ANIMALCULE, an animal so minute as Bot to be discernible without the help of the microscope. Though animalcules are numerous, the species are few. The principal distinction among them is, that some have tails, and hers are without them; some have visible limbs and others not. They are there're arranged into three classes, 1. Gymnia, or those which are without limbs and tail. 2. Cercaria, those which have fails. 3. Arthronia, those which have visible limbs. They are found in most Liquors. ANIMATED power, in mechanics, signifies that exercised or possessed by a man or other animal, in opposition to weights or machinery. ANIMATION, the informing of a body with a soul: for suspended animation, see Drawing ANIME, or Gum Anima, a resinous substance friable, inflammable, and soluble in rectified spirit. There are two kinds, the oriental and occidental, the first is dry and of different colours. The occidental is of a yellowish white, and smells like frankincense. Both are used in medicine and perfumery. ANIME, in heraldry, is when the eyes of a ravenous animal are born of a diferent colour from the creature itself. ANIMELLE, the glands under the ears, called likewise lactinea. ANINGA, a root which grows in the West ladies, and used in refining sugar. ANISE, axiram, a small seed of an ob long shape used in medicine.-See Pimpilla ANKER, a liquid measure in Holland, Containing about 32 English gallons. ANNALS, n literature, denote the record of events in a cronological order. ANNATES, in eccies astical affairs, are the first fruits or the year's income of a ling or os er church p.eferment. They were formerly given to the pope, but at the reformation were vested in the king Queen Anne restored them to the churc them to the augmentation of ANNEALING, or nealing, a process in the manufacture of glass vessels by puting them while bot into a furnace or ve not so hot as to remelt them, where they cool gradually. This prevents them from breaking o easily as they otherwise would. There is this difference between annealed and unannealed glass, that When the later is broken, it is ap to fly intomall powder, as is the case with what are called Prince Rupert's drops, which are the drops of common glass that fall from the rod, on which botiles are made, ter. A similar process is used for rendering cast iron vessels les brittle. ANNEXATION, in law, is the uniting of lands or rents to the crown. ANNONA, among the Roman denoted the general provision provided for a year; ale the allowance of oil, salt, bread, &c. pplied by contractors for the army. ANNONA or custard apple, in botany, a of the polyandria polygynia clas and order. There are ten species, the cief of which are, 1. The annona muriat or sour-sop which grows a ove 20 feet ieght: the fruit is large and oval, of a greenish yellow colour, rough on the out side; the pulp is soft, white, and of a sour sweet taste, with dark seed. 2. The annona paluars o. water apple, grows.o the height of above 30 eel. 3. The annona reuculata or custard apple, grows to the height of 25 feet, the frun is a large as a tennis ball, of an orange colour, having a soft pulp 1ke custard. These three are natives of the West Indies. 4. The anno na triloba or North American annona, called by the inhabitants papau, is a native of Virginia. Carolina, and the Bahama islands. It is about 12 or 13 feet high. The fruit grows in clu ter, and is of a yellow colour with pulp of a sweet ta te. This tree has an offensive smell. it wil grow in England in warm sheltered situations, but the plants must be reared in pot. The other sorts must be kept in stoves. ANNOTATION, in litera.ure, means a commen ary upon some difficuli passage in a book or writing. ANNOTTO, a red dye brought from Spani h America. lis procured from the pulp of the seed-capsules of a tree called vixa. The annotto is prepared by throw ng the contents of the capsules into a wooden bowl conta ning a much hot water as will suspend he red mater or pulp. When the seeds become naked they are taken out. After the water is etled, it is poured off and the sediment dried in the shade. It is then made into cakes for exportation. ANNUAL, whatever returns once a year. In Scotch law, it means a yearly revenue or rent payable at Whitsuntide and Martinmas. ANNUAL plants, are those which only live a year. Annual leaves are tho e which shoo. out in the spring, and fall in te au tumo. ANNUENTES MUSCULI, in anatomy. are the same as the recti interni minores. ANNUITIES, periodical payment of morey, eit er annual or at o her intervals of ume. Annuites are divided into such as are certain and such as depend on some contingency, as the 1 fe of a person, c. They are also divided in o annuities in possession and annuit es iu reversion, the former having actually commenced, but the latter will not till the occurrence of a particular event. Calculations with regard to annuities are made on the principle of compound interest, and are generally formed for an annuity of 1, whence the value of any other is easily ob ained. Let r represent the amount of £1m one year; t as is, one pound increased by a year's interest, then r or raised to the power whose exponent is any given number of years, will be the amount of £1 for that number nuities. ANNUITY, in law, a contract by which a person grants another a certain sum yearly. ANNULAR, in anatomy, that which resembles a ring; thus te annular cartilage is the second cartilage of the larynx, & c. ANNULET, in architecture, a square member in the doric capital under the quarter round; also a narrow flat moulding in te bases, capi.als, &c. of columns. This is called by some a fillet, listel, square rabbit, &c. In heraldry, annuler is a mark of distinction born by he fifth brother of a family. ANNULUS, in geometry, a ring the area of which is equal to the difference of the outer and inner cicles. ANODYNE, a medical term for those remedies which mitigate pain. ANOLYMPIADS, an appellation given by the Eleans to those Olympic games which were celebrated by the o her states in Greece. ANOMALISTICAL year, an a tronomical term applied to the time taken up by the earth in passing through her orb: also named the periodical year. It is longer than the tropical year owing to the precession of the equinoxes, ANOMALOUS verbs, in grammar, are those which are not conjugated agreeably to the paradigm of their conjugation. ANOMALY, in astronomy, an irregularity in the motion of the planets, by which they deviate from the aphelion or apogee. ANOMIA,in zoology, a genus of insects of the order of vermes testacea. The shell is bivalvons and the valves unequal. There are 23 species, of which two only are natives of Britain. 1. The ephippum which has the habit of an oyster. 2. The quammata with shells resembling the scales of fish. "ANOMORHOMBOIDIA, in natural history, a genus of chrystalline spars which easly cleave in an horizontal direction, the places being irregular arrangements of rhombo dal concretions. ANONIS, rt harrow, a genus of plants who e flower is papilionaceous, and the fruit a pod containing a few kidney-shaped seeds. It is of the diadelphia clas", and called by Linnæus ononis. ANSE, in astronomy, those parts of Sa turn's ring which are to be seen on each side of the planet. ANSER, the trivial name of the commen goose, see Anas. ANSER, n astronomy, a star of the fift or sixth magnitude in the milky way, be tween the Swan and Eagle. ANSPESSADES, in the French army, a subaltern between the corporal and co mon men. ANT, a well known insect. See Formics and Termes. ANTA, in the antient architecture, square pila er at the corners of buildings. ANTACIDS, a term applied to thost medicines which correct the acid or 200 humours. ANTAGONIST muscles, in anatomy are those which possess opposite func ioni as the flexors, and exten-ors, &c. ANTALKALINES, medicines whid have the property of correcting alkalini matters in the whole body. ANTANACLASIS, in the oric, a figur which repeats the same word, but in i different senge, as dum vivimus, vivanai and let the dead bury their dead. ANTANAGOGE, in rhetonc, a figured speech by which, when the accusation a an adversary cannot be answered, has op ponent retorts on him the same or othe crimes. ANTARCTIC, that which is opposite s the arctic or northern pole; whence aut arctic circle is one of the lesser ercles the sphere, distant 23° 30' from the sou pole. ANTARES, in astronomy, a star of th first magnitude, called al o the Scorpion! heart. ANTE, in heraldry, a term deno ing th the parts are let into one another, in the same form as dovetails, &c. ANTEAMBULONES, among the Re mans, were servants who went befon persons of rank to clear the way. ANTECEDENT, in grammar, the wor to which a relative has reference. In logi it is the first of the two propositions in at enthymema. In mathematics the fir of the two terms of a ratio, or that which is compared to the other. ANTECEDENT Signs, in med cine, ar those which appear before the distempe can be properly defined. ANTECEDENT Terms, in mathematic the first in any ratio. ANTECEDENTIA, in astronomy, th apparent motion of a planet towards th west, or contrary to the order of the signs. ANTEDATE, in law, a false or spd rious date prior to that which it oughi have. ANTEDILUVIAN, whatever existed be fore the flood Various opinions has been held respecting the figure and con stitution of the antediluvian earth. Dr Thomas Burnet maintained in a ver beautiful but visionary romance, that the globe had a uniform surface, consequent! that it had neither seas nor mountains Dr. Woodward on the other hand, com tended in his Essay towards a Natural His tory of the Earth, that the state of us jabe was the same as it is at present. While Whiston in his New Theory started The strange notion that this earth was formed out of the atmosphere of a comet. Various other systems have been published, but all of them necessarily conjec tural. ANTEJURAMENTUM, in the old Enrish law and customs, an oath which was required from the accuser and accused perous to a trial or purgation. heads bent down. They are easily tamed. 11. Tragocamelus, or Hindostan antelopeis somewhat like a camel, having a bending neck and a protuberance over the shoulders. It is a native of India. 12. Bubalis, or cervine antelope, is a native of Africa, from Barbary to the Cape of Good Hope; it has a large head like an ox, and is about four feet long; the ge neral colour of a brown red. 13. Strep siceros, or striped antelope, is a native of ANTELOPE, a genus of quadrupeds the country about the Cape of Good Hope, hese generic character is, the horns it is near niae feet in length, and four in adow, with a bony case, pointing up-height; the colour is grey and the face wards, annulated or wreathed, and per- brown, the sides and face are marked manent. They were formerly ranked with with white lines. 14. Rupcapra, or comthe gut, but now form a class between mon antelope, is a native of Barbary and utammal and the deer. They are prin- India; it is a little smaller than the fal pally inhabitants of Asia and Africa. They low deer, and the colour is tawny brown every swift, and have a practice when above, and white below; the horns are chaced of turning round to look at their long and black, and have a double flexpansers; they associate in large herds ure, first inwards and then outwards. and choose hilly countries; their food is 15. Lervia, or Gambian antelope, is a blage or the shoots of trees; the flesh species little known. 16. Antelope saiga, of the antelope is delicate, and the eyes or Scythian antelope, is an inhabitant of very beautiful. There are 28 species. 1. Poland, Moldavia Caucasus, and the deOr, Egyptan antelope, or pasan, has sarts of Siberia; the female brings forth siget horns tapering to the point. It is only one at a birth; they are so swift as about four feet high, and inhabits the Cape to ourstrip the fleetest horse. They are of Good Hope and other parts of Africa. hun.ed by dogs and eagles for the sake of 2 The Leucoryx, or white antelope, is their flesh, horns, and skins. 17. Gutwhite except on the face and limbs, which turosa, or Chinese antelope, abounds in the 1t of a red colour. It is a native of an desarts between Tibet and China, and the aad in the Gulph of Bassora. 3. Ante- country of the Mogul Tartars, frequentpe gazells, or algazel, is a native of ing the hills and rocky places. Its averladia and Persia, and found also in some sion to water is se grea, tha it will not para of Africa. It is of the size of a fallow go in o a river to save its life when purdeer, and of a bright bay colour with a sued by the dogs. 18. Subgutturosa, or white breast, the horns are slender and Guldensted's an elope, is so called from Slack, and are near three feet in length. the person who first described it in the Ores, or Indian antelope, is one of the Memoirs of the Academy of Petersburgh." largest of the genus, and is found in India It is found in Persia, and resembles the ad Africa. It is somewhat less than a roebuck. 19. Antelope euchore, or springCand is of a slate colour, the head of This inhabits the Cape of Good ang bay; down the neck and part of Hope, where it is called the spring bock, the back runs a black mane; on the breast from its prodigious power of leaping. hasa pendent tuft of hair. The horns They migrate annnally from the interior Stout and sharp. 5. Antelope ourebi, part, in herds, which they increase by the mall straight horns, a small head, and junc ion of other parties, till they consist neck; the colour tawny but the of many thousands. In their progress they wer part white. The females are with are followed by lyons, byænas, and other horns. They are found in Africa. wild beasts. They make periodical miAntelope oreotragus, or klipspringer, grations in seven or eight years, in herds tive of the Cape of Good Hope. of many hundred thousands, from the inScripta, or harnessed antelope, is of a terior parts of Terra de Natal, in their snut colour and very small. This ele- course they desolate Caffraria, not leaving petapecies is a native of Senegal, living a single blade of grass. When taken woods in large herds. 8. Guininia, young they are easily tamed. 20. AnteGuinea antelope. This is smaller than lope arundinacea, or rit bock, is so called me back and of an elegant appearance, from its frequenting reedy places. It is principal colour is a yellowish brown. of the size of the roe-buck, and of a grey Aband in several parts of Africa from colour. 21. Antelope sylvatica, or bos Gea to the Cape of Good Hope. 9. bock, inhabits the woods at a considerable distance from the Cape of Good Hope. The, colour is a dark brown above and white, beneath. 22. Lleotragus, or cinereous antelope, is an elegant species, in colour of an ash grey and white. 23. Dorcas, or Barbary antelope, is about half the size, of a fallow deer; the colour is a reddish brown above, and while below; the horns are round and twelve inches in length, 24 Kevela, or flat-horned antelope, very much resembles the preceding, except in the horns. It is found in senegal' and has an odour like musk. 25. Pygarga or white-faced antelope, has a close resem or pygmy antelope, is a beautinative species, often confounded the pygmy musk, to which it has a resemblance. It is a native of the parts of Africa, and remarkably e, being able, it is said, to leap a wall We feet high. It is of a bright bay co10. Antelope picta, or nilghau, is large and beautiful species, which of years has been imported into Europe, reeds in England. When the males they fall on their knees, and graduAdvancing in that posture, at last spring at each other with their er. blance to the last mentioned, but is larger. 26. Antelope corinna, or corine, is smaller than the roc-buck, and is a native of Africa. 27. Sumatrensis, or the Sumatran antelope, is described by Mr. Marsden in his account of that isiand, under the name of Cambring ootan, or goat of the woods. 28. Leucophea, or blue antelope, is of a very large size, and from the figure of the horns and the length of the hair, it connects the antelope with the goats. ANTENNE, in entomology, are slender filaments on the heads of insects, called also horns and feelers. ANTEFRAGMENTA, in the antien' architecture, the same as the jams of a door; also carved ornaments on the architrave. ANTEPENULTIMA, in grammar, the last syllable but two from the end of a word. ANTEPREDICAMENTS, in logic, preliminary questions which illustrate the doctrine of predicaments and categories. ANTESIGNANI, among the Romans, were soldiers placed to defend the standards; or the first body of heavy armed troops. ANTESINISTRA, a term applied by the augurs of Rome to thunderbolts or birds which passed from the south to the east. ANTESTARI, in Roman law, was the bearing witness against one who refused to make his appearance in court. ANTHELION, a mock sun or meteor, seen through the clouds, and larger than site son's disk. ANTHELIX, in anatomy, the inward protuberance of the external ear. ANTHELMINTICS, medicines good for destroying worms. ANTHEMIS, camomile, in botany, a genus of the polygamia superflua order, and syngenesia class; and in the natural method ranking under the 49th order composite discoides. The receptaculum is chaffy, calyx, hemispheric, and subequal; the florets of the ray exceeding five. There are nineteen spécies, the principal of which are 1. A. arabica, grows near two feet high with a single flower at the top, from the empalement of which are two or three foot-stalks, each having a small flower like the childing marigold. 2. A. nobilis, or common camomile, grows in plenty upon commons. 3. 4. pyrethrum, or pellitory of Spain, is a perennial plant, which grows wild in Spain and Portugal. 4. A. tinctoria, is also à perennial, which flowers from June to November; some of the flowers are white, others yellow. They are carminative, and anodyne, they are chiefly used externally in formentations and emollient glysters. ANTHERA, in botany, that part of the stamen which contuns the fine dust, which in maturity it emits for the impreg nation of the plants. ANTHERICUM, spider wort, a genus of the monogynia order,and hexandria class of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 10th order coronaria. Corolla, six oblong petals, expanding; pericarpium an ovate trisulcated capsule with three cells and three valves. There are 39 species. The anthericum frutescens was formerly cared the onion-leaved aloe. It pro duces many ligneous branches from the root; the flowers are yellow. It is a ra tive of the Cape of Good Hope. ANTHESTERIA, festivals celebrated in the spring at Athens, in honour of Bacla chus, and at which the masters treated a their slaves, as the Romans did at the Saturnalia. ANTHISTIRIA, in botany, a genus of u the trigynia order, and triandria class of plants, ranking under the 4th order grasses; there is only one species, the criliata, or fringed anthistiria, which is native of India. ANTHOCEROS, horn flower, a genusof, the order of alge belonging to the cryp togamia class of plants; there are three species. 1. Anthoceros livis, a native of Europe and America. 2. 4. multisidus, is a native of Germany, and is found in moist places and heaths. 3. A. punctatu or spotted anthoceros, is a native of our island. ANTHOLOGY, in literature, a die course of flowers, or of beautiful passages extracted from an author. It is also a name given to a collection of Greek epigrams. ANTHOLYZA, mad flower, a genas of the monogynia order, and triandra class of plants; in the natural method ranking under the 6th order, ensatæ. The calyx tubular, irregular and bending back wards; the capsule beneath the flower; there are seven species, the principal of which are, 1. Antholyza ringius, this has red round bulbous roots, and red flowers, when appear in June, and the seeds ripen in september. 2. A. spicata, wah narrow furrowed leaves, between which arises the flower stem, a foot and a 'af high; the flowers grow on one side, and are of a white colour. In summer they may be placed in the open air, but in winter in a green-house. ANTHONY'S (St.) FIRE, a term given to the erysipelas. ANTIOSPERMUM, the amber tree, genus of the dioecia order, and polygamma class of plants; in the natural method ranking under the 17th order, stillaz. Calyx of the hermaphrodite flower is di vided into four parts; corolla none, sta mina four, and pistilla two; the germ 1 4 beneath tre flower. Male and female ci same or separate flowers; there are three species; 1. Anti ospermum Athiopiæ. Anthospermum cillare. 3. Anthospermum herbacea. The first is cultivated in the gardens of the curious, and is propagated by cuttings. ANTHOXANTHUM, or vernal gra a genus of the digynia order, and diania class of plants, in the natural meth ranking under the 13th order of grasses. There are two species; 1. Anthoxanthum Indiana, a native of India 2, Anthexan thum odoratum, or spring grass, which is a native of Britain; it is one of the carliest grasses and of a delightful smell. ANTHRAX, or burning coal, a term applied by the Greeks to a gem, and discard called the carbuncle. ANTHROPOGLOTTUS, in zoology, a term given to those animals whose tongue resemble those of the human species ANTHROPOLITES, the petrifactions of the human body. ANTHROPOPHAGY, the eating of hu man flesh. In some parts of Africa and America, the island of Sumatra, and other parts of the South Seas, this horrible practice is known to prevail. ANTHROPOSOPHIA, the science of the nature of man, treating of his structure, internal and external ANTHYLLIS, kidney vetch, or lady's fina genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants; ranking in the natural method under the 3d order, papalloascer. There are seventeen species, the most remarkable of which are, 1. Antaglia barba jovis, or silver bush, from the name of its leaves. It is a shrub which grows to the height of ten or twelve feet; the dowers grow to the extremities of the branches, and are of a bright yellow colour. 2. Anthyllis cytisoides, or shrubby wound-wort, common to our gardens; it is a low shrub, and the flowers are yel low. These two species are propagated by cuttings. 3. Anthyllis montana, or herbaceous wound-wort, with wing leaves, grows naturally in the south of France; the flowers are of a purple colour. Anis vulnararia with unequal winged laves, is a native of Wales; its flowers are scarlet. ANTI, a Greek preposition, used in several languages in different senses. Ametimes it means before, as anti-chamber; and at others against or in opposition. &c. as antiscorbutic, &c. ANTIBRACCHIUS, in antient poetry, a foot of three syllables; the two first being long and the last short. ANTIBIBLOS, in civil law, an acknowledgement that the defendant has received de libel or a copy of it. ANTICARDIUM, in anatomy, the holla part under the breast commonly call dd the pit of the stomach. ANTICAUSTICS, medicines against burning fevers, ANTICHORUS, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and octandria class, of which there is only one species, which is &native of Arabia. ANTICHRESIS, in civil law, a covena by which he who borrows money enrages to make over his property to the creditor for the interest. ANTICK, in sculpture and painting, a tastical composition of figures, called by the French grotesque. ANTICLIMAX, in rhetoric, a figure which the discourse varies from great late. ANTICUM, in architecture, the porch re a door, also that part of a temple between the body and the portico. ANTICUS, an anatomical term, ding that the part with which it is ed stands before others, as serratus aficas, &c. ANTIDACTYLUS, a foot of poetry, which is the reverse of a dactyle, consistof three syllables, the two first short and the last long. ANTIDESURA, in botany, a genus of ANTIMONY, one of the semi-metals, separated by fusion from a heavy substance called ore of antimony w ich consists of a number of sparkling granules. Antimony is of a greyish white colour, and very brilliant. It is laminated and the plates cross each other in all directions, exhibiting the appearance of imperfect chrystals. Its specific gravity is 6-66. It is very brittle and easily pulverized. When heated to redness it melts, and if the heat is increased the metal evaporates. On cooling it takes the form of oblong chrystals, and this gives it the laminated structure. Antimony suffers no other change by being exposed to the air than losing its lustre, nor is it altered by being immersed in water, but if steam pass over it when red hot it suffers a rapid decomposition. When heated in an open vessel it combines with oxygen and evaporates in a white vapour, which being collected is called argentine flowers of antimony. Antimony combines easily with sulphur and phosphorus. Sulphuret of antimony may be formed by mixing its two component parts together and fusing them in a crucible. It is of a blue or grey colour, with a lustre next to the metallic, and is more fusible than antimony. According to Proust the sulphuret is composed of 751 of antimony and 24.9 of sulphur. This substance is found native in great abundance; and to it the old chemists applied the term antimony, while the pure metal was called regulus of antimony. Phosphoret of antimony is obtained by mixing equal parts of antimony and phosphoric glass with a little charcoal powder, and melting them in a crucible. Another method is by fusing equal parts of antimony and phosphoric glass, or by dropping phosphorus into melted antimony. Antimony neither combines with azote nor muriatic acid; but it combines with most of the metals, though few of its alloys are applied to any useful purposes. That of tin and antimony is employed for making the plates on which music is engraved. The alloy of lead and antimony in the proportion of sixteen parts of the former and one of the latter is used for printing types. ANTIPATHES, a genus in the zoophyta order of vermes, the character of which is, animal grows in the form of a plant; stem within horny, with small spines; base expanded, the outside covered with gelatinous flesh and polyperifous warts. There are several species. ANTIPHONY, in music. a name given by the Greeks to the symphony executed in octave or double octave; also the an swer of one part of the choir in anthems to another. ANTIPHRASIS, in rhetoric, a figure by which in saying one thing the contrary is intended. ANTIPODES, in geography, those inhabitants of the globe who five diametrically opposite to each other; lying under opposite parallels, and opposite meridians; so that it is midnight to one, when it is noon to the other. ANTIPTOSIS, a rhetorical figure by which one thing is put for another. ANTIQUARE, among the Romans, was the rejecting of a new law. |