EXTRACTS FROM INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF
JOHN STUART MILL.
(Continued from page 272.)

as mere narrative, but as a chain of causes and effects still unwinding itself before his eyes, aud full of momentous consequences to himself and In this brief outline of a complete scientific his descendants; the unfolding of a great epic education, I have said nothing about direct in- or dramatic action, to terminate in the happiness struction in that which it is the chief of all the or misery, the elevation or degradation, of the ends of intellectual education to qualify us for human race; an unremitting conflict between -the exercise of thought on the great interests good and evil powers, of which every act done of mankind as moral and social beings-ethics by any of us, insignificant as we are, forms one and politics, in the largest sense. These things of the incidents; a conflict in which even the are not, in the existing state of human know- smallest of us cannot escape from taking part, ledge, the subject of a science, generally ad- in which whoever does not help the right side mitted and accepted. Polities cannot be learnt is helping the wrong, and for our share in once for all, from a text-book, or the instructions which, whether it be greater or smaller, and let of a master. What we require to be taught on its actual consequences be visible or in the main that subject, is to be our own teachers. It is a invisible, no one of us can escape the responsisubject on which we have no masters to follow; bility. Though education cannot arm and equip each must explore for himself, and exercise an its pupils for this fight with any complete philindependent judgment. Scientific politics do csophy either of politics or of history, there is not consist in having a set of conclusions ready much positive instruction that it can give them, made, to be applied everywhere indiscriminately having a direct bearing on the duties of citizenbut in setting the mind to work in a scientific ship. They should be taught the outlines of spirit to discover in each instance the truths the civil and political institutions of their own applicable to the given case. And this, at pre- country, and in a more general way, of the more sent, scarcely any two persons do in the same advanced of the other civilized nations. Those way. Education is not entitled, on this subject, branches of politics, or of the laws of social life, to recommend any set of opinions as resting on in which there exists a collection of facts or the authority of established science. But it can thoughts sufficiently sifted and methodized to supply the student with materials for his own form the beginning of a science, should be taught mind, and helps to use them. It can make him ex professo. Among the chief of these is acquainted with the best speculations on the Political Economy; the sources and conditions subject, taken from different points of view; of wealth and material prosperity for aggregate none of which will be found complete, while bodies of human beings. This study approaches each embodies some considerations really rele- nearer to the rank of a science, in the sense in vant, really requiring to be taken into the ac- which we apply that name to the physical scicount. Education may also introduce us to the ences, than anything else connected with politics principal facts which have a direct bearing on yet does. I need not enlarge on the important the subject, namely the different modes or stages lessons which it affords for the guidance of life, of civilization that have been found among man- and for the estimation of laws and institutions, kind, and the characteristic properties of each. or on the necessity of knowing all that it can This is the true purpose of historical studies, as teach in order to have true views of the course prosecuted in an University. The leading of human affairs, or form plans for their im facts of ancient and modern history should be provement which will stand actual trial. The known by the student from his private reading: same persons who cry down Logic will generally if that knowledge be wanting, it cannot possibly warn you against Political Economy. It is unbe supplied here. What a Professor of History feeling, they will tell you. It recognizes unhas to teach, is the meaning of those facts. His pleasant facts. For my part the most unfeeling office is to help the student in collecting from thing I know of is the law of gravitation: it history what are the main differences between breaks the neck of the best and most amiable human beings, and between the institutions of person without scruple, if he forgets for a single society, at one time or place and at another: in moment to give heed to it. The winds and picturing to himself human life and the human waves too are very unfeeling. Would you adconception of life, as they were at the different vise those who go to sea to deny the winds and stages of human development: in distinguishing waves-or to make use of them, and find the between what is the same in all ages, and what means of guarding against their dangers? My is progressive, and forming some incipient con-advice to you is to study the great writers on ception of the causes and laws of progress. All these things are as yet very imperfectly understood even by the most philosophic enquirers, and are quite unfit to be taught dogmatically. The object is to lead the student to attend them; to make him take interest in history not

Political Economy, and hold firmly by whatever in them you find true; and depend upon it that if you are not selfish or hard-hearted already, Political Economy will not make you so. Of no less importance than Political Economy is the study of what is called Jurisprudence; the general prin

(To be continued.)

Be not satisfied that you are doing nothing against God, but ask yourselves, day by day, what can I do for Him? Give up yourselves in entire surrender to live to him with every power of your mind and body. Be sure there is no happy religion that comes short of this aim, and there can be no interruption of happiness even in a world like this, where God is thus restored to His throne in the human heart. -Goode.

DON'T BE DISCOURAGED. Don't be discouraged if, in the outset of life, things do not go on smoothly. It seldom happens that the hopes we cherish of the future are realized. The path of life in the prospect is smooth and level enough, but when we come to travel it, we find it all up-hill, and generally rough enough. The journey is a laborious one, and whether poor or wealthy, high or low, we shall find our disappointment, if we have built on other calculation. To endure cheerfully what must be, and to elbow our way as easily as we can, hoping for a little, yet striving for much, is perhaps the true plan.

ciples of law; the social necessities which laws | arrangements of society long since abandoned are required to meet; the features common to and condemned. all systems of law, and the differences between them; the requisites of good legislation, the proper mode of constructing a legal system, and the best constitution of courts of justice and modes of legal procedure. These things are not only the chief part of the business of gov ernment, but the vital concern of every citizen; and their improvement affords a wide scope for the energies of any duly prepared mind, ambitious of contributing towards the better condition of the human race. For this, too, admi rable helps have been provided by writers of our own or of a very recent time. At the head of them stands Bentham; undoubtedly the greatest master who ever devoted the labor of a life to let in light on the subject of law; and who is the more intelligible to non-professional persons, because, as his way is, he builds up the subject from its foundation in the facts of human life, and shows by careful consideration of ends and means, what law might and ought to be, in deplorable contrast with what it is. Other enlightened jurists have followed with contributions of two kinds, as the type of which I may take two works, equally admirable in their re spective times. Mr. Austin, in his Lectures on Jurisprudence, takes for his basis the Roman law, the most elaborately consistent legal sys tem which history has shown us in actual operation, and that which the greatest number of accomplished minds have employed themselves in harmonizing. From this he singles out the principles and distinctions which are of general applicability, and employs the powers and resources of a most precise and analytic mind to give to those principles and distinctions a philosophic basis, grounded in the universal reason of mankind, and not in mere technical convenience. Mr. Maine, in his treatise on Ancient Law in its relations to Modern Thought, shows from the history of law, and trom what is known of the primitive institutions of mankind, the origin of much that has lasted till now, and has a firm footing both in the laws and in the ideas of modern times; showing that many of these things never originated in reason, but are relics of the institutions of barbarous society, modified more or less by civilization, but kept standing by the persistency of ideas which were the offspring of those barbarous institutions, and have survived their parent. The path opened by Mr. Maine has been followed up by others, with additional illustrations of the influence of obsolete ideas on modern institutions, and of obsolete institutions on modern ideas; an action and reaction which perpetuate, in many of the greatest concerns, a mitigated barbarism; things being continually accepted as dictates of nature and necessities of life, which, if we knew all, we should see to have originated in artificial

But don't be discouraged if occasionally you slip by the way, and your neighbors tread over you a little; in other words, don't let a failure or two dishearten you-accidents will happen; miscalculations will sometimes be made; things will often turn differently from our expectations, and we may be sufferers. It is worth while to remember that fortune is like the skies in April

sometimes clouded, and sometimes clear and favorable; and, as it would be folly to despair of again seeing the sun because the day is stormy, so it is equally unwise to sink in despondency when fortune frowns, since, in the common course of things, she may be surely expected to smile again. And, again, don't be discouraged if you are deceived in the people of the world; it often happens that men wear borrowed clothes, and sometimes those who have long stood fair before the world are very rotten at the core. From sources such as these you may be deceived; and you will naturally, under such deceptions. To these you must become used; if you fear as most people do, they will lose their novelty before you grow gray, and you will learn to trust men cautiously and examine their characters closely before you allow them great opportunities to injure you. Don't be discouraged under any circumstances. Go steadily forward-rather consult your own conscience than the opinions of men; though the last is not to be disregarded. Be industrious, be frugal, be honest; deal in perfect kindness with all that come in your way, exercising a neighborly and obliging spirit in your whole

It is noted as a curious fact that all the fighting nations of ancient times have died out. They seem

intercourse, and if you do not prosper as rapidly | as any of your neighbors, depend upon it you to have been consumed by their fierce internal paswill be as happy.-Moravian.

HOW THE FRENCH RAISE TOMATOES.

An exchange says that the best gardeners in France are in the babit of cutting off the stem of the tomato plants down to the first cluster of flowers that appear thereupon. This impels the sap into the two buds next below the cluster, which soon push strongly, and produce another cluster of flowers each. When these are visible, the branch to which they belong is also topped down to their level; and this is done five times successively. By this means the plants become stout dwarf bushes, not over eighteen inches high. In order to prevent them from falling over, sticks or strings are stretched horizontally along the rows, so as to keep the plants erect. In addition to this, all the laterals that have no flowers, and, after the fifth topping, all laterals whatsoever, are nipped off. In this way the ripe sap is directed into the fruit, which acquires a beauty, size, and excellence unattainable by other means. It will be well for our friends to try this simple and rational method the present

season.

HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Sidney Smith, a good authority on this subject, says:-"In composing, as a general rule, run your pen through every other word you have written; you have no idea what vigor it will give your style." The same writer says, "All pleasantries should be short, and for that matter, all gravities, too."

I

sions. On the other hand, the Chinese a peaceful people, now number about four hundred milliona number sufficient if warlike, to sweep resistlessly over all Europe.

It is reported by the last steamer that the English language is to be studied in the public schools of Japan, and that American school books are to be introduced for the purpose of instruction.

The Japanese Commissioners in this country have ordered some 20,000 copies of various American New York on Wednesday by way of the Isthmus and school books, and the first shipment was made from San Francisco.

A curious case is reported from Missouri. A man in that state ten years ago bequeathed $500 each to ten of his slaves, on condition that they should emigrate to Liberia or some country set apart for free persons. The slaves remained in Missouri, and the St. Louis County Court, in that State, has decided that it is "a place set apart for free persons of color," and the executor has been ordered to pay over the money.

The Minister of the Interior in Holland has issued

a decree admitting women to examination for the position of assistant apothecaries, an occupation hitherto restricted exclusively to men. This meas

ure will enable the Holland doctors to have their prescriptions made up by their wives and daughters, and will thus relieve them from the charges of a male assistant. The decree bas been received with a good deal of astonishment by the male persuasion at

Hague, who look upon this as the beginning of a systematic invasion of masculine privileges.

A life-boat of peculiar construction is shown at the Paris Exhibition. It is about thirty feet long, weighs a little less than three tons, and can accommodate, with its full crew of thirteen, nearly forty persons. It is impossible to sink it, and it is selfrighting. This is effected in several ways, but mainly by constructing at each end two large, airtight, hollow compartments, supplying bouyancy to float the vessel with its company, and rendering it impossible for her to remain for more than a moment or two on her beam ends. In addition there are the usual cellular spaces running along each side, so that submersion is out of the question with any human load that could be crammed on board. Below the deck, which is above the waterline, or close to it, are iron tanks, some of which, $25.00 filled with water, afford ballast, while others are 6.00 hammered down and empty, which increases the 1.00 bouyancy. 10.00

If you love others, they will love you. you speak kindly to them, they will speak kindly. Love is repaid with love, and hatred with hatred. Would you hear a sweet and pleasant echo, speak sweetly and pleasantly yourself. The Treasurer of Friends' Association for the Aid and Elevation of the Freedmen has received since last report:

From City contributions........

แ

"

Alan Corson.......

.....

N. & E. Potter, Battle Creek, Mich.
Rachel Haines, Fallston, Md...
Soldiers Aid Soc., Fallston, Bucks
county,.

Rachel Haines, Fallston, MA.........
A Friend, per R. H.....
Collection at Annual Meeting......

$377.70

HENRY M. LAING, Treasurer. Phila., 6th mo. 29th, 1867. No. 30 N. Third St.

seas,

As life-boats are liable to be swamped in certain even this exigency is provided for, and in that 5.70 is one of the great merits of the boat. It is said she 45.00 may fill for a moment, but or ly for a moment. The 5.00 self-acting valves or scuppers running down right 240.00 through, immediately open and drain off the water, which can by no chance swell up through them. The water, in fact, carries itself off by its own weight, and is then locked out. Supposing the men flung out, there are catch-lines for them to seize or to hold fast by when the peril approaches, and each wears a life-belt on a new plan, which deserves parThe President has issued a proclamation informing ticular mention. It is of cork; it can be slipped on the country that the treaty concluded between the and off as easily as a fisherman slips on his jacket; United States and Russia concerning Russian Ameri- it in no way impedes the action of the arms, and the ca had become a law. It is stated that this newly persons taken off a wreck are supplied each with one acquired territory will be attached to the Depart-immediately, should the condition of the weather ment of Oregon and Washington, under the military permit of the least action beyond that of clinging to jurisdiction of General Rousseau. the "bark of hope."-Public Ledger.

ITEMS.

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FRIENDS' INTELLIGENCER.

"TAKE FAST HOLD OF INSTRUCTION; LET HER NOT GO; KEEP HER; FOR SHE IS THY LIFE."

REVIEW OF THE LIFE AND. DISCOURSES OF widened in the storm and stress of London life,

F. W. ROBERTSON.

BY S. M. JANNEY.

(Continued from page 276.)

and with others, whose prejudices were as blind as those of the smallest village in England. He associated with clergymen of all religious deThe selections that have been presented in nominations, who had rendered themselves this Review, from the discourses of F. W. Rob-known by their eloquence and their writings, or ertson, have probably prepared the readers of the Intelligencer to take an interest in his Life and Correspondence.

by their active leadership of party. He mingled with persons of every shade of Conservatism and Liberalism, and among the working, men, with large numbers of hot and eager Chartists.

The early part of his career, and his settlement as incumbent of Trinity Chapel, Brighton, have already been noticed. His ministerial la If he had been as fresh and enthusiastic as bors in that city were distinguished by the elo- he had been six years before, he would, like a quence and earnestness of his discourses, the young soldier, have rejoiced at his position, boldness with which he uttered unpalatable placed thus in the fore-front of the battle. truths, and the interest he manifested in the But, as we have seen, he was worn and weary. cause of degraded humanity. His powerful in- He had a presentiment, which was not altotellect and refined manners attracted the atten-gether painful to him, that his work,-done as tion of cultivated minds, and his sympathy for he did it, with a throbbing brain, with nerves the laboring classes drew to his chapel a crowd strung to their utmost tension, and with a physiof the working men and sewing women of cal excitement which was all the more consumBrighton. ing from being mastered in its outward forms, His position is thus described by his biogra--would kill him in a few years. He resolved pher :

to crowd into this short time all he could. He "He came into contact at Brighton with re- had long felt that Christianity was too much ligious tendencies and sects as extreme as at preached as theology, too little as the religion Cheltenham, but they were opposed more of daily life; too much as a religion of feeling, strongly than at Cheltenham by a bold freedom too little as a religion of principles; too much of thought among the upper and lower classes, as a religion only for individuals, too little as a which tended in the former to carelessness or silent contempt for Christianity, and in the latter to open infidelity. He met with men of all classes, whose opinions had been formed and

religion for nations and for the world. He determined to make it bear upon the social state of all classes, upon the questions which agitated society, upon the great movements of the world..

Shortly after his arrival at Brighton, he had relating to civil government. His views on the an opportunity for carrying out his intention. rights of property and the rights of labor were The great surge which took its impulse from subsequently expounded in two discourses that the volcanic outburst of February, 1848, in have been noticed in this review. In the lecParis, rolled over half of Europe. The de- tures on the book of Samuel, these subjects crees of February 25, 26, by which Lamartine were treated of as Israelitish, not as modern declared France republican, and which practi- questions, but the principles enunciated were cally proclaimed Socialism as well as Commun- obviously applicable to the events then tranism, chimed in with the hopes of all the unregu-spiring. The consequence was that "he lated and uneducated minds among the work- irritated and terrified almost all parties in ing classes. The cry of Liberty, Equality, and Brighton. Fraternity, and the demands based upon this watchword, created a wild fear in some Englishmen, and a wild joy in others, which were alike irrational. No man in scciety could be silent on these subjects. Mr. Robertson resolved not to be silent in the pulpit. His spirit was stirred within him, as the spirits of Coleridge and of Wadsworth had been at the beginning of a greater revolution. He rejoiced in the downfall of old oppressions; and in the 'young cries of Freedom' he thought that he heard the wheels of the chariot of the Son of Man, coming nearer and nearer to vindicate the cause of the poor. He writes in 1848:

The world has become a new one since we met. To my mind, it is a world full of hope, even to bursting. I wonder what you think of all these tumults:

For all the past of time reveals A bridal-dawn of thunder peals, Wherever thought had wedded fact. Some outlines of a kingdom of Christ begin to glimmer, albeit very faintly, and far off, perhaps, by many, many centuries. Nevertheless, a few strokes of the rough sketch by a masterhand are worth the seeing, though no one knows yet how they shall be filled up. And those bold, free, dashing marks are made too plainly to be ever done out again. Made in blood, as they always are, and made somewhat rudely; but the Master Hand is visible through the great red splotches on the canvas of the universe. I could almost say, sometimes, in fulness of heart, Now let Toy servant depart in peace.'

I have been very much overdone by work here. It is extremely trying; full of encouragement, but full of a far larger amount of misunderstanding and dislike than I expected to meet with. And I work alone with many adversaries,' and few to bless; but with a very distinct conviction that I am doing something; and for that I am grateful, for it is well nigh the only thing that is worth the living for.

Early in the year 1848, he began a course of lectures on the first book of Samuel. His subject required him to treat of a great revolution in the commonwealth of Israel, passing from the patriarchal governments of the Judges to the establishment of a kingdom; and this led him to treat of hereditary rights and questions

A cry was raised against him. He was spoken of as a Revolutionist and a Democrat. Some even went so far as to complain to the bishop of the diocese that he was preaching politics. He answered that, if the principles revealed in the inspired history of Israelitish society happened to be universal, and to fit the events going on in 1818, it only proved the deep inspiration and unive:sal character of the Bible, and he was not to be blamed. On the other hand, workingmen who were themselves Revolutionists in feeling, and all who saw something deeper in the revolutions than a mere blind attack upon existing Governments, listened to these lectures as sincere endeavoIS towards a Christian solution of great problems. Many a man traces to their influence upon him his escape from the false fraternity and the false freedom of Socialism, into a higher region of thought, where a truer brotherhood and a purer liberty were conferred on him in Christ. But not only in the pulpit, where he was necessarily shackeled did he meet these questions. A better and more public opportunity was soon af forded him. In the beginning of the year 1848, he had visited,' during a severe illness, Mr. Holtham, a member of his congregation. found one thought,' Mr. Robertson says, 'uppermost in his mind: How shall I do good to the working classes? Their consultations for many weeks on the subject resulted in a steady effort to establish a Workingman's Institute at Brighton."

I

The Institute was set on foot. It was supported by the subscription of a penny a week from each of the members. More than a thousand put down their names. They cleaned and papered and furnished the house in which they met with their own hands. The library was, for the most part, bought by themselves. In this way their independence was secured. But they were not too haughty to accept assistance and gifts of books from the wealthy. Thus, in accordance with one of Mr. Robertson's deepest desires, the rich and the poor were brought together, on the ground of sympathy. He was asked by the committee, which was composed solely of workingmen, to open the Institute by an address. He answered in a letter, which shows that even then, scarcely a year after his arrival in Brighton, the isclation which so painfully affected his career had already begun :