and modern, have always appeared with a serious and instructive air,

As I intend to show the defects in the Paradise Lost, I thought fit to premise these few particulars, to the end that the reader may know I enter upon it, as on a very ungrateful work; and that I shall just point at the imperfections, without endeavouring to inflame them with ridicule. I must also observe with Longinus, that the productions of a great genius, with many lapses and inadvertencies, are infinitely preferable to the works of an inferiour kind of author, which are scrupulously exact, and conformable to all the rules of correct writing.

I shall add, to this observation, a story out of Boccalini, which sufficiently shows us the opinion that judicious author entertained of the sort of criticks I have been here mentioning. "A famous critick," says he, "having gathered together all the faults of an eminent poet, made a present of them to Apollo, who received them very graciously, and resolved to make the author a suitable return for the trouble he had been at in collecting them. In order to this, he set before him a sack of wheat, as it had been just threshed out of the sheaf. He then bid him pick out the chaff from among the corn, and lay it aside by itself. The critick applied himself to the task with great industry and pleasure, and, after having made the due separation, was presented by Apollo with the chaff for his pains."

I shall now remark the several defects which appear in the FABLE, the CHARACTERS, the SENTIMENTS, and the LANGUAGE, of Paradise Lost; not doubting but the reader will pardon me, if I allege at the same time whatever may be said for the extenuation of such defects.

The first imperfection which I shall observe in the fable is, that the event of it is unhappy.

The fable of every poem is, according to Aristotle's division, either simple or implex, It is called simple, when there is no change of fortune in it; implex, when the fortune of the chief actor changes from bad to good, or from good to bad. The implex fable is thought the most perfect; I suppose, because it