N-, not (represents O.E. negative ne); as never, neither, nay, none, nothing, nobody.

off-, off, from; as offspring, offshoot, offset, offing, offscouring, offal (= off-fall).

On-, on; as onset, onslaught, onlooker, onward. (See a-.) Out-, Ut-, out, beyond; outbid, outbreak, outburst, outcast, outlaw, outspread, outwit, outdo, outmost, utmost, utter, uttermost. [Compare expression, 'out-Herod Herod.')

Over-, over, above; overarch, overseer, overawe, overdose, overhaul, overflow, overmuch, overhand, overcoat.

Thorough-, through; thoroughbred, thoroughfare, thorough-going, thorough paced, throughout.

To-, to, on this; to-day, to-morrow, to-night, toward, together (gathered to).

Un-, not, back; unbar, undress, untie, unlock, unfold, undo, unable, unclean, unhappy, unrest.

Under-, under, below; -underrate, understand, undershot, undergo, underlet, underhand, undergrowth.

Up-, up; upbraid, uphill, upland, uproot, upset, upstart. Well-, well; welfare, well-meant, well-bred, well-behaved. With-, from, against, with; withdraw, withstand, withal, within, withhold, without, withsay.

In the following table the Latin, Greek, and English prefixes of similar signification are placed opposite each other.

AFFIXES, POSTFIXES, OR SUFFIXES.

E., Old English; F., French; L., Latin; F.L., through French from Latin; Gr., Greek; It., Italian.

-ard, E.

-ary, L.

-ate, L.

-ee, F.L. -eer, F.L.

-ent, L. -er, E. -ist, L. -ite, L. -ive, F.L. -or, F.L. -ster, E.

-ess, F.L.

-cle, L. -cule, L. -et, F.L. -ie, E. -let, F. -ling, E.

-ock, E.

-ule, L.

-acy, -cy, F. L. -ade, F. -age, F.L. -ance, F.L. -ancy, F.L. -ary, L. -ence, F.L. -ency, F.L. -head, E. -hood, E. -ice, F.L. -men, L.

-ment, F.L.

-kin, E.

Person or

one who acts; as,

Place, thing, act of, or state

Diminution or

endearment; as,

of being;

as,

NOUN SUFFIXES.

(artisan, publican, librarian, musician.
communicant, tyrant, servant, assistant.
scholar, beggar, liar, templar.
dotard, steward, drunkard, coward.
adversary, secretary, missionary.
advocate, apostate, magistrate.
absentee, devotee, legatee, nominee.
auctioneer, engineer, charioteer.
agent, regent, student, patient.
speaker, sufferer, partaker, baker (masc.)
organist, linguist, evangelist.
favourite, Levite, bedlamite.
operative, fugitive, captive.

governor, inspector, visitor (masculine).

gamester, songster, spinster.

(murderess, empress, countess (fem.)

(particle, article, canticle.

animalcule, reticule.

eaglet, circlet, islet, locket, floweret.
Willie, dearie, lassie.

streamlet, ringlet, eaglet, hamlet.
darling, gosling, seedling, duckling.
lambkin, bodkin, mannikin.
hillock, hummock, bullock.
globule, glandule, pustule, granule.

(intimacy, accuracy, obstinacy, infancy.
crusade, escapade, salad, tornado.
voyage, courage, bondage, hermitage.
distance, hindrance, variance, ignorance.
constancy, brilliancy, vacancy.
granary, estuary, library, diary.
influence, consistence, preference.
decency, clemency, fluency, currency.
Godhead.

manhood, childhood, widowhood.
notice, service, practice.
regimen, acumen.

contentment, enjoyment, defilement.

-ty, F.L. -y, F.L.

-ure, L.

Place, thing, act of,

parsimony, harmony, patrimony.
rudeness, boldness, blindness.
factory, armory, directory, depository.
victory, rivalry, nursery, vestry.
lordship, clerkship, hardship.
creation, confusion, reason.

commission, vision, derision, decision.
completion, reformation, contrition.
truth, strength, sloth, length, health.
latitude, altitude, magnitude, gratitude.
solidity, polarity, cruelty, dignity.

agony, anarchy, anatomy, perjury, infamy. departure, verdure, agriculture, capture.

-craft, E., strength, skill; bookcraft, kingcraft, witchcraft. -dom, E., rank, state, place; as, earldom, kingdom, Christendom. -escence, -nce, F.L., state of growing; as, effervescence, convalescence, putrescence, quiescence, distance.

-ics, Gr., art, science; as, ethics, politics, optics, mechanics. -ide, F., compound of; oxide, chloride, sulphide, bromide. -ism, -asm, L., doctrine; an idiom; as, Calvinism, paganism, Scotticism, enthusiasm, pleonasm.

-ric, E., rule, power, office; as, bishopric, archbishopric. -tide, E., time or event; as, eventide, noontide, Whitsuntide.

-ac, L. -al, L.

-an, -ain, L.

-ane, L.

-ar, L.

-ary, L. -ese, It.

-ian, L. -ic, L. -ical, L. -id, L. -ile, L. -ine, L. -ory, L. -ful, E. -ose, L. -ous, L. -ate, F.L. -some, E.

-y, E.

ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES.

(demoniac, elegiac, prosodiac.
annual, carnal, ethereal, parental.
European, human, sylvan, certain.
humane, urbane, mundane.
angular, globular, lunar, solar.
primary, temporary, military.

Chinese, Maltese, Japanese, Cingalese.
Christian, agrarian, Stygian.

arctic, monastic, apostolic, chivalric.
poetical, alphabetical, critical.

florid, liquid, timid, vivid, tepid, acid.
fertile, servile, infantile, Gentile.
saline, canine, masculine, divine.
transitory, cursory, introductory.

fjoyful, beautiful, hopeful, bountiful.
verbose, jocose, operose.
luminous, zealous, populous.
compassionate, affectionate.

frolicsome, gamesome, troublesome.

wealthy, flowery, knotty.

May or (eatable, portable, movable.
can be; visible, audible, credible, flexible.
flexile, fragile, textile.

as,

-ly, E.

Like or

-like, E.

-ish, E.

as,

(earthly, worldly, brotherly, homely. resembling; warlike, saintlike, childlike. foolish, childish, knavish.

-ant, L.

-ent, L. -ate, F.L.

State of (verdant, arrogant, pliant, militant.
being; absent, adjacent, dependent.

as, private, corporate, accurate.

-aceous, L., consisting of; as farinaceous, crustaceous, pred

aceous.

-acious, L., full of; as, audacious, contumacious, capacious. -en, E., made of; as, wooden, hempen, wheaten, golden. -escent, L., growing, becoming; as, convalescent, putrescent. -ish, E., little, somewhat; as, brownish, whitish, greenish. -ive, F.L., having power; as, persuasive, creative, destructive. -less, E., without; as, heartless, hopeless, penniless, artless. -ty, E., ten to be multiplied; as sixty.

-ward, in the direction of; as, inward, outward, downward.

ADVERBIAL SUFFIXES.

-forth, E., forward; as, henceforth, thenceforth. -ling, E., way, manner; as, darkling, sideling. -long, E.,

as, sidelong, headlong.

-ly, E., like; as, foolishly, naturally, joyfully, kindly. -meal, E., time; as, piecemeal (= a piece at a time).

-ward, -wards, E., in the direction of; as, homeward, heavenward, outwards, backwards.

-ways, -way, E., manner; as, always, noways, straightway. -wise, E., way, manner; as, likewise, lengthwise, otherwise.

EXERCISES ON WORD BUILDING.

1. Select the verbs derived from the first six Latin roots (p. 131) and form nouns from them, arranged in three classes: (1) those that may be used as nouns without any change of form, as 'discredit;' (2) those that make nouns by simple addition of a suffix, as 'discern '(v.), ' discerner' (c. n.), ‘discernment' (abs. n.); and (3) those that require some omission or internal change as well as the addition of a suffix; as 'accede' (v.), 'accession' (n.), 'accessory' (adj. and n.).1

2. Select the adjectives from the Latin derivatives (p. 131), and form nouns from them.

3. State the ways in which adverbs may be formed from nouns, adjectives, or other adverbs, and give illustrative examples.

4. Show how adjectives may be formed from nouns, and give examples different from those given above.

5. Show how abstract nouns are formed from concrete ones. 6. Give examples of two nouns formed from one verb, and show how the nouns differ in meaning and application.

7. Give examples of nouns and adjectives used as verbs without any change of form.

8. Give six English nouns with correlative Latin adjectives. 9. Give examples of duplicate adjectives, English and Latin, as bodily' and 'corporeal.'

10. What do you understand by words coming to us from the Latin through the French? Give examples.

II. In some cases we have derived words directly from the Latin, and doublets of them from the Latin through the French. Give examples, and show what difference we make in their use and application.

12. Form abstract nouns from potent, adverse, confess, operate, conspire, parent, knight, supreme, curate, urgent, resist, flatter, weary, current, miser, priest, excel, pirate, moist, please, distant, repent, boy, slave, modest, happy, man, delicate, hero,

1 It will be good practice for the pupil to go quite through the derivatives in the same way, and, further, to discriminate between the abstract and concrete nouns. It is important, too, that where we have doublet forms derivatively the same, the difference of application be understood, as 'induce' and 'induct;' 'infraction' and 'infringement;' 'corporal' and 'corporeal;' 'rector' and 'regent.'

L